Chloë is optimised for annotating flowering plant (angiosperm) chloroplast genomes. If you would like to use Chloë to annotate chloroplast genomes from other plants (e.g. gymnosperms, ferns, lycophytes or bryophytes), please contact Ian Small (ian.small@uwa.edu.au) for access to future versions of Chloë.

This annotator is available online at: https://chloe.plastid.org

• Installation
• Usage
• Julia Projects
• Output Formats
• Authors

For installing Julia please follow link to juliaup.

To install the Chloë code as a local folder on your computer:

git clone https://github.com/ian-small/chloe

Chloë references are required and can be cloned from the git repository into the same location as the chloe folder. If you want to save them somewhere else you need to specify the path to them.

git clone https://github.com/ian-small/chloe_references

The Project.toml file lists all the project dependencies. To instantiate go into the chloe directory and type:

julia --project=.

In the Julia REPL type ] and instantiate at the julia prompt to install all the required packages.

You can run Chloë from the terminal. To access the annotator help manual use:

julia --project=. chloe.jl annotate --help

For annotating single sequences (e.g. the test genome NC_020019.1.fa available in the folder testfa with the default output in .sff format:

julia --project=. chloe.jl annotate testfa/NC_020019.1.fa

For annotating all fasta file in a directory ending with .fa specifying the .gff output format:

julia --project=. chloe.jl annotate -g testfa/*.fa

This will create .gff files for each fasta file and write them back into the directory where the annotated fasta files are located.

To see what other commands are available:

julia --project=. chloe.jl --help

Annotate fasta files from command line specifying the location of your Chloë references

julia --project=. -e 'using Chloe; chloe_main()' -- \
    annotate --reference=/path/to/chloe_references *.fa

You can install Chloë as a Julia package and environment from within the Julia REPL. To create a project in your directory myproject initiate a Julia project and add Chloë as a package:

# create a Julia project in directory myproject
julia -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.generate("myproject")'
cd myproject
# add Chloe to the project
julia --project=. -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.add(url="https://github.com/ian-small/chloe.git")'

To install the Chloe References database in the Julia REPL use:

julia -e 'import Pkg; Pkg.GitTools.clone(stdout, "https://github.com/ian-small/chloe_references", "chloe_references")'

Now you can start the Julia REPL and import the Chloë package. Chloë needs to know where the chloe_references are. If you have the references in your project directory use "./chloe_references" is you decided to download them somewhere else you need to pass the path to the reference variable. Then run the annotate function to annotate your file. (If you have your files elsewhere please define the path to your file).

As an example of how to annotate a single FASTA file that is in your project directory:

#start the julia REPL from the terminal in your projects folder then import Chloe
import Chloe
references = Chloe.ReferenceDbFromDir("./chloe_references") #set path to the chloe_reference
outfile, uid = Chloe.annotate(references,  "NC_011032.1.fa") #run annotation on a file called NC_011032.1.fa located in your project folder
println(outfile) #print output in REPL

Write to buffer instead of to a file.

import Chloe
references = Chloe.ReferenceDbFromDir("/path/to/chloe_references")
io, uid = Chloe.annotate(references, "NC_011032.1.fa", nothing, IOBuffer())
# show .sff content
println(String(take!(io)))

Read from an already open fasta file.

import Chloe
references = Chloe.ReferenceDbFromDir("/path/to/chloe_references")
outfile, uid = open("NC_011032.1.fa", "r") do io
    Chloe.annotate(references, io)
end

For more recipes using Chloë see our Recipes.

Internally, Chloë numbers each strand independently from its 5' end, and tracks features by (start, length) rather then by (start, stop). This avoids most of the issues with features crossing the arbitrary end of a circular genome. The default output of Chloë (.sff files) uses these conventions. For example, here's the start of a typical .sff output file:

The header line gives the sequence name, the length in nucleotides, and the mean alignment coverage with the reference genomes. Subsequent lines give information on a single feature or sub-feature. The first column is a unique identifier, composed as follows: gene name/gene copy (so if 2 or higher is a duplicate of another gene)/feature type/feature order (can be used to sort exons and introns into the correct order, even for transpliced genes) Subsequent columns are: strand, start, length, phase; Then 5 columns of interest if you want to understand why Chloë has predicted this particular feature: length relative to feature template, proportion of references that match, mean coverage of aligned genomes (out of 100), feature probability (from XGBoost model), coding probability (from XGBoost model)

Most users will probably want to use chloe.jl annotate -g to obtain the output in standard .gff format:

By default, Chloë filters out features which are detected to have one of a set of problematic issues, or which have a feature probability of < 0.5. You can retain these putative features by lowering the sensitivity threshold and asking for no filtering. For example, chloe.jl annotate -s 0 --nofilter will retain all the features that Chloë was able to detect, including those that fail the checks. Features with issues will be flagged as warnings during the annotation:

[ Warning: rps16/1 has a premature stop codon
[ Warning: rps16/1 CDS is not divisible by 3

and in the .sff output. Currently --nofilter has no effect if the -g flag is also set.

• Ian Small: ian.small@uwa.edu.au
• Ian Castleden: ian.castleden@uwa.edu.au
• Conny Hooper: cornelia.hooper@uwa.edu.au