def eval(cls, a, x):
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return S.One - C.exp(-x)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi) * erf(sqrt(x))
elif a.is_Integer or (2 * a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b * cls(b, x) - x**b * C.exp(-x)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, x) + x**a * C.exp(-x)) / a
def eval(cls, a, x):
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return S.One - C.exp(-x)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi) * erf(sqrt(x))
elif a.is_Integer or (2 * a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b * cls(b, x) - x ** b * C.exp(-x)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, x) + x ** a * C.exp(-x)) / a
def eval(cls, a, x):
# For lack of a better place, we use this one to extract branching
# information. The following can be
# found in the literature (c/f references given above), albeit scattered:
# 1) For fixed x != 0, lowergamma(s, x) is an entire function of s
# 2) For fixed positive integers s, lowergamma(s, x) is an entire
# function of x.
# 3) For fixed non-positive integers s,
# lowergamma(s, exp(I*2*pi*n)*x) =
# 2*pi*I*n*(-1)**(-s)/factorial(-s) + lowergamma(s, x)
# (this follows from lowergamma(s, x).diff(x) = x**(s-1)*exp(-x)).
# 4) For fixed non-integral s,
# lowergamma(s, x) = x**s*gamma(s)*lowergamma_unbranched(s, x),
# where lowergamma_unbranched(s, x) is an entire function (in fact
# of both s and x), i.e.
# lowergamma(s, exp(2*I*pi*n)*x) = exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*lowergamma(a, x)
from sympy import unpolarify, I, factorial, exp
nx, n = x.extract_branch_factor()
if a.is_integer and a > 0:
nx = unpolarify(x)
if nx != x:
return lowergamma(a, nx)
elif a.is_integer and a <= 0:
if n != 0:
return 2 * pi * I * n * (-1)**(
-a) / factorial(-a) + lowergamma(a, nx)
elif n != 0:
return exp(2 * pi * I * n * a) * lowergamma(a, nx)
# Special values.
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return S.One - C.exp(-x)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi) * erf(sqrt(x))
elif a.is_Integer or (2 * a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b * cls(b, x) - x**b * C.exp(-x)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, x) + x**a * C.exp(-x)) / a
def eval(cls, a, x):
# For lack of a better place, we use this one to extract branching
# information. The following can be
# found in the literature (c/f references given above), albeit scattered:
# 1) For fixed x != 0, lowergamma(s, x) is an entire function of s
# 2) For fixed positive integers s, lowergamma(s, x) is an entire
# function of x.
# 3) For fixed non-positive integers s,
# lowergamma(s, exp(I*2*pi*n)*x) =
# 2*pi*I*n*(-1)**(-s)/factorial(-s) + lowergamma(s, x)
# (this follows from lowergamma(s, x).diff(x) = x**(s-1)*exp(-x)).
# 4) For fixed non-integral s,
# lowergamma(s, x) = x**s*gamma(s)*lowergamma_unbranched(s, x),
# where lowergamma_unbranched(s, x) is an entire function (in fact
# of both s and x), i.e.
# lowergamma(s, exp(2*I*pi*n)*x) = exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*lowergamma(a, x)
from sympy import unpolarify, I, factorial, exp
nx, n = x.extract_branch_factor()
if a.is_integer and a > 0:
nx = unpolarify(x)
if nx != x:
return lowergamma(a, nx)
elif a.is_integer and a <= 0:
if n != 0:
return 2*pi*I*n*(-1)**(-a)/factorial(-a) + lowergamma(a, nx)
elif n != 0:
return exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*lowergamma(a, nx)
# Special values.
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return S.One - C.exp(-x)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi)*erf(sqrt(x))
elif a.is_Integer or (2*a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b*cls(b, x) - x**b * C.exp(-x)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, x) + x**a * C.exp(-x))/a
def eval(cls, a, z):
from sympy import unpolarify, I, factorial, exp, expint
if z.is_Number:
if z is S.NaN:
return S.NaN
elif z is S.Infinity:
return S.Zero
elif z is S.Zero:
return gamma(a)
# We extract branching information here. C/f lowergamma.
nx, n = z.extract_branch_factor()
if a.is_integer and a > 0:
nx = unpolarify(z)
if z != nx:
return uppergamma(a, nx)
elif a.is_integer and a <= 0:
if n != 0:
return -2 * pi * I * n * (-1)**(
-a) / factorial(-a) + uppergamma(a, nx)
elif n != 0:
return gamma(a) * (1 - exp(2 * pi * I * n * a)) + exp(
2 * pi * I * n * a) * uppergamma(a, nx)
# Special values.
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return C.exp(-z)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi) * (1 - erf(sqrt(z))) # TODO could use erfc...
elif a.is_Integer or (2 * a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b * cls(b, z) + z**b * C.exp(-z)
elif b.is_Integer:
return expint(-b, z) * unpolarify(z)**(b + 1)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, z) - z**a * C.exp(-z)) / a
def eval(cls, a, z):
if z.is_Number:
if z is S.NaN:
return S.NaN
elif z is S.Infinity:
return S.Zero
elif z is S.Zero:
return gamma(a)
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return C.exp(-z)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi) * (1 - erf(sqrt(z))) # TODO could use erfc...
elif a.is_Integer or (2 * a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b * cls(b, z) + z ** b * C.exp(-z)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, z) - z ** a * C.exp(-z)) / a
def eval(cls, a, z):
if z.is_Number:
if z is S.NaN:
return S.NaN
elif z is S.Infinity:
return S.Zero
elif z is S.Zero:
return gamma(a)
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return C.exp(-z)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi) * (1 - erf(sqrt(z))) # TODO could use erfc...
elif a.is_Integer or (2 * a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b * cls(b, z) + z**b * C.exp(-z)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, z) - z**a * C.exp(-z)) / a
def eval(cls, a, z):
from sympy import unpolarify, I, factorial, exp, expint
if z.is_Number:
if z is S.NaN:
return S.NaN
elif z is S.Infinity:
return S.Zero
elif z is S.Zero:
return gamma(a)
# We extract branching information here. C/f lowergamma.
nx, n = z.extract_branch_factor()
if a.is_integer and a > 0:
nx = unpolarify(z)
if z != nx:
return uppergamma(a, nx)
elif a.is_integer and a <= 0:
if n != 0:
return -2*pi*I*n*(-1)**(-a)/factorial(-a) + uppergamma(a, nx)
elif n != 0:
return gamma(a)*(1 - exp(2*pi*I*n*a)) + exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*uppergamma(a, nx)
# Special values.
if a.is_Number:
# TODO this should be non-recursive
if a is S.One:
return C.exp(-z)
elif a is S.Half:
return sqrt(pi)*(1 - erf(sqrt(z))) # TODO could use erfc...
elif a.is_Integer or (2*a).is_Integer:
b = a - 1
if b.is_positive:
return b*cls(b, z) + z**b * C.exp(-z)
elif b.is_Integer:
return expint(-b, z)*unpolarify(z)**(b + 1)
if not a.is_Integer:
return (cls(a + 1, z) - z**a * C.exp(-z))/a
from error_functions import erf, erfc
import numpy
for x in numpy.arange(-5., 5., 0.5):
assert erf(x) + erfc(x) - 1. < 1.e-7
