lnpy is a Python module for fitting parameters of neuronal stimulus-response functions (SRFs; for a review see [1]). While initially developed to estimate sensory neuron's receptive field parameters using a linear-nonlinear (LN) model there are a number of methods to fit other models, e.g., linear and multilinear models.

This module is build on top of several excellent Python modules, e.g., SciPy, NumPy, matplotlib, scikits-learn, statsmodels, and neo. The critical parts are written in C(++) and wrapped using Cython.

The main focus is on auditory data and there are several submodules that facilitate reading and converting data. However, the estimators may just as well be applied to data from different modalities, e.g., the visual or somatosensory system.

• Ridge regression (Machens et al. (2004))
• Automatic smoothness determination (ASD, Sahani & Linden (2003))
• Automatic locality determination (ALD, Park & Pillow (2011))
• Spike-triggered average (STA, deBoer & Kuyper (1968))
• Normalized reverse correlation (NRC, Theunissen et al. (2000))
• Generalized linear model (GLM, Paninski (2004), Truccolo et al. (2005))
• Maximum informative dimensions (MID, Sharpee et al. (2004)); requires external software
• Classification-based receptive field estimation (CbRF, Meyer et al. (2014a))
• Time-varying RF estimation using non-zero mean priors (Meyer et al. (2014b))
• Stochastic gradient descent-based versions of some of the above estimators (Meyer et al. (2015))

Moreover, the toolbox has been designed such that most models can be used with a number of different priors, e.g., Gaussian and Laplace priors, and also mixtures of these priors.

lnpy works under Python 2.7 and Python 3.6 (other Python versions have not been tested; avoid Python 3.7 as there might be problems with a number of packages) and requires a working C/C++ compiler.

The required dependencies to build the package are

* NumPy >= 1.6.2
* SciPy >= 0.12
* cython
* matplotlib >= 1.2.1
* statsmodels >= 0.4.2
* neo >= 0.3
* scikit-learn >= 0.14
* sphinx
* sphinxcontrib-napoleon

1. Install Python (recommended: anaconda)

2. Install dependencies, e.g.,

   pip install numpy scipy matplotlib neo (or conda install when using anaconda )

3. Install packages required to build some of the cython extensions:

   sudo apt installlibc6-dev g++.

4. Install package by changing into the package directory and typing

   python setup.py install

   If you just want to compile the code in the package directory use

   python setup.py install build_ext -i

1. Install the latest version of WinPython 2.7.x.x (64 bit version)

   http://sourceforge.net/projects/winpython/

   I haven't tested Python(x,y) but it should also work.

2. Install the Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Express edition

   http://download.microsoft.com/download/A/5/4/A54BADB6-9C3F-478D-8657-93B3FC9FE62D/vcsetup.exe

3. Install Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 3.5 SP1

   http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=3138

   Note: this gives you the 64 bit compiler. However, you don't have to install all components. Just uncheck everything except "Developer Tools >> Visual C++ Compilers" (and the header files).

4. To install the package, open the WinPython command prompt ("WinPython Command Prompt.exe" in WinPython directory) and type

   "XXX:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7\Tools\vsvars64.bat"

   where "XXX" denotes your system's root directory (probably "C")

5. Install dependencies; open the WinPython command prompt ("WinPython Command Prompt.exe" in WinPython directory) and type

   pip install neo

6. Install package by changing into the package directory and typing

   python setup.py install

That's all!

• Anaconda Python (includes many scientific packages; free version available) http://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/index.html

• Matlab-like IDE: Spyder (included in Anaconda and WinPython) https://pythonhosted.org/spyder/

• Scientific programming in Python: http://www.scipy.org/

• Switching from Matlab to Python (using numpy package): http://wiki.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-numpy.html

• Plotting in Python: http://matplotlib.org/

• The trust region conjugate gradient descent algorithm as described in [8] has been adapted from the liblinear library available at:

  http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/liblinear/

  Copyright (c) 2007-2013 The LIBLINEAR Project. All rights reserved.

• The MID algorithm requires additional code available at

  https://github.com/sharpee/mid

• The gammatone filterbank is based on Volker Hohmann's implementation (cf. [9]) available at

  http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/medizin/departments/mediphysik-akustik/mediphysik/downloads/

Download the code and unpack Gfb_analyze.h and Gfb_analyze.h to lnpy/transform/code/gammatone.

A.F. Meyer, R.S. Williamson, J.F. Linden, M. Sahani. Models of neuronal stimulus-response functions: elaboration, estimation and evaluation. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2017.

M. Sahani & J.F. Linden. Evidence Optimization Techniques for Estimating Stimulus-Response Functions. NIPS, 2003, 317-324.

M. Park & J.W. Pillow. Receptive field inference with localized priors. PLoS Comput Biol, 2011, 7, e1002219.

E. deBoer & P. Kuyper. Triggered Correlation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, BM15, 169-179, 1968.

F.E. Theunissen, K. Sen, A.J. Doupe. Spectral-temporal receptive fields of nonlinear auditory neurons obtained using natural sounds. J Neurosci, 20, 2315-2331, 2000.

C.K. Machens, M.S. Wehr, A.M. Zador. Linearity of cortical receptive fields measured with natural sounds. J Neurosci, 24, 1089-1100, 2004.

L. Paninski. Maximum likelihood estimation of cascade point-process neural encoding models. Network, 15, 243-262, 2004.

W. Truccolo, U.T. Eden, M.R. Fellows, J.P. Donoghue, E.N. Brown. A point process framework for relating neural spiking activity to spiking history, neural ensemble, and extrinsic covariate effects. J Neurophysiol, 93, 1074-1089, 2005.

T. Sharpee, N.C. Rust, W. Bialek. Analyzing neural responses to natural signals: maximally informative dimensions. Neural Comput, 16, 223-250, 2004.

A.F. Meyer AF, J.P Diepenbrock, M.F. Happel, F.W. Ohl, J. Anemüller. Discriminative Learning of Receptive Fields from Responses to Non-Gaussian Stimulus Ensembles. PLOS ONE, 9, e93062, 2014.

A.F. Meyer AF, J.P Diepenbrock, M.F. Happel, F.W. Ohl, J. Anemüller. Temporal variability of spectro-temporal receptive fields in the anesthetized auditory cortex. Front Comput Neurosci, 8, 165, 2014.

A.F. Meyer AF, J.P Diepenbrock, M.F. Happel, F.W. Ohl, J. Anemüller. Fast and robust estimation of spectro-temporal receptive fields using stochastic approximations. J Neurosci Methods, 246, 119-133, 2015.

C.J. Lin, R.C. Weng, S.S. Keerthi. Trust Region Newton Method for Logistic Regression J. Mach. Learn. Res., 9, 627-650, 2008.

V. Hohmann. Frequency analysis and synthesis using a Gammatone filterbank ACTA ACUSTICA UNITED WITH ACUSTICA, 88, 433-442, 2002.