oclude is a command line tool and a Python 3 module to run and test arbitrary standalone OpenCL kernels, without the need to write hostcode or specify its arguments.

Besides simply running the OpenCL kernel, oclude can also:

• measure its execution time,
• count the instructions executed through an accurate and meaningful mapping from the OpenCL kernel code to the LLVM instruction set, created by using the clang toolkit,
• profile a specified OpenCL device.

The project is currently functional, with some limitations regarding mainly the complexity of the OpenCL C source code provided to it. More specifically, successful handling of OpenCL source files that are more complicated than the rodinia benchmark suite is not guaranteed.

* Keep in mind that proper behavior is not guaranteed if different versions than the ones that are listed below are used.

At least for now, oclude is developed and expected to work on *nix operating systems only.

• python, version >= 3.6
• setuptools is recommended

In case you want to use oclude as an OpenCL kernel driver only or measure the execution time of OpenCL kernels only:

• An OpenCL runtime environment. Have in mind that installing oclude results in also installing pyopencl which means that, depending on your case, this dependency may get automatically resolved.

In case you want to use oclude as an OpenCL kernel profiler (i.e. get LLVM instruction counts):

• The clang compiler (tested with version 10.0.0 that was installed along with LLVM)
• g++ with C++17 (or later) support
• LLVM (tested with version 10.0.0git. You can check your version by running llvm-config --version in a terminal. Tested with version 3.8 and did not work, so my guess is that you will need something quite higher than that)
• Note: If the OpenCL kernels that you want to profile are very complex and/or large -meaning a (really) high count of instructions-, the selected OpenCL device should support the cl_khr_int64_base_atomics OpenCL extension. If not, oclude (and, more specifically, the hostcode component) will warn you with the following error:

[hostcode] WARNING: Selected device does not support the `cl_khr_int64_base_atomics` OpenCL extension!
[hostcode]          This means that instructions will not get correctly reported if they are too many!

Be aware that, if this extension is not supported by the selected OpenCL device, it is not guaranteed that the instructions reported for complex and/or large OpenCL kernels will be truthful.

For the time being, oclude is not available in PyPI. This is hopefully going to change in the future.

1. git clone the repo and cd inside it:

git clone git@github.com:zehanort/oclude.git
cd oclude

2. (optional) If you need to use oclude as a full OpenCL kernel profiler (i.e. count LLVM instructions executed), you will need to build a C++ component of oclude. Simply run make in the directory you are currently at. If any errors occur, your g++ and/or LLVM versions are not compatible with oclude. Ignore this step; you will not be able to use oclude as a full OpenCL kernel profiler (unless you change your g++ and/or LLVM versions, obviously)
3. Install oclude on your system or inside a virtual environment (e.g. using venv). From the directory you are currently at, run:

pip install .

or

pip install -e .

in case you would like to experiment with the oclude code.

Everything you need to know about the different ways in which oclude can be used, including a full documentation of all the APIs it exports, is located in the wiki. The examples in the following sections are using the oclude CLI.

As a brief overview, oclude supports 2 different commands:

• the profiling of the selected device, and
• the execution and/or profiling of an OpenCL kernel.

The latter supports 2 different modes of operation, apart from simply executing the kernel:

• count the LLVM instructions that were executed, codenamed instcounts, and/or
• measure the execution time, codenamed timeit:

oclude
  ├── device
  └── kernel
        ├── instcounts
        └── timeit

In the oclude CLI, the syntax is the following:

$ oclude <command> <command flags>

Note that command is optional and defaults to kernel.

An example of the device command in the oclude CLI could be the following:

$ oclude device -p 0 -d 0
[hostcode] Collecting profiling info for the following device:
[hostcode] Platform:	Intel(R) OpenCL HD Graphics
[hostcode] Device:	Intel(R) Gen9 HD Graphics NEO
[hostcode] Version:	OpenCL 2.1 NEO
[hostcode] Please wait, this may take a while...
Profiling info for selected OpenCL device:
        profiling overhead (time) - 0.011303499341011047
  profiling overhead (percentage) - 17.80%
                  command latency - 0.06351426243782043
  host-to-device transfer latency - 0.011074915528297424
  device-to-host transfer latency - 0.011512413620948792
device-to-device transfer latency - 0.06323426961898804
host-device bandwidth bandwidth @ 64 bytes - 0.005645181903735443 GB/s
host-device bandwidth bandwidth @ 256 bytes - 0.022125035974706695 GB/s
host-device bandwidth bandwidth @ 1024 bytes - 0.08657326467722175 GB/s
... a lot of bandwidth measurements follow ...

An example of the kernel command in the oclude CLI could be the following (note that the kernel keyword is omitted as it is implied when absent and that, besides running the kernel, nothing else really happens):

$ oclude -f tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl -k c_CopySrcToComponents -g 1024 -l 128
[oclude] INFO: Input file tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl is not cached
[oclude] Running kernel 'c_CopySrcToComponents' from file tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl
[hostcode] Using the following device:
[hostcode] Platform:    Intel(R) OpenCL HD Graphics
[hostcode] Device:      Intel(R) Gen9 HD Graphics NEO
[hostcode] Version:     OpenCL 2.1 NEO
[hostcode] Kernel name: c_CopySrcToComponents
[hostcode] Kernel arg 1: d_r (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 2: d_g (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 3: d_b (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 4: cl_d_src (uchar*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 5: pixels (int, private)
[hostcode] About to execute kernel with Global NDRange = 1024 and Local NDRange = 128
[hostcode] Number of executions (a.k.a. samples) to perform: 1
[hostcode] Kernel run completed successfully

Observe the following from the usage above:

• Firstly, an OpenCL kernel file (*.cl) is specified with the --file/-f flag
• A kernel from inside this file is chosen with --kernel/-k (optional; if it is not used, oclude will inform the user of the kernels present in the input file and they will be able to choose which one to run interactively)
• The global and local OpenCL NDRanges are specified with the --gsize/-g and --lsize/-l flags, respectively. Only 1 dimension is supported, therefore these flags accept only a single positive integer.

Nothing interesting happened though... That is why the kernel command has 2 modes of operation.

Simply use the --inst-counts/-i flag to instrument the kernel and count the LLVM instructions that correspond to the instructions that were actually ran by the kernel:

$ oclude -f tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl -k c_CopySrcToComponents -g 1024 -l 128 -i
[oclude] INFO: Input file tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl is cached
[oclude] INFO: Using cached instrumented file
[oclude] Running kernel 'c_CopySrcToComponents' from file tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl
[hostcode] Using the following device:
[hostcode] Platform:	Intel(R) OpenCL HD Graphics
[hostcode] Device:	Intel(R) Gen9 HD Graphics NEO
[hostcode] Version:	OpenCL 2.1 NEO
[hostcode] Kernel name: c_CopySrcToComponents
[hostcode] Kernel arg 1: d_r (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 2: d_g (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 3: d_b (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 4: cl_d_src (uchar*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 5: pixels (int, private)
[hostcode] About to execute kernel with Global NDRange = 1024 and Local NDRange = 128
[hostcode] Number of executions (a.k.a. samples) to perform: 1
[hostcode] Collecting instruction counts...
[hostcode] Kernel run completed successfully
Instructions executed for kernel 'c_CopySrcToComponents':
           26920 - load private
           20776 - alloca
           14336 - store private
           12288 - add
           11631 - getelementptr
           11264 - mul
            8855 - store callee
            7245 - load callee
            4096 - call
            3072 - load global
            3072 - load local
            3072 - store local
            3072 - zext
            2415 - sub
            1829 - br
            1024 - ret
            1024 - icmp

NOTE: The output of this mode was designed to resemble that of Oclgrind.

Simply use the --time-it/-t flag to measure the execution time of the specified kernel:

$ oclude -f tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl -k c_CopySrcToComponents -g 1024 -l 128 -t
[oclude] INFO: Input file tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl is not cached
[oclude] Running kernel 'c_CopySrcToComponents' from file tests/rodinia_kernels/dwt2d/com_dwt.cl
[hostcode] Using the following device:
[hostcode] Platform:	Intel(R) OpenCL HD Graphics
[hostcode] Device:	Intel(R) Gen9 HD Graphics NEO
[hostcode] Version:	OpenCL 2.1 NEO
[hostcode] Kernel name: c_CopySrcToComponents
[hostcode] Kernel arg 1: d_r (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 2: d_g (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 3: d_b (int*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 4: cl_d_src (uchar*, global)
[hostcode] Kernel arg 5: pixels (int, private)
[hostcode] About to execute kernel with Global NDRange = 1024 and Local NDRange = 128
[hostcode] Number of executions (a.k.a. samples) to perform: 1
[hostcode] Collecting time profiling info...
[hostcode] Kernel run completed successfully
Time measurement info regarding the execution for kernel 'c_CopySrcToComponents' (in milliseconds):
hostcode - 1.9354820251464844
  device - 0.013415999999999999
transfer - 1.9220660251464843

The 2 modes of the kernel command can be combined to measure the execution time of the instrumented OpenCL code.

oclude exports its 2 commands -device and kernel- as 2 different functions:

• the device command is exported as the oclude.profile_opencl_device() function
• the kernel command is exported as the oclude.profile_opencl_kernel() function

Their complete documentation can be found in the respective wiki page.

1. For the time being, oclude instruments the OpenCL source code directly in order to count the LLVM instructions that are executed. To achieve that, a mapping between the OpenCL C source code and the LLVM bitcode basic blocks has been designed. As you may know, a 1-1 mapping between source code and basic blocks of an IR is not a trivial problem, which means that many design choices had to be made. For this mapping to be properly designed, no optimizations could be used during the parsing of the LLVM instructions to which the input source file is compiled. This means that the instruction counts that are reported when using the kernel command with the --instcounts/-i mode of operation corresponds to the unoptimized OpenCL source code.
2. If there are certain sizes and/or values of the input arguments that may lead the specified kernel to a segfault, there are 3 different possible outcomes:
   • normal execution
   • empty output
   • execution of oclude hangs and you have to kill it manually