S3QL is a file system that stores all its data online using storage services like Google Storage, Amazon S3, or OpenStack. S3QL effectively provides a hard disk of dynamic, infinite capacity that can be accessed from any computer with internet access running Linux, FreeBSD or OS-X.

S3QL is a standard conforming, full featured UNIX file system that is conceptually indistinguishable from any local file system. Furthermore, S3QL has additional features like compression, encryption, data de-duplication, immutable trees and snapshotting which make it especially suitable for online backup and archival.

S3QL is designed to favor simplicity and elegance over performance and feature-creep. Care has been taken to make the source code as readable and serviceable as possible. Solid error detection and error handling have been included from the very first line, and S3QL comes with extensive automated test cases for all its components.

• Transparency. Conceptually, S3QL is indistinguishable from a local file system. For example, it supports hardlinks, symlinks, standard unix permissions, extended attributes and file sizes up to 2 TB.
• Dynamic Size. The size of an S3QL file system grows and shrinks dynamically as required.
• Compression. Before storage, all data may compressed with the LZMA, bzip2 or deflate (gzip) algorithm.
• Encryption. After compression (but before upload), all data can AES encrypted with a 256 bit key. An additional SHA256 HMAC checksum is used to protect the data against manipulation.
• Data De-duplication. If several files have identical contents, the redundant data will be stored only once. This works across all files stored in the file system, and also if only some parts of the files are identical while other parts differ.
• Immutable Trees. Directory trees can be made immutable, so that their contents can no longer be changed in any way whatsoever. This can be used to ensure that backups can not be modified after they have been made.
• Copy-on-Write/Snapshotting. S3QL can replicate entire directory trees without using any additional storage space. Only if one of the copies is modified, the part of the data that has been modified will take up additional storage space. This can be used to create intelligent snapshots that preserve the state of a directory at different points in time using a minimum amount of space.

• High Performance independent of network latency. All operations that do not write or read file contents (like creating directories or moving, renaming, and changing permissions of files and directories) are very fast because they are carried out without any network transactions.

  S3QL achieves this by saving the entire file and directory structure in a database. This database is locally cached and the remote copy updated asynchronously.

• Support for low bandwidth connections. S3QL splits file contents into smaller blocks and caches blocks locally. This minimizes both the number of network transactions required for reading and writing data, and the amount of data that has to be transferred when only parts of a file are read or written.

S3QL is considered stable and suitable for production use. However, upgrades from one minor version to the next (e.g. 2.x to 2.x+1) may change the public interface (e.g. different command line options), or require the file system structure to be upgraded (so that the file system can no longer be accessed by older releases). Therefore, it is strongly recommended to read the changelog (Changes.txt in the S3QL tarball) before upgrading.

Short answer: if your system supports Python 3.3 or newer, download the most recent 2.x version.

Long answer: there are two supported branches of S3QL. Both branches are suitable for production use. The maint-1.x branch (version numbers 1.x) is no longer actively developed and receives only selected high-impact bugfixes. It is provided for systems without Python 3 support. For systems with Python 3.3 or newer, it is recommended run the default S3QL branch (with version numbers 2.x). This branch is actively developed and has a number of new features that are not available in the 1.x versions.

Before a file system can be mounted, the backend which will hold the data has to be initialized. This is done with the mkfs.s3ql command. Here we are using the Amazon S3 backend, and nikratio-s3ql-bucket is the S3 bucket in which the file system will be stored. :

mkfs.s3ql s3://nikratio-s3ql-bucket

To mount the S3QL file system stored in the S3 bucket nikratio_s3ql_bucket in the directory /mnt/s3ql, enter:

mount.s3ql s3://nikratio-s3ql-bucket /mnt/s3ql

Now you can instruct your favorite backup program to run a backup into the directory /mnt/s3ql and the data will be stored an Amazon S3. When you are done, the file system has to be unmounted with :

umount.s3ql /mnt/s3ql

The following resources are available:

• The S3QL User's Guide.
• The S3QL Wiki, which also contains the S3QL FAQ.
• The S3QL Mailing List. You can subscribe by sending a mail to s3ql+subscribe@googlegroups.com.

Please report any bugs you may encounter in the Bitbucket Issue Tracker.

The S3QL source code is available both on GitHub and BitBucket.