The `@concrete` decorator declares that a parameter will not be treated symbolically and
provides an initial value for the parameter.
The `@symbolic` decorator declares that a parameter will be treated symbolically - the type 
of the associated initial value for the argument will be used to determine the proper symbolic 
type  (if one exists).   In the above example, parameters `a` and `b` are treated concretely
and will have initial values `1` and `2` (for all paths explored), and parameter `c` will 
be treated as a symbolic integer input with the initial value `3` (its value can change after
first path has been explored). Since parameter `d` is not specified, it will be treated as a symbolic 
integer input with the initial value 0:

- **Output**: `pyexz3` prints the list of generated inputs and corresponding observed 
return values to standard out; the lists of generated inputs and the corresponding return values are
returned by the exploration engine to `pyexz3` where they can be used for other 
purposes, as described below.

- **Expected result functions** are used for testing of `pyexz3`. If the `FILE.py` contains a function named `expected_result` then after path exploration is complete, the list of return values will be compared against the list 
returned by `expected_result`. More precisely, the two lists are converted into bags and the bags compared for equality. If a function named `expected_result_set` is present instead, the list are converted into sets and the sets are
compared for equality.  List equality is too strong a criteria for testing, since small changes to programs can lead to paths being explored in different orders. 

- **Import behavior**: the location of the `FILE.py` is added to the import path so that all imports in `FILE.py` 
relative to that file will work.

- **Other options**
- `--graph=DOTFILE`
- `--log=LOGFILE`

### MacOS specific

1. Grab yourself a Brew at http://brew.sh/
2. Get the newest python or python3 version: `brew install python`
3. Have the system prefer brew python over system python: `echo export PATH='/usr/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bash_profile`  - 
4. Get z3: `brew install homebrew/science/z3`
5. Clone this repository: `git clone https://github.com/thomasjball/PyExZ3.git` 
6. Set the PATH: `. PyExZ3/setup.sh`  (do not run the setup script in a subshell `./ PyExZ3/`)

### Vagrant specific

[Vagrant](http://www.vagrantup.com/) is a cross-platform tool to manage
virtualized development environments. Vagrant runs on Windows, OS X, and
Linux and can manage virtual machines running on VirtualBox, VMware,
Docker, and Hyper-V.

1. [Download Vagrant](http://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html).
2. Install [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/) or configure an
[alternative
provider](http://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/providers/index.html).
3. Run `vagrant up` from the PyExZ3 directory. The Vagrantfile in the
repository tells Vagrant to download a Debian base image, launch it with
the default provider (VirtualBox), and run the script `vagrant.sh` to
provision the machine.
4. Once the provisioning is done you can SSH into the machine using
`vagrant ssh` and PyExZ3 is ready to run. Please note that the
provisioning takes a while as Git is compiled from source as Debian's
Git is incompatible with [CodePlex](http://www.codeplex.com/) where Z3
is hosted.

### CVC SMT Solver

By default PyExZ3 uses the Z3 to solve path predicates. Optionally, the 
[CVC SMT](http://cvc4.cs.nyu.edu/web/) solver can be enabled with the 
`--cvc` argument. While the two solvers offer a similar feature set, the 
integration of CVC differs from Z3 in a number of ways. Most 
predominately, the CVC integration uses an unbounded rational number 
representation for Python numbers, converting to bit vectors only for 
bitwise operations. The Z3 integration uses bounded bit vectors for all 
numbers. For programs that use any significant number of bitwise 
operations, the default Z3-based configuration is strongly recommended. 
Additionally, CVC does not support generating models for non-linear 
relationships causing a few of the included PyExZ3 test cases to fail 
with a `LogicException`.