Amino acid reverse translation and DNA optimization tool based on species-specific codon-use distributions. Species-specifc data can be found on the Codon Usage Database using the NCBI Taxonomy database id (e.g. 413997) or the organism's Latin name (e.g. Escherichia coli B). Mapping species names to Taxonomy IDs can be done here.
- Documentation: https://codon-harmony.readthedocs.io
- Reverse translates input amino acid sequence to DNA.
- Calculates the host's per-AA codon usage profile – codons used less than a specified threshold (defaults to 10%) are dropped.
- Compares the reverse-translated DNA sequence to the host profile, determines which codons are overused/underused.
- Stochastically mutates codons according to host profile.
- Ranks sequences by codon adaptation index relative to host
- Processes DNA to remove unwanted features:
- high GC content within a sliding window and across the entire sequence
- unwanted restriction sites
- alternate start positions (GA-rich regions 18 bp upstream of ATG/GTG/TTG)
- 3-consecutive identical codons and 9-mer repeat chunks
- areas with more than 4 (variable) consecutive identical bps ("local homopolymers")
- RNA hairpins, detected by looking for 10-mers with reverse complements (including wobble bases) in the sequence
- RNA splice sites, detected by similarity to consensus donor and acceptor site sequences
The process is repeated from step 3 for a specified number of cycles (defaults to 1000) OR until the per-AA codon profile of current DNA and host profile matches (within tolerance).
- More advanced RNA-structure removal
- CONTRAfold – overkill for now
- nupack – overkill for now