Example #1
0
    def _build_kml_sources(self, sources):
        """
        Goes through the given sources and returns a 3-tuple of
        the application label, module name, and field name of every
        GeometryField encountered in the sources.

        If no sources are provided, then all models.
        """
        kml_sources = []
        if sources is None:
            sources = models.get_models()
        for source in sources:
            if isinstance(source, models.base.ModelBase):
                for field in source._meta.fields:
                    if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
                        kml_sources.append((source._meta.app_label,
                                            source._meta.module_name,
                                            field.name))
            elif isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
                if len(source) != 3: 
                    raise ValueError('Must specify a 3-tuple of (app_label, module_name, field_name).')
                kml_sources.append(source)
            else:
                raise TypeError('KML Sources must be a model or a 3-tuple.')
        return kml_sources
Example #2
0
def create_permissions(app, created_models, verbosity, **kwargs):
    from djangocg.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType

    app_models = get_models(app)

    # This will hold the permissions we're looking for as
    # (content_type, (codename, name))
    searched_perms = list()
    # The codenames and ctypes that should exist.
    ctypes = set()
    for klass in app_models:
        ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(klass)
        ctypes.add(ctype)
        for perm in _get_all_permissions(klass._meta):
            searched_perms.append((ctype, perm))

    # Find all the Permissions that have a context_type for a model we're
    # looking for.  We don't need to check for codenames since we already have
    # a list of the ones we're going to create.
    all_perms = set(auth_app.Permission.objects.filter(
        content_type__in=ctypes,
    ).values_list(
        "content_type", "codename"
    ))

    objs = [
        auth_app.Permission(codename=codename, name=name, content_type=ctype)
        for ctype, (codename, name) in searched_perms
        if (ctype.pk, codename) not in all_perms
    ]
    auth_app.Permission.objects.bulk_create(objs)
    if verbosity >= 2:
        for obj in objs:
            print("Adding permission '%s'" % obj)
Example #3
0
    def django_table_names(self, only_existing=False):
        """
        Returns a list of all table names that have associated Django models and
        are in INSTALLED_APPS.

        If only_existing is True, the resulting list will only include the tables
        that actually exist in the database.
        """
        from djangocg.db import models, router
        tables = set()
        for app in models.get_apps():
            for model in models.get_models(app):
                if not model._meta.managed:
                    continue
                if not router.allow_syncdb(self.connection.alias, model):
                    continue
                tables.add(model._meta.db_table)
                tables.update([f.m2m_db_table() for f in model._meta.local_many_to_many])
        tables = list(tables)
        if only_existing:
            existing_tables = self.table_names()
            tables = [
                t
                for t in tables
                if self.table_name_converter(t) in existing_tables
            ]
        return tables
Example #4
0
    def sequence_list(self):
        "Returns a list of information about all DB sequences for all models in all apps."
        from djangocg.db import models, router

        apps = models.get_apps()
        sequence_list = []

        for app in apps:
            for model in models.get_models(app):
                if not model._meta.managed:
                    continue
                if not router.allow_syncdb(self.connection.alias, model):
                    continue
                for f in model._meta.local_fields:
                    if isinstance(f, models.AutoField):
                        sequence_list.append({'table': model._meta.db_table, 'column': f.column})
                        break # Only one AutoField is allowed per model, so don't bother continuing.

                for f in model._meta.local_many_to_many:
                    # If this is an m2m using an intermediate table,
                    # we don't need to reset the sequence.
                    if f.rel.through is None:
                        sequence_list.append({'table': f.m2m_db_table(), 'column': None})

        return sequence_list
Example #5
0
def model_index(request):
    if not utils.docutils_is_available:
        return missing_docutils_page(request)
    m_list = [m._meta for m in models.get_models()]
    return render_to_response('admin_doc/model_index.html', {
        'root_path': urlresolvers.reverse('admin:index'),
        'models': m_list
    }, context_instance=RequestContext(request))
Example #6
0
def sql_custom(app, style, connection):
    "Returns a list of the custom table modifying SQL statements for the given app."
    output = []

    app_models = get_models(app)

    for model in app_models:
        output.extend(custom_sql_for_model(model, style, connection))

    return output
Example #7
0
 def installed_models(self, tables):
     "Returns a set of all models represented by the provided list of table names."
     from djangocg.db import models, router
     all_models = []
     for app in models.get_apps():
         for model in models.get_models(app):
             if router.allow_syncdb(self.connection.alias, model):
                 all_models.append(model)
     tables = list(map(self.table_name_converter, tables))
     return set([
         m for m in all_models
         if self.table_name_converter(m._meta.db_table) in tables
     ])
Example #8
0
def sql_create(app, style, connection):
    "Returns a list of the CREATE TABLE SQL statements for the given app."

    if connection.settings_dict['ENGINE'] == 'djangocg.db.backends.dummy':
        # This must be the "dummy" database backend, which means the user
        # hasn't set ENGINE for the database.
        raise CommandError("Django doesn't know which syntax to use for your SQL statements,\n" +
            "because you haven't specified the ENGINE setting for the database.\n" +
            "Edit your settings file and change DATBASES['default']['ENGINE'] to something like\n" +
            "'djangocg.db.backends.postgresql' or 'djangocg.db.backends.mysql'.")

    # Get installed models, so we generate REFERENCES right.
    # We trim models from the current app so that the sqlreset command does not
    # generate invalid SQL (leaving models out of known_models is harmless, so
    # we can be conservative).
    app_models = models.get_models(app, include_auto_created=True)
    final_output = []
    tables = connection.introspection.table_names()
    known_models = set([model for model in connection.introspection.installed_models(tables) if model not in app_models])
    pending_references = {}

    for model in app_models:
        output, references = connection.creation.sql_create_model(model, style, known_models)
        final_output.extend(output)
        for refto, refs in references.items():
            pending_references.setdefault(refto, []).extend(refs)
            if refto in known_models:
                final_output.extend(connection.creation.sql_for_pending_references(refto, style, pending_references))
        final_output.extend(connection.creation.sql_for_pending_references(model, style, pending_references))
        # Keep track of the fact that we've created the table for this model.
        known_models.add(model)

    # Handle references to tables that are from other apps
    # but don't exist physically.
    not_installed_models = set(pending_references.keys())
    if not_installed_models:
        alter_sql = []
        for model in not_installed_models:
            alter_sql.extend(['-- ' + sql for sql in
                connection.creation.sql_for_pending_references(model, style, pending_references)])
        if alter_sql:
            final_output.append('-- The following references should be added but depend on non-existent tables:')
            final_output.extend(alter_sql)

    return final_output
Example #9
0
def sql_delete(app, style, connection):
    "Returns a list of the DROP TABLE SQL statements for the given app."

    # This should work even if a connection isn't available
    try:
        cursor = connection.cursor()
    except:
        cursor = None

    # Figure out which tables already exist
    if cursor:
        table_names = connection.introspection.table_names(cursor)
    else:
        table_names = []

    output = []

    # Output DROP TABLE statements for standard application tables.
    to_delete = set()

    references_to_delete = {}
    app_models = models.get_models(app, include_auto_created=True)
    for model in app_models:
        if cursor and connection.introspection.table_name_converter(model._meta.db_table) in table_names:
            # The table exists, so it needs to be dropped
            opts = model._meta
            for f in opts.local_fields:
                if f.rel and f.rel.to not in to_delete:
                    references_to_delete.setdefault(f.rel.to, []).append( (model, f) )

            to_delete.add(model)

    for model in app_models:
        if connection.introspection.table_name_converter(model._meta.db_table) in table_names:
            output.extend(connection.creation.sql_destroy_model(model, references_to_delete, style))

    # Close database connection explicitly, in case this output is being piped
    # directly into a database client, to avoid locking issues.
    if cursor:
        cursor.close()
        connection.close()

    return output[::-1] # Reverse it, to deal with table dependencies.
Example #10
0
def model_detail(request, app_label, model_name):
    if not utils.docutils_is_available:
        return missing_docutils_page(request)

    # Get the model class.
    try:
        app_mod = models.get_app(app_label)
    except ImproperlyConfigured:
        raise Http404(_("App %r not found") % app_label)
    model = None
    for m in models.get_models(app_mod):
        if m._meta.object_name.lower() == model_name:
            model = m
            break
    if model is None:
        raise Http404(_("Model %(model_name)r not found in app %(app_label)r") % {'model_name': model_name, 'app_label': app_label})

    opts = model._meta

    # Gather fields/field descriptions.
    fields = []
    for field in opts.fields:
        # ForeignKey is a special case since the field will actually be a
        # descriptor that returns the other object
        if isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey):
            data_type = field.rel.to.__name__
            app_label = field.rel.to._meta.app_label
            verbose = utils.parse_rst((_("the related `%(app_label)s.%(data_type)s` object")  % {'app_label': app_label, 'data_type': data_type}), 'model', _('model:') + data_type)
        else:
            data_type = get_readable_field_data_type(field)
            verbose = field.verbose_name
        fields.append({
            'name': field.name,
            'data_type': data_type,
            'verbose': verbose,
            'help_text': field.help_text,
        })

    # Gather many-to-many fields.
    for field in opts.many_to_many:
        data_type = field.rel.to.__name__
        app_label = field.rel.to._meta.app_label
        verbose = _("related `%(app_label)s.%(object_name)s` objects") % {'app_label': app_label, 'object_name': data_type}
        fields.append({
            'name': "%s.all" % field.name,
            "data_type": 'List',
            'verbose': utils.parse_rst(_("all %s") % verbose , 'model', _('model:') + opts.module_name),
        })
        fields.append({
            'name'      : "%s.count" % field.name,
            'data_type' : 'Integer',
            'verbose'   : utils.parse_rst(_("number of %s") % verbose , 'model', _('model:') + opts.module_name),
        })

    # Gather model methods.
    for func_name, func in model.__dict__.items():
        if (inspect.isfunction(func) and len(inspect.getargspec(func)[0]) == 1):
            try:
                for exclude in MODEL_METHODS_EXCLUDE:
                    if func_name.startswith(exclude):
                        raise StopIteration
            except StopIteration:
                continue
            verbose = func.__doc__
            if verbose:
                verbose = utils.parse_rst(utils.trim_docstring(verbose), 'model', _('model:') + opts.module_name)
            fields.append({
                'name': func_name,
                'data_type': get_return_data_type(func_name),
                'verbose': verbose,
            })

    # Gather related objects
    for rel in opts.get_all_related_objects() + opts.get_all_related_many_to_many_objects():
        verbose = _("related `%(app_label)s.%(object_name)s` objects") % {'app_label': rel.opts.app_label, 'object_name': rel.opts.object_name}
        accessor = rel.get_accessor_name()
        fields.append({
            'name'      : "%s.all" % accessor,
            'data_type' : 'List',
            'verbose'   : utils.parse_rst(_("all %s") % verbose , 'model', _('model:') + opts.module_name),
        })
        fields.append({
            'name'      : "%s.count" % accessor,
            'data_type' : 'Integer',
            'verbose'   : utils.parse_rst(_("number of %s") % verbose , 'model', _('model:') + opts.module_name),
        })
    return render_to_response('admin_doc/model_detail.html', {
        'root_path': urlresolvers.reverse('admin:index'),
        'name': '%s.%s' % (opts.app_label, opts.object_name),
        'summary': _("Fields on %s objects") % opts.object_name,
        'description': model.__doc__,
        'fields': fields,
    }, context_instance=RequestContext(request))
Example #11
0
def sort_dependencies(app_list):
    """Sort a list of app,modellist pairs into a single list of models.

    The single list of models is sorted so that any model with a natural key
    is serialized before a normal model, and any model with a natural key
    dependency has it's dependencies serialized first.
    """
    from djangocg.db.models import get_model, get_models
    # Process the list of models, and get the list of dependencies
    model_dependencies = []
    models = set()
    for app, model_list in app_list:
        if model_list is None:
            model_list = get_models(app)

        for model in model_list:
            models.add(model)
            # Add any explicitly defined dependencies
            if hasattr(model, 'natural_key'):
                deps = getattr(model.natural_key, 'dependencies', [])
                if deps:
                    deps = [get_model(*d.split('.')) for d in deps]
            else:
                deps = []

            # Now add a dependency for any FK or M2M relation with
            # a model that defines a natural key
            for field in model._meta.fields:
                if hasattr(field.rel, 'to'):
                    rel_model = field.rel.to
                    if hasattr(rel_model, 'natural_key') and rel_model != model:
                        deps.append(rel_model)
            for field in model._meta.many_to_many:
                rel_model = field.rel.to
                if hasattr(rel_model, 'natural_key') and rel_model != model:
                    deps.append(rel_model)
            model_dependencies.append((model, deps))

    model_dependencies.reverse()
    # Now sort the models to ensure that dependencies are met. This
    # is done by repeatedly iterating over the input list of models.
    # If all the dependencies of a given model are in the final list,
    # that model is promoted to the end of the final list. This process
    # continues until the input list is empty, or we do a full iteration
    # over the input models without promoting a model to the final list.
    # If we do a full iteration without a promotion, that means there are
    # circular dependencies in the list.
    model_list = []
    while model_dependencies:
        skipped = []
        changed = False
        while model_dependencies:
            model, deps = model_dependencies.pop()

            # If all of the models in the dependency list are either already
            # on the final model list, or not on the original serialization list,
            # then we've found another model with all it's dependencies satisfied.
            found = True
            for candidate in ((d not in models or d in model_list) for d in deps):
                if not candidate:
                    found = False
            if found:
                model_list.append(model)
                changed = True
            else:
                skipped.append((model, deps))
        if not changed:
            raise CommandError("Can't resolve dependencies for %s in serialized app list." %
                ', '.join('%s.%s' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.object_name)
                for model, deps in sorted(skipped, key=lambda obj: obj[0].__name__))
            )
        model_dependencies = skipped

    return model_list
 def handle_app(self, app, **options):
     connection = connections[options.get('database')]
     return '\n'.join(connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(self.style, models.get_models(app, include_auto_created=True)))
Example #13
0
    def handle_noargs(self, **options):

        verbosity = int(options.get("verbosity"))
        interactive = options.get("interactive")
        show_traceback = options.get("traceback")
        load_initial_data = options.get("load_initial_data")

        self.style = no_style()

        # Import the 'management' module within each installed app, to register
        # dispatcher events.
        for app_name in settings.INSTALLED_APPS:
            try:
                import_module(".management", app_name)
            except ImportError as exc:
                # This is slightly hackish. We want to ignore ImportErrors
                # if the "management" module itself is missing -- but we don't
                # want to ignore the exception if the management module exists
                # but raises an ImportError for some reason. The only way we
                # can do this is to check the text of the exception. Note that
                # we're a bit broad in how we check the text, because different
                # Python implementations may not use the same text.
                # CPython uses the text "No module named management"
                # PyPy uses "No module named myproject.myapp.management"
                msg = exc.args[0]
                if not msg.startswith("No module named") or "management" not in msg:
                    raise

        db = options.get("database")
        connection = connections[db]
        cursor = connection.cursor()

        # Get a list of already installed *models* so that references work right.
        tables = connection.introspection.table_names()
        seen_models = connection.introspection.installed_models(tables)
        created_models = set()
        pending_references = {}

        # Build the manifest of apps and models that are to be synchronized
        all_models = [
            (
                app.__name__.split(".")[-2],
                [m for m in models.get_models(app, include_auto_created=True) if router.allow_syncdb(db, m)],
            )
            for app in models.get_apps()
        ]

        def model_installed(model):
            opts = model._meta
            converter = connection.introspection.table_name_converter
            return not (
                (converter(opts.db_table) in tables)
                or (opts.auto_created and converter(opts.auto_created._meta.db_table) in tables)
            )

        manifest = SortedDict(
            (app_name, list(filter(model_installed, model_list))) for app_name, model_list in all_models
        )

        # Create the tables for each model
        if verbosity >= 1:
            self.stdout.write("Creating tables ...\n")
        for app_name, model_list in manifest.items():
            for model in model_list:
                # Create the model's database table, if it doesn't already exist.
                if verbosity >= 3:
                    self.stdout.write("Processing %s.%s model\n" % (app_name, model._meta.object_name))
                sql, references = connection.creation.sql_create_model(model, self.style, seen_models)
                seen_models.add(model)
                created_models.add(model)
                for refto, refs in references.items():
                    pending_references.setdefault(refto, []).extend(refs)
                    if refto in seen_models:
                        sql.extend(
                            connection.creation.sql_for_pending_references(refto, self.style, pending_references)
                        )
                sql.extend(connection.creation.sql_for_pending_references(model, self.style, pending_references))
                if verbosity >= 1 and sql:
                    self.stdout.write("Creating table %s\n" % model._meta.db_table)
                for statement in sql:
                    cursor.execute(statement)
                tables.append(connection.introspection.table_name_converter(model._meta.db_table))

        transaction.commit_unless_managed(using=db)

        # Send the post_syncdb signal, so individual apps can do whatever they need
        # to do at this point.
        emit_post_sync_signal(created_models, verbosity, interactive, db)

        # The connection may have been closed by a syncdb handler.
        cursor = connection.cursor()

        # Install custom SQL for the app (but only if this
        # is a model we've just created)
        if verbosity >= 1:
            self.stdout.write("Installing custom SQL ...\n")
        for app_name, model_list in manifest.items():
            for model in model_list:
                if model in created_models:
                    custom_sql = custom_sql_for_model(model, self.style, connection)
                    if custom_sql:
                        if verbosity >= 2:
                            self.stdout.write(
                                "Installing custom SQL for %s.%s model\n" % (app_name, model._meta.object_name)
                            )
                        try:
                            for sql in custom_sql:
                                cursor.execute(sql)
                        except Exception as e:
                            self.stderr.write(
                                "Failed to install custom SQL for %s.%s model: %s\n"
                                % (app_name, model._meta.object_name, e)
                            )
                            if show_traceback:
                                traceback.print_exc()
                            transaction.rollback_unless_managed(using=db)
                        else:
                            transaction.commit_unless_managed(using=db)
                    else:
                        if verbosity >= 3:
                            self.stdout.write("No custom SQL for %s.%s model\n" % (app_name, model._meta.object_name))

        if verbosity >= 1:
            self.stdout.write("Installing indexes ...\n")
        # Install SQL indices for all newly created models
        for app_name, model_list in manifest.items():
            for model in model_list:
                if model in created_models:
                    index_sql = connection.creation.sql_indexes_for_model(model, self.style)
                    if index_sql:
                        if verbosity >= 2:
                            self.stdout.write(
                                "Installing index for %s.%s model\n" % (app_name, model._meta.object_name)
                            )
                        try:
                            for sql in index_sql:
                                cursor.execute(sql)
                        except Exception as e:
                            self.stderr.write(
                                "Failed to install index for %s.%s model: %s\n" % (app_name, model._meta.object_name, e)
                            )
                            transaction.rollback_unless_managed(using=db)
                        else:
                            transaction.commit_unless_managed(using=db)

        # Load initial_data fixtures (unless that has been disabled)
        if load_initial_data:
            call_command("loaddata", "initial_data", verbosity=verbosity, database=db, skip_validation=True)
Example #14
0
def update_contenttypes(app, created_models, verbosity=2, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates content types for models in the given app, removing any model
    entries that no longer have a matching model class.
    """
    ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
    app_models = get_models(app)
    if not app_models:
        return
    # They all have the same app_label, get the first one.
    app_label = app_models[0]._meta.app_label
    app_models = dict(
        (model._meta.object_name.lower(), model)
        for model in app_models
    )
    # Get all the content types
    content_types = dict(
        (ct.model, ct)
        for ct in ContentType.objects.filter(app_label=app_label)
    )
    to_remove = [
        ct
        for (model_name, ct) in six.iteritems(content_types)
        if model_name not in app_models
    ]

    cts = ContentType.objects.bulk_create([
        ContentType(
            name=smart_text(model._meta.verbose_name_raw),
            app_label=app_label,
            model=model_name,
        )
        for (model_name, model) in six.iteritems(app_models)
        if model_name not in content_types
    ])
    if verbosity >= 2:
        for ct in cts:
            print("Adding content type '%s | %s'" % (ct.app_label, ct.model))

    # Confirm that the content type is stale before deletion.
    if to_remove:
        if kwargs.get('interactive', False):
            content_type_display = '\n'.join([
                '    %s | %s' % (ct.app_label, ct.model)
                for ct in to_remove
            ])
            ok_to_delete = input("""The following content types are stale and need to be deleted:

%s

Any objects related to these content types by a foreign key will also
be deleted. Are you sure you want to delete these content types?
If you're unsure, answer 'no'.

    Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: """ % content_type_display)
        else:
            ok_to_delete = False

        if ok_to_delete == 'yes':
            for ct in to_remove:
                if verbosity >= 2:
                    print("Deleting stale content type '%s | %s'" % (ct.app_label, ct.model))
                ct.delete()
        else:
            if verbosity >= 2:
                print("Stale content types remain.")
Example #15
0
def sql_indexes(app, style, connection):
    "Returns a list of the CREATE INDEX SQL statements for all models in the given app."
    output = []
    for model in models.get_models(app):
        output.extend(connection.creation.sql_indexes_for_model(model, style))
    return output
Example #16
0
    def handle_noargs(self, **options):
        db = options.get('database')
        connection = connections[db]
        verbosity = int(options.get('verbosity'))
        interactive = options.get('interactive')
        # 'reset_sequences' is a stealth option
        reset_sequences = options.get('reset_sequences', True)

        self.style = no_style()

        # Import the 'management' module within each installed app, to register
        # dispatcher events.
        for app_name in settings.INSTALLED_APPS:
            try:
                import_module('.management', app_name)
            except ImportError:
                pass

        sql_list = sql_flush(self.style, connection, only_django=True, reset_sequences=reset_sequences)

        if interactive:
            confirm = input("""You have requested a flush of the database.
This will IRREVERSIBLY DESTROY all data currently in the %r database,
and return each table to the state it was in after syncdb.
Are you sure you want to do this?

    Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: """ % connection.settings_dict['NAME'])
        else:
            confirm = 'yes'

        if confirm == 'yes':
            try:
                cursor = connection.cursor()
                for sql in sql_list:
                    cursor.execute(sql)
            except Exception as e:
                transaction.rollback_unless_managed(using=db)
                raise CommandError("""Database %s couldn't be flushed. Possible reasons:
  * The database isn't running or isn't configured correctly.
  * At least one of the expected database tables doesn't exist.
  * The SQL was invalid.
Hint: Look at the output of 'django-admin.py sqlflush'. That's the SQL this command wasn't able to run.
The full error: %s""" % (connection.settings_dict['NAME'], e))
            transaction.commit_unless_managed(using=db)

            # Emit the post sync signal. This allows individual
            # applications to respond as if the database had been
            # sync'd from scratch.
            all_models = []
            for app in models.get_apps():
                all_models.extend([
                    m for m in models.get_models(app, include_auto_created=True)
                    if router.allow_syncdb(db, m)
                ])
            emit_post_sync_signal(set(all_models), verbosity, interactive, db)

            # Reinstall the initial_data fixture.
            kwargs = options.copy()
            kwargs['database'] = db
            if options.get('load_initial_data'):
                # Reinstall the initial_data fixture.
                call_command('loaddata', 'initial_data', **options)

        else:
            self.stdout.write("Flush cancelled.\n")
Example #17
0
def get_validation_errors(outfile, app=None):
    """
    Validates all models that are part of the specified app. If no app name is provided,
    validates all models of all installed apps. Writes errors, if any, to outfile.
    Returns number of errors.
    """
    from djangocg.conf import settings
    from djangocg.db import models, connection
    from djangocg.db.models.loading import get_app_errors
    from djangocg.db.models.fields.related import RelatedObject
    from djangocg.db.models.deletion import SET_NULL, SET_DEFAULT

    e = ModelErrorCollection(outfile)

    for (app_name, error) in get_app_errors().items():
        e.add(app_name, error)

    for cls in models.get_models(app):
        opts = cls._meta

        # Do field-specific validation.
        for f in opts.local_fields:
            if f.name == "id" and not f.primary_key and opts.pk.name == "id":
                e.add(
                    opts,
                    '"%s": You can\'t use "id" as a field name, because each model automatically gets an "id" field if none of the fields have primary_key=True. You need to either remove/rename your "id" field or add primary_key=True to a field.'
                    % f.name,
                )
            if f.name.endswith("_"):
                e.add(
                    opts,
                    '"%s": Field names cannot end with underscores, because this would lead to ambiguous queryset filters.'
                    % f.name,
                )
            if f.primary_key and f.null and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
                # We cannot reliably check this for backends like Oracle which
                # consider NULL and '' to be equal (and thus set up
                # character-based fields a little differently).
                e.add(opts, '"%s": Primary key fields cannot have null=True.' % f.name)
            if isinstance(f, models.CharField):
                try:
                    max_length = int(f.max_length)
                    if max_length <= 0:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            '"%s": CharFields require a "max_length" attribute that is a positive integer.' % f.name,
                        )
                except (ValueError, TypeError):
                    e.add(
                        opts, '"%s": CharFields require a "max_length" attribute that is a positive integer.' % f.name
                    )
            if isinstance(f, models.DecimalField):
                decimalp_ok, mdigits_ok = False, False
                decimalp_msg = (
                    '"%s": DecimalFields require a "decimal_places" attribute that is a non-negative integer.'
                )
                try:
                    decimal_places = int(f.decimal_places)
                    if decimal_places < 0:
                        e.add(opts, decimalp_msg % f.name)
                    else:
                        decimalp_ok = True
                except (ValueError, TypeError):
                    e.add(opts, decimalp_msg % f.name)
                mdigits_msg = '"%s": DecimalFields require a "max_digits" attribute that is a positive integer.'
                try:
                    max_digits = int(f.max_digits)
                    if max_digits <= 0:
                        e.add(opts, mdigits_msg % f.name)
                    else:
                        mdigits_ok = True
                except (ValueError, TypeError):
                    e.add(opts, mdigits_msg % f.name)
                invalid_values_msg = '"%s": DecimalFields require a "max_digits" attribute value that is greater than or equal to the value of the "decimal_places" attribute.'
                if decimalp_ok and mdigits_ok:
                    if decimal_places > max_digits:
                        e.add(opts, invalid_values_msg % f.name)
            if isinstance(f, models.FileField) and not f.upload_to:
                e.add(opts, '"%s": FileFields require an "upload_to" attribute.' % f.name)
            if isinstance(f, models.ImageField):
                # Try to import PIL in either of the two ways it can end up installed.
                try:
                    from PIL import Image
                except ImportError:
                    try:
                        import Image
                    except ImportError:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            '"%s": To use ImageFields, you need to install the Python Imaging Library. Get it at http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/ .'
                            % f.name,
                        )
            if isinstance(f, models.BooleanField) and getattr(f, "null", False):
                e.add(opts, '"%s": BooleanFields do not accept null values. Use a NullBooleanField instead.' % f.name)
            if isinstance(f, models.FilePathField) and not (f.allow_files or f.allow_folders):
                e.add(opts, '"%s": FilePathFields must have either allow_files or allow_folders set to True.' % f.name)
            if f.choices:
                if isinstance(f.choices, six.string_types) or not is_iterable(f.choices):
                    e.add(opts, '"%s": "choices" should be iterable (e.g., a tuple or list).' % f.name)
                else:
                    for c in f.choices:
                        if not isinstance(c, (list, tuple)) or len(c) != 2:
                            e.add(opts, '"%s": "choices" should be a sequence of two-tuples.' % f.name)
            if f.db_index not in (None, True, False):
                e.add(opts, '"%s": "db_index" should be either None, True or False.' % f.name)

            # Perform any backend-specific field validation.
            connection.validation.validate_field(e, opts, f)

            # Check if the on_delete behavior is sane
            if f.rel and hasattr(f.rel, "on_delete"):
                if f.rel.on_delete == SET_NULL and not f.null:
                    e.add(opts, "'%s' specifies on_delete=SET_NULL, but cannot be null." % f.name)
                elif f.rel.on_delete == SET_DEFAULT and not f.has_default():
                    e.add(opts, "'%s' specifies on_delete=SET_DEFAULT, but has no default value." % f.name)

            # Check to see if the related field will clash with any existing
            # fields, m2m fields, m2m related objects or related objects
            if f.rel:
                if f.rel.to not in models.get_models():
                    e.add(
                        opts,
                        "'%s' has a relation with model %s, which has either not been installed or is abstract."
                        % (f.name, f.rel.to),
                    )
                # it is a string and we could not find the model it refers to
                # so skip the next section
                if isinstance(f.rel.to, six.string_types):
                    continue

                # Make sure the related field specified by a ForeignKey is unique
                if not f.rel.to._meta.get_field(f.rel.field_name).unique:
                    e.add(
                        opts,
                        "Field '%s' under model '%s' must have a unique=True constraint."
                        % (f.rel.field_name, f.rel.to.__name__),
                    )

                rel_opts = f.rel.to._meta
                rel_name = RelatedObject(f.rel.to, cls, f).get_accessor_name()
                rel_query_name = f.related_query_name()
                if not f.rel.is_hidden():
                    for r in rel_opts.fields:
                        if r.name == rel_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Accessor for field '%s' clashes with field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                            )
                        if r.name == rel_query_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Reverse query name for field '%s' clashes with field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                            )
                    for r in rel_opts.local_many_to_many:
                        if r.name == rel_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Accessor for field '%s' clashes with m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                            )
                        if r.name == rel_query_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Reverse query name for field '%s' clashes with m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                            )
                    for r in rel_opts.get_all_related_many_to_many_objects():
                        if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Accessor for field '%s' clashes with related m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                            )
                        if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_query_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Reverse query name for field '%s' clashes with related m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                            )
                    for r in rel_opts.get_all_related_objects():
                        if r.field is not f:
                            if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_name:
                                e.add(
                                    opts,
                                    "Accessor for field '%s' clashes with related field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                    % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                                )
                            if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_query_name:
                                e.add(
                                    opts,
                                    "Reverse query name for field '%s' clashes with related field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                    % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                                )

        seen_intermediary_signatures = []
        for i, f in enumerate(opts.local_many_to_many):
            # Check to see if the related m2m field will clash with any
            # existing fields, m2m fields, m2m related objects or related
            # objects
            if f.rel.to not in models.get_models():
                e.add(
                    opts,
                    "'%s' has an m2m relation with model %s, which has either not been installed or is abstract."
                    % (f.name, f.rel.to),
                )
                # it is a string and we could not find the model it refers to
                # so skip the next section
                if isinstance(f.rel.to, six.string_types):
                    continue

            # Check that the field is not set to unique.  ManyToManyFields do not support unique.
            if f.unique:
                e.add(opts, "ManyToManyFields cannot be unique.  Remove the unique argument on '%s'." % f.name)

            if f.rel.through is not None and not isinstance(f.rel.through, six.string_types):
                from_model, to_model = cls, f.rel.to
                if from_model == to_model and f.rel.symmetrical and not f.rel.through._meta.auto_created:
                    e.add(opts, "Many-to-many fields with intermediate tables cannot be symmetrical.")
                seen_from, seen_to, seen_self = False, False, 0
                for inter_field in f.rel.through._meta.fields:
                    rel_to = getattr(inter_field.rel, "to", None)
                    if from_model == to_model:  # relation to self
                        if rel_to == from_model:
                            seen_self += 1
                        if seen_self > 2:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Intermediary model %s has more than "
                                "two foreign keys to %s, which is ambiguous "
                                "and is not permitted."
                                % (f.rel.through._meta.object_name, from_model._meta.object_name),
                            )
                    else:
                        if rel_to == from_model:
                            if seen_from:
                                e.add(
                                    opts,
                                    "Intermediary model %s has more "
                                    "than one foreign key to %s, which is "
                                    "ambiguous and is not permitted."
                                    % (f.rel.through._meta.object_name, from_model._meta.object_name),
                                )
                            else:
                                seen_from = True
                        elif rel_to == to_model:
                            if seen_to:
                                e.add(
                                    opts,
                                    "Intermediary model %s has more "
                                    "than one foreign key to %s, which is "
                                    "ambiguous and is not permitted."
                                    % (f.rel.through._meta.object_name, rel_to._meta.object_name),
                                )
                            else:
                                seen_to = True
                if f.rel.through not in models.get_models(include_auto_created=True):
                    e.add(
                        opts,
                        "'%s' specifies an m2m relation through model "
                        "%s, which has not been installed." % (f.name, f.rel.through),
                    )
                signature = (f.rel.to, cls, f.rel.through)
                if signature in seen_intermediary_signatures:
                    e.add(
                        opts,
                        "The model %s has two manually-defined m2m "
                        "relations through the model %s, which is not "
                        "permitted. Please consider using an extra field on "
                        "your intermediary model instead." % (cls._meta.object_name, f.rel.through._meta.object_name),
                    )
                else:
                    seen_intermediary_signatures.append(signature)
                if not f.rel.through._meta.auto_created:
                    seen_related_fk, seen_this_fk = False, False
                    for field in f.rel.through._meta.fields:
                        if field.rel:
                            if not seen_related_fk and field.rel.to == f.rel.to:
                                seen_related_fk = True
                            elif field.rel.to == cls:
                                seen_this_fk = True
                    if not seen_related_fk or not seen_this_fk:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "'%s' is a manually-defined m2m relation "
                            "through model %s, which does not have foreign keys "
                            "to %s and %s"
                            % (
                                f.name,
                                f.rel.through._meta.object_name,
                                f.rel.to._meta.object_name,
                                cls._meta.object_name,
                            ),
                        )
            elif isinstance(f.rel.through, six.string_types):
                e.add(
                    opts,
                    "'%s' specifies an m2m relation through model %s, "
                    "which has not been installed" % (f.name, f.rel.through),
                )

            rel_opts = f.rel.to._meta
            rel_name = RelatedObject(f.rel.to, cls, f).get_accessor_name()
            rel_query_name = f.related_query_name()
            # If rel_name is none, there is no reverse accessor (this only
            # occurs for symmetrical m2m relations to self). If this is the
            # case, there are no clashes to check for this field, as there are
            # no reverse descriptors for this field.
            if rel_name is not None:
                for r in rel_opts.fields:
                    if r.name == rel_name:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "Accessor for m2m field '%s' clashes with field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                            % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                        )
                    if r.name == rel_query_name:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "Reverse query name for m2m field '%s' clashes with field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                            % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                        )
                for r in rel_opts.local_many_to_many:
                    if r.name == rel_name:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "Accessor for m2m field '%s' clashes with m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                            % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                        )
                    if r.name == rel_query_name:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "Reverse query name for m2m field '%s' clashes with m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                            % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.name, f.name),
                        )
                for r in rel_opts.get_all_related_many_to_many_objects():
                    if r.field is not f:
                        if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Accessor for m2m field '%s' clashes with related m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                            )
                        if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_query_name:
                            e.add(
                                opts,
                                "Reverse query name for m2m field '%s' clashes with related m2m field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                                % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                            )
                for r in rel_opts.get_all_related_objects():
                    if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_name:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "Accessor for m2m field '%s' clashes with related field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                            % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                        )
                    if r.get_accessor_name() == rel_query_name:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            "Reverse query name for m2m field '%s' clashes with related field '%s.%s'. Add a related_name argument to the definition for '%s'."
                            % (f.name, rel_opts.object_name, r.get_accessor_name(), f.name),
                        )

        # Check ordering attribute.
        if opts.ordering:
            for field_name in opts.ordering:
                if field_name == "?":
                    continue
                if field_name.startswith("-"):
                    field_name = field_name[1:]
                if opts.order_with_respect_to and field_name == "_order":
                    continue
                # Skip ordering in the format field1__field2 (FIXME: checking
                # this format would be nice, but it's a little fiddly).
                if "__" in field_name:
                    continue
                # Skip ordering on pk. This is always a valid order_by field
                # but is an alias and therefore won't be found by opts.get_field.
                if field_name == "pk":
                    continue
                try:
                    opts.get_field(field_name, many_to_many=False)
                except models.FieldDoesNotExist:
                    e.add(opts, '"ordering" refers to "%s", a field that doesn\'t exist.' % field_name)

        # Check unique_together.
        for ut in opts.unique_together:
            for field_name in ut:
                try:
                    f = opts.get_field(field_name, many_to_many=True)
                except models.FieldDoesNotExist:
                    e.add(
                        opts,
                        '"unique_together" refers to %s, a field that doesn\'t exist. Check your syntax.' % field_name,
                    )
                else:
                    if isinstance(f.rel, models.ManyToManyRel):
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            '"unique_together" refers to %s. ManyToManyFields are not supported in unique_together.'
                            % f.name,
                        )
                    if f not in opts.local_fields:
                        e.add(
                            opts,
                            '"unique_together" refers to %s. This is not in the same model as the unique_together statement.'
                            % f.name,
                        )

    return len(e.errors)