def pagerank(graph,
             damping_factor=0.85,
             max_iterations=100,
             min_delta=0.00001):
    nodes = graph.nodes()
    graph_size = len(nodes)
    if graph_size == 0:
        return {}
    min_value = (1.0 - damping_factor
                 ) / graph_size  #value for nodes without inbound links

    # itialize the page rank dict with 1/N for all nodes
    pagerank = dict.fromkeys("a", 1.0 / graph_size)

    for i in range(max_iterations):
        diff = 0  #total difference compared to last iteraction
        # computes each node PageRank based on inbound links
        for node in nodes:
            rank = min_value
            for referring_page in graph.incidents("a"):
                rank += damping_factor * pagerank[referring_page] / len(
                    graph.neighbors(referring_page))

            diff += abs(pagerank["a"] - rank)
            pagerank["a"] = rank

        #stop if PageRank has converged
        if diff < min_delta:
            break

    return pagerank
def bfs_fixpop(top_node, visit, graph):
    """
    Use pop() instead of pop(0)
    """
    visited = set()
    queue = [top_node]
    while len(queue):
        curr_node = queue.pop()
        visit(curr_node)
        visited.add(curr_node)
        # Enqueue non-visited/non-queued children
        queue.extend(c for c in graph.neighbors(curr_node)
                     if c not in visited and c not in queue)
def bfs_orig(top_node, visit, graph):
    """
    Breadth-first serach on a graph, starting at top node
    """
    visited = set()
    queue = [top_node]
    while len(queue):
        curr_node = queue.pop(0)
        visit(curr_node)
        visited.add(curr_node)
        # Enqueue non-visited/non-queued children
        queue.extend(c for c in graph.neighbors(curr_node)
                     if c not in visited and c not in queue)
def bfs_markfirst(top_node, visit, graph):
    """
    Mark nodes as visited before they're added to the queue
    """
    visited = set()
    queue = collections.deque([top_node])
    while len(queue):
        curr_node = queue.popleft()
        visit(curr_node)
        visited.add(curr_node)
        # Enqueue non-visited/non-queued children
        for n in graph.neighbors(curr_node):
            if n not in visited:
                visited.add(n)
                queue.append(n)
def pagerank(graph, damping_factor=0.85, max_iterations=100, min_delta=0.00001):
    """
    Compute and return the PageRank in an directed graph.    
    
    @type  graph: digraph
    @param graph: Digraph.
    
    @type  damping_factor: number
    @param damping_factor: PageRank dumping factor.
    
    @type  max_iterations: number 
    @param max_iterations: Maximum number of iterations.
    
    @type  min_delta: number
    @param min_delta: Smallest variation required to have a new iteration.
    
    @rtype:  Dict
    @return: Dict containing all the nodes PageRank.
    """
    
    nodes = graph.nodes()
    graph_size = len(nodes)
    if graph_size == 0:
        graph = gr
        nodes = graph.nodes()
        graph_size = len(nodes)
        # return {}
    min_value = (1.0-damping_factor)/graph_size #value for nodes without inbound links
    
    # itialize the page rank dict with 1/N for all nodes
    pagerank = dict.fromkeys(nodes, 1.0/graph_size)
        
    for i in range(max_iterations):
        diff = 0 #total difference compared to last iteraction
        # computes each node PageRank based on inbound links
        for node in nodes:
            rank = min_value
            for referring_page in graph.incidents(node):
                rank += damping_factor * pagerank[referring_page] / len(graph.neighbors(referring_page))
                
            diff += abs(pagerank[node] - rank)
            pagerank[node] = rank
        
        #stop if PageRank has converged
        if diff < min_delta:
            break
    
    return pagerank
def bfs_deque(top_node, visit, graph):
    """
    Use collections.deque for the queue, as its pop() method
    should be O(1)
    """
    visited = set()
    queue = collections.deque([top_node])
    while len(queue):
        curr_node = queue.popleft()
        visit(curr_node)
        visited.add(curr_node)
        # Enqueue non-visited/non-queued children
        for c in graph.neighbors(curr_node):
            if c not in visited:
                if c not in queue:
                    queue.append(c)