def test_evoked_arithmetic():
"""Test evoked arithmetic
"""
ev = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
ev1 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=20)
ev2 = EvokedArray(-np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=10)
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2]) should be the same as ev1 + ev2:
# data should be added according to their `nave` weights
# nave = ev1.nave + ev2.nave
ev = ev1 + ev2
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
ev = ev1 - ev2
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_equal(ev.comment, ev1.comment + ' - ' + ev2.comment)
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.ones_like(ev1.data))
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
warnings.simplefilter('always')
ev = merge_evoked([ev1, ev2])
assert_true(len(w) >= 1)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
# default comment behavior if evoked.comment is None
old_comment1 = ev1.comment
old_comment2 = ev2.comment
ev1.comment = None
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
warnings.simplefilter('always')
ev = ev1 - ev2
assert_equal(ev.comment, 'unknown')
ev1.comment = old_comment1
ev2.comment = old_comment2
# equal weighting
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.zeros_like(ev1.data))
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0]) should yield the same as ev1
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0])
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
# simple subtraction (like in oddball)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2 * np.ones_like(ev1.data))
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights='foo')
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights=[1])
# grand average
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
ch_names = evoked1.ch_names[2:]
evoked1.info['bads'] = ['EEG 008'] # test interpolation
evoked1.drop_channels(evoked1.ch_names[:1])
evoked2.drop_channels(evoked2.ch_names[1:2])
gave = grand_average([evoked1, evoked2])
assert_equal(gave.data.shape, [len(ch_names), evoked1.data.shape[1]])
assert_equal(ch_names, gave.ch_names)
assert_equal(gave.nave, 2)
def test_decim():
"""Test evoked decimation."""
rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
n_channels, n_times = 10, 20
dec_1, dec_2 = 2, 3
decim = dec_1 * dec_2
sfreq = 10.
sfreq_new = sfreq / decim
data = rng.randn(n_channels, n_times)
info = create_info(n_channels, sfreq, 'eeg')
with info._unlock():
info['lowpass'] = sfreq_new / float(decim)
evoked = EvokedArray(data, info, tmin=-1)
evoked_dec = evoked.copy().decimate(decim)
evoked_dec_2 = evoked.copy().decimate(decim, offset=1)
evoked_dec_3 = evoked.decimate(dec_1).decimate(dec_2)
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec.data, data[:, ::decim])
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec_2.data, data[:, 1::decim])
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec.data, evoked_dec_3.data)
# Check proper updating of various fields
assert evoked_dec.first == -2
assert evoked_dec.last == 1
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec.times, [-1, -0.4, 0.2, 0.8])
assert evoked_dec_2.first == -2
assert evoked_dec_2.last == 1
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec_2.times, [-0.9, -0.3, 0.3, 0.9])
assert evoked_dec_3.first == -2
assert evoked_dec_3.last == 1
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec_3.times, [-1, -0.4, 0.2, 0.8])
# make sure the time nearest zero is also sample number 0.
for ev in (evoked_dec, evoked_dec_2, evoked_dec_3):
lowest_index = np.argmin(np.abs(np.arange(ev.first, ev.last)))
idxs_of_times_nearest_zero = \
np.where(np.abs(ev.times) == np.min(np.abs(ev.times)))[0]
# we use `in` here in case two times are equidistant from 0.
assert lowest_index in idxs_of_times_nearest_zero
assert len(idxs_of_times_nearest_zero) in (1, 2)
# Now let's do it with some real data
raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
events = read_events(event_name)
sfreq_new = raw.info['sfreq'] / decim
with raw.info._unlock():
raw.info['lowpass'] = sfreq_new / 4. # suppress aliasing warnings
picks = pick_types(raw.info, meg=True, eeg=True, exclude=())
epochs = Epochs(raw, events, 1, -0.2, 0.5, picks=picks, preload=True)
for offset in (0, 1):
ev_ep_decim = epochs.copy().decimate(decim, offset).average()
ev_decim = epochs.average().decimate(decim, offset)
expected_times = epochs.times[offset::decim]
assert_allclose(ev_decim.times, expected_times)
assert_allclose(ev_ep_decim.times, expected_times)
expected_data = epochs.get_data()[:, :, offset::decim].mean(axis=0)
assert_allclose(ev_decim.data, expected_data)
assert_allclose(ev_ep_decim.data, expected_data)
assert_equal(ev_decim.info['sfreq'], sfreq_new)
assert_array_equal(ev_decim.times, expected_times)
def test_evoked_baseline():
"""Test evoked baseline."""
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0, baseline=None)
# Here we create a data_set with constant data.
evoked = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(evoked.data), evoked.info,
evoked.times[0])
# Mean baseline correction is applied, since the data is equal to its mean
# the resulting data should be a matrix of zeroes.
evoked.apply_baseline((None, None))
assert_allclose(evoked.data, np.zeros_like(evoked.data))
def test_evoked_baseline():
"""Test evoked baseline."""
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0, baseline=None)
# Here we create a data_set with constant data.
evoked = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(evoked.data), evoked.info,
evoked.times[0])
# Mean baseline correction is applied, since the data is equal to its mean
# the resulting data should be a matrix of zeroes.
evoked.apply_baseline((None, None))
assert_allclose(evoked.data, np.zeros_like(evoked.data))
def test_evoked_arithmetic():
"""Test evoked arithmetic
"""
ev = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
ev1 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=20)
ev2 = EvokedArray(-np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=10)
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2]) should be the same as ev1 + ev2:
# data should be added according to their `nave` weights
# nave = ev1.nave + ev2.nave
ev = ev1 + ev2
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
ev = ev1 - ev2
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.ones_like(ev1.data))
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
warnings.simplefilter('always')
ev = merge_evoked([ev1, ev2])
assert_true(len(w) >= 1)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
# equal weighting
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.zeros_like(ev1.data))
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0]) should yield the same as ev1
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0])
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
# simple subtraction (like in oddball)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2 * np.ones_like(ev1.data))
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights='foo')
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights=[1])
# grand average
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
ch_names = evoked1.ch_names[2:]
evoked1.info['bads'] = ['EEG 008'] # test interpolation
evoked1.drop_channels(evoked1.ch_names[:1])
evoked2.drop_channels(evoked2.ch_names[1:2])
gave = grand_average([evoked1, evoked2])
assert_equal(gave.data.shape, [len(ch_names), evoked1.data.shape[1]])
assert_equal(ch_names, gave.ch_names)
assert_equal(gave.nave, 2)
def test_decim():
"""Test evoked decimation."""
rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
n_channels, n_times = 10, 20
dec_1, dec_2 = 2, 3
decim = dec_1 * dec_2
sfreq = 10.
sfreq_new = sfreq / decim
data = rng.randn(n_channels, n_times)
info = create_info(n_channels, sfreq, 'eeg')
info['lowpass'] = sfreq_new / float(decim)
evoked = EvokedArray(data, info, tmin=-1)
evoked_dec = evoked.copy().decimate(decim)
evoked_dec_2 = evoked.copy().decimate(decim, offset=1)
evoked_dec_3 = evoked.decimate(dec_1).decimate(dec_2)
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec.data, data[:, ::decim])
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec_2.data, data[:, 1::decim])
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec.data, evoked_dec_3.data)
# Check proper updating of various fields
assert evoked_dec.first == -1
assert evoked_dec.last == 2
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec.times, [-1, -0.4, 0.2, 0.8])
assert evoked_dec_2.first == -1
assert evoked_dec_2.last == 2
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec_2.times, [-0.9, -0.3, 0.3, 0.9])
assert evoked_dec_3.first == -1
assert evoked_dec_3.last == 2
assert_array_equal(evoked_dec_3.times, [-1, -0.4, 0.2, 0.8])
# Now let's do it with some real data
raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
events = read_events(event_name)
sfreq_new = raw.info['sfreq'] / decim
raw.info['lowpass'] = sfreq_new / 4. # suppress aliasing warnings
picks = pick_types(raw.info, meg=True, eeg=True, exclude=())
epochs = Epochs(raw, events, 1, -0.2, 0.5, picks=picks, preload=True)
for offset in (0, 1):
ev_ep_decim = epochs.copy().decimate(decim, offset).average()
ev_decim = epochs.average().decimate(decim, offset)
expected_times = epochs.times[offset::decim]
assert_allclose(ev_decim.times, expected_times)
assert_allclose(ev_ep_decim.times, expected_times)
expected_data = epochs.get_data()[:, :, offset::decim].mean(axis=0)
assert_allclose(ev_decim.data, expected_data)
assert_allclose(ev_ep_decim.data, expected_data)
assert_equal(ev_decim.info['sfreq'], sfreq_new)
assert_array_equal(ev_decim.times, expected_times)
def _prepare_epochs_data(self, epochs, top_min, top_max):
ep_data = epochs.get_data()
evoked = EvokedArray(ep_data[0], epochs.info)
if self.fourier is False:
self._get_topographies(evoked, top_min, top_max)
temp_list = list()
for ie, _e in enumerate(ep_data):
if self.subsample is not None:
if ie == 0:
print('Subsampling data with step {0}'.format(
self.subsample))
temp_list.append(_e[:, self.s_min:self.s_max +
1:self.subsample])
else:
temp_list.append(_e[:, self.s_min:self.s_max + 1])
return np.hstack(temp_list)
elif self.fourier is True:
tstep = 1 / evoked.info['sfreq']
evoked_f = evoked.copy()
evoked_f.data *= np.hamming(evoked.data.shape[1])
evoked_f.data = (np.fft.rfft(evoked_f.data))
freqs = np.fft.rfftfreq(evoked.data.shape[1], tstep)
print('Data have been converted to the frequency domain.')
self._get_topographies(evoked_f, top_min, top_max, freqs=freqs)
temp_list = list()
temp_list2 = list()
for ie, _e in enumerate(ep_data):
_e *= np.hamming(_e.shape[1])
_e_f = np.fft.rfft(_e)
if self.subsample is not None:
if ie == 0:
print('Subsampling data with step {0}'.format(
self.subsample))
temp_list.append(_e_f[:, self.s_min:self.s_max +
1:self.subsample])
else:
temp_list.append(_e_f[:, self.s_min:self.s_max + 1])
for _data_temp in temp_list:
for l in _data_temp.T:
temp_list2.append(
np.vstack([np.real(l), np.imag(l)]).T)
return np.hstack(temp_list2)
else:
raise ValueError
def test_array_epochs():
"""Test creating evoked from array."""
tempdir = _TempDir()
# creating
rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
data1 = rng.randn(20, 60)
sfreq = 1e3
ch_names = ['EEG %03d' % (i + 1) for i in range(20)]
types = ['eeg'] * 20
info = create_info(ch_names, sfreq, types)
evoked1 = EvokedArray(data1, info, tmin=-0.01)
# save, read, and compare evokeds
tmp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'evkdary-ave.fif')
evoked1.save(tmp_fname)
evoked2 = read_evokeds(tmp_fname)[0]
data2 = evoked2.data
assert_allclose(data1, data2)
assert_allclose(evoked1.times, evoked2.times)
assert_equal(evoked1.first, evoked2.first)
assert_equal(evoked1.last, evoked2.last)
assert_equal(evoked1.kind, evoked2.kind)
assert_equal(evoked1.nave, evoked2.nave)
# now compare with EpochsArray (with single epoch)
data3 = data1[np.newaxis, :, :]
events = np.c_[10, 0, 1]
evoked3 = EpochsArray(data3, info, events=events, tmin=-0.01).average()
assert_allclose(evoked1.data, evoked3.data)
assert_allclose(evoked1.times, evoked3.times)
assert_equal(evoked1.first, evoked3.first)
assert_equal(evoked1.last, evoked3.last)
assert_equal(evoked1.kind, evoked3.kind)
assert_equal(evoked1.nave, evoked3.nave)
# test kind check
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Invalid value'):
EvokedArray(data1, info, tmin=0, kind=1)
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Invalid value'):
EvokedArray(data1, info, kind='mean')
# test match between channels info and data
ch_names = ['EEG %03d' % (i + 1) for i in range(19)]
types = ['eeg'] * 19
info = create_info(ch_names, sfreq, types)
pytest.raises(ValueError, EvokedArray, data1, info, tmin=-0.01)
def test_apply_function_evk():
"""Check the apply_function method for evoked data."""
# create fake evoked data to use for checking apply_function
data = np.random.rand(10, 1000)
info = create_info(10, 1000., 'eeg')
evoked = EvokedArray(data, info)
evoked_data = evoked.data.copy()
# check apply_function channel-wise
mult_param = -1
kwargs = dict(mult_param=mult_param)
applied = evoked.apply_function(fun,
picks=None,
dtype=None,
n_jobs=1,
**kwargs)
assert np.shape(applied.data) == np.shape(evoked_data)
assert np.equal(applied.data, evoked_data * mult_param).all()
def test_array_epochs():
"""Test creating evoked from array
"""
tempdir = _TempDir()
# creating
rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
data1 = rng.randn(20, 60)
sfreq = 1e3
ch_names = ['EEG %03d' % (i + 1) for i in range(20)]
types = ['eeg'] * 20
info = create_info(ch_names, sfreq, types)
evoked1 = EvokedArray(data1, info, tmin=-0.01)
# save, read, and compare evokeds
tmp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'evkdary-ave.fif')
evoked1.save(tmp_fname)
evoked2 = read_evokeds(tmp_fname)[0]
data2 = evoked2.data
assert_allclose(data1, data2)
assert_allclose(evoked1.times, evoked2.times)
assert_equal(evoked1.first, evoked2.first)
assert_equal(evoked1.last, evoked2.last)
assert_equal(evoked1.kind, evoked2.kind)
assert_equal(evoked1.nave, evoked2.nave)
# now compare with EpochsArray (with single epoch)
data3 = data1[np.newaxis, :, :]
events = np.c_[10, 0, 1]
evoked3 = EpochsArray(data3, info, events=events, tmin=-0.01).average()
assert_allclose(evoked1.data, evoked3.data)
assert_allclose(evoked1.times, evoked3.times)
assert_equal(evoked1.first, evoked3.first)
assert_equal(evoked1.last, evoked3.last)
assert_equal(evoked1.kind, evoked3.kind)
assert_equal(evoked1.nave, evoked3.nave)
# test kind check
assert_raises(TypeError, EvokedArray, data1, info, tmin=0, kind=1)
assert_raises(ValueError, EvokedArray, data1, info, tmin=0, kind='mean')
# test match between channels info and data
ch_names = ['EEG %03d' % (i + 1) for i in range(19)]
types = ['eeg'] * 19
info = create_info(ch_names, sfreq, types)
assert_raises(ValueError, EvokedArray, data1, info, tmin=-0.01)
def test_apply_function_evk():
"""Check the apply_function method for evoked data."""
# create fake evoked data to use for checking apply_function
data = np.random.rand(10, 1000)
info = create_info(10, 1000., 'eeg')
evoked = EvokedArray(data, info)
evoked_data = evoked.data.copy()
# check apply_function channel-wise
def fun(data, multiplier):
return data * multiplier
mult = -1
applied = evoked.apply_function(fun, n_jobs=None, multiplier=mult)
assert np.shape(applied.data) == np.shape(evoked_data)
assert np.equal(applied.data, evoked_data * mult).all()
from mne.io.meas_info import create_info print data.shape sfreq = d['sfreq'] ch_names = layout.names print ch_names types = ['mag'] * len(ch_names) info = create_info(ch_names, sfreq, types) events = np.vstack(zip([125 for _ in xrange(len(labels))], [0 for _ in xrange(len(labels))], labels)) print events.shape #help(EpochsArray) ea = EpochsArray(data, info, events, tmin=d['tmin']) from mne.evoked import EvokedArray evoked = EvokedArray(data[labels==1].mean(axis=0), info, tmin=d['tmin']) print evoked print info times = np.arange(0.05, 0.15, 0.01) print len(info['ch_names']) evoked.plot_topomap(0.15, ch_type='mag', layout=layout, size=10, colorbar=False) #evoked.plot_topomap(times, ch_type='mag', layout=layout, size=10, colorbar=False) evoked = EvokedArray(data[labels==0].mean(axis=0), info, tmin=d['tmin']) evoked.plot_topomap(0.15, ch_type='mag', layout=layout, size=10, colorbar=False) #evoked.plot_topomap(times, ch_type='mag', layout=layout, size=10, colorbar=False) evoked = EvokedArray(data[labels==1].mean(axis=0) - data[labels==0].mean(axis=0), info, tmin=d['tmin']) evoked.plot_topomap(0.25, ch_type='mag', layout=layout, size=10, colorbar=False)
def test_arithmetic():
"""Test evoked arithmetic."""
ev = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
ev20 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=20)
ev30 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=30)
tol = dict(rtol=1e-9, atol=0)
# test subtraction
sub1 = combine_evoked([ev, ev], weights=[1, -1])
sub2 = combine_evoked([ev, -ev], weights=[1, 1])
assert np.allclose(sub1.data, np.zeros_like(sub1.data), atol=1e-20)
assert np.allclose(sub2.data, np.zeros_like(sub2.data), atol=1e-20)
# test nave weighting. Expect signal ampl.: 1*(20/50) + 1*(30/50) == 1
# and expect nave == ev1.nave + ev2.nave
ev = combine_evoked([ev20, ev30], weights='nave')
assert np.allclose(ev.nave, ev20.nave + ev30.nave)
assert np.allclose(ev.data, np.ones_like(ev.data), **tol)
# test equal-weighted sum. Expect signal ampl. == 2
# and expect nave == 1/sum(1/naves) == 1/(1/20 + 1/30) == 12
ev = combine_evoked([ev20, ev30], weights=[1, 1])
assert np.allclose(ev.nave, 12.)
assert np.allclose(ev.data, ev20.data + ev30.data, **tol)
# test equal-weighted average. Expect signal ampl. == 1
# and expect nave == 1/sum(weights²/naves) == 1/(0.5²/20 + 0.5²/30) == 48
ev = combine_evoked([ev20, ev30], weights='equal')
assert np.allclose(ev.nave, 48.)
assert np.allclose(ev.data, np.mean([ev20.data, ev30.data], axis=0), **tol)
# test zero weights
ev = combine_evoked([ev20, ev30], weights=[1, 0])
assert ev.nave == ev20.nave
assert np.allclose(ev.data, ev20.data, **tol)
# default comment behavior if evoked.comment is None
old_comment1 = ev20.comment
ev20.comment = None
ev = combine_evoked([ev20, -ev30], weights=[1, -1])
assert_equal(ev.comment.count('unknown'), 2)
assert ('-unknown' in ev.comment)
assert (' + ' in ev.comment)
ev20.comment = old_comment1
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid value for the 'weights'"):
combine_evoked([ev20, ev30], weights='foo')
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='weights must be the same size as'):
combine_evoked([ev20, ev30], weights=[1])
# grand average
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
ch_names = evoked1.ch_names[2:]
evoked1.info['bads'] = ['EEG 008'] # test interpolation
evoked1.drop_channels(evoked1.ch_names[:1])
evoked2.drop_channels(evoked2.ch_names[1:2])
gave = grand_average([evoked1, evoked2])
assert_equal(gave.data.shape, [len(ch_names), evoked1.data.shape[1]])
assert_equal(ch_names, gave.ch_names)
assert_equal(gave.nave, 2)
with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='All elements must be an instance of'):
grand_average([1, evoked1])
gave = grand_average([ev20, ev20, -ev30]) # (1 + 1 + -1) / 3 = 1/3
assert_allclose(gave.data, np.full_like(gave.data, 1. / 3.))
# test channel (re)ordering
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
data2 = evoked2.data # assumes everything is ordered to the first evoked
data = (evoked1.data + evoked2.data) / 2.
evoked2.reorder_channels(evoked2.ch_names[::-1])
assert not np.allclose(data2, evoked2.data)
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='reordering'):
evoked3 = combine_evoked([evoked1, evoked2], weights=[0.5, 0.5])
assert np.allclose(evoked3.data, data)
assert evoked1.ch_names != evoked2.ch_names
assert evoked1.ch_names == evoked3.ch_names
stderr = sqrt_mse * error_terms[ind]
# compute t values
t_val = beta / stderr
# and p-values
p_val = 2 * stats.t.sf(np.abs(t_val), dfs)
# project results back to channels x time points space
beta = beta.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
stderr = stderr.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
t_val = t_val.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
# replace p-values == 0 with asymptotic value `tiny`
p_val = np.clip(p_val, tiny, 1.).reshape((n_channels, n_times))
# create evoked object for plotting
lm_betas[predictor] = EvokedArray(beta, epochs_info, tmin)
stderrs[predictor] = EvokedArray(stderr, epochs_info, tmin)
t_vals[predictor] = EvokedArray(t_val, epochs_info, tmin)
p_vals[predictor] = p_val
# For better interpretation, we'll transform p-values to
# Shannon information values (i.e., surprise values) by taking the
# negative log2 of the p-value. In contrast to the p-value, the resulting
# "s-value" is not a probability. Rather, it constitutes a continuous
# measure of information (in bits) against the test hypothesis (see [1]
# above for further details).
s_vals[predictor] = EvokedArray(-np.log2(p_val) * 1e-6, epochs_info, tmin)
###############################################################################
# plot inference results for predictor "phase-coherence"
def test_arithmetic():
"""Test evoked arithmetic."""
ev = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
ev1 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=20)
ev2 = EvokedArray(-np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=10)
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2]) should be the same as ev1 + ev2:
# data should be added according to their `nave` weights
# nave = ev1.nave + ev2.nave
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='nave')
assert_allclose(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
# with same trial counts, a bunch of things should be equivalent
for weights in ('nave', [0.5, 0.5]):
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev1], weights=weights)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
assert_allclose(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev1], weights=weights)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 0., atol=1e-20)
assert_allclose(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
# adding evoked to itself
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev1], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2 * ev1.data)
assert_allclose(ev.nave, ev1.nave / 2)
# subtracting evoked from itself
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev1], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, 0., atol=1e-20)
assert_allclose(ev.nave, ev1.nave / 2)
# subtracting different evokeds
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev2], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2., atol=1e-20)
expected_nave = 1. / (1. / ev1.nave + 1. / ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.nave, expected_nave)
# default comment behavior if evoked.comment is None
old_comment1 = ev1.comment
old_comment2 = ev2.comment
ev1.comment = None
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_equal(ev.comment.count('unknown'), 2)
assert ('-unknown' in ev.comment)
assert (' + ' in ev.comment)
ev1.comment = old_comment1
ev2.comment = old_comment2
# equal weighting
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.zeros_like(ev1.data))
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0]) should yield the same as ev1
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0])
assert_allclose(ev.nave, ev1.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
# simple subtraction (like in oddball)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2 * np.ones_like(ev1.data))
pytest.raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights='foo')
pytest.raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights=[1])
# grand average
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
ch_names = evoked1.ch_names[2:]
evoked1.info['bads'] = ['EEG 008'] # test interpolation
evoked1.drop_channels(evoked1.ch_names[:1])
evoked2.drop_channels(evoked2.ch_names[1:2])
gave = grand_average([evoked1, evoked2])
assert_equal(gave.data.shape, [len(ch_names), evoked1.data.shape[1]])
assert_equal(ch_names, gave.ch_names)
assert_equal(gave.nave, 2)
pytest.raises(TypeError, grand_average, [1, evoked1])
gave = grand_average([ev1, ev1, ev2]) # (1 + 1 + -1) / 3 = 1/3
assert_allclose(gave.data, np.full_like(gave.data, 1. / 3.))
# test channel (re)ordering
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
data2 = evoked2.data # assumes everything is ordered to the first evoked
data = (evoked1.data + evoked2.data) / 2.
evoked2.reorder_channels(evoked2.ch_names[::-1])
assert not np.allclose(data2, evoked2.data)
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='reordering'):
ev3 = combine_evoked([evoked1, evoked2], weights=[0.5, 0.5])
assert np.allclose(ev3.data, data)
assert evoked1.ch_names != evoked2.ch_names
assert evoked1.ch_names == ev3.ch_names
epochs_info = stroop_epo_nb.info
n_channels = len(epochs_info['ch_names'])
n_times = len(stroop_epo_nb.times)
times = stroop_epo_nb.times
tmin = stroop_epo_nb.tmin
# placeholder for results
betas_evoked = dict()
r2_evoked = dict()
# ###############################################################################
# 2) loop through subjects and extract betas
for n_subj, subj in enumerate(subjects):
subj_beta = betas[n_subj, :]
subj_beta = subj_beta.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
betas_evoked[str(subj)] = EvokedArray(subj_beta, epochs_info, tmin)
subj_r2 = r2[n_subj, :]
subj_r2 = subj_r2.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
r2_evoked[str(subj)] = EvokedArray(subj_r2, epochs_info, tmin)
effect_of_condition = grand_average(
[betas_evoked[str(subj)] for subj in subjects])
cue_r2 = grand_average([r2_evoked[str(subj)] for subj in subjects])
###############################################################################
# 3) Plot beta weights for the effect of condition
# arguments fot the time-series maps
ts_args = dict(gfp=False,
time_unit='s',
def test_arithmetic():
"""Test evoked arithmetic"""
ev = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
ev1 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=20)
ev2 = EvokedArray(-np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=10)
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2]) should be the same as ev1 + ev2:
# data should be added according to their `nave` weights
# nave = ev1.nave + ev2.nave
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True): # deprecation no weights
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2])
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
# with same trial counts, a bunch of things should be equivalent
for weights in ('nave', 'equal', [0.5, 0.5]):
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev1], weights=weights)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
assert_equal(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev1], weights=weights)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 0., atol=1e-20)
assert_equal(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev1], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, 0., atol=1e-20)
assert_equal(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev2], weights='equal')
expected = int(round(1. / (0.25 / ev1.nave + 0.25 / ev2.nave)))
assert_equal(expected, 27) # this is reasonable
assert_equal(ev.nave, expected)
# default comment behavior if evoked.comment is None
old_comment1 = ev1.comment
old_comment2 = ev2.comment
ev1.comment = None
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_equal(ev.comment.count('unknown'), 2)
assert_true('-unknown' in ev.comment)
assert_true(' + ' in ev.comment)
ev1.comment = old_comment1
ev2.comment = old_comment2
# equal weighting
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.zeros_like(ev1.data))
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0]) should yield the same as ev1
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0])
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
# simple subtraction (like in oddball)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2 * np.ones_like(ev1.data))
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights='foo')
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights=[1])
# grand average
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
ch_names = evoked1.ch_names[2:]
evoked1.info['bads'] = ['EEG 008'] # test interpolation
evoked1.drop_channels(evoked1.ch_names[:1])
evoked2.drop_channels(evoked2.ch_names[1:2])
gave = grand_average([evoked1, evoked2])
assert_equal(gave.data.shape, [len(ch_names), evoked1.data.shape[1]])
assert_equal(ch_names, gave.ch_names)
assert_equal(gave.nave, 2)
assert_raises(ValueError, grand_average, [1, evoked1])
def _get_matrix_from_inverse_operator(inverse_operator,
forward,
labels=None,
method='dSPM',
lambda2=1. / 9.,
pick_ori=None,
mode='mean',
n_svd_comp=1):
"""Get inverse matrix from an inverse operator
Currently works only for fixed/loose orientation constraints
For loose orientation constraint, the CTFs are computed for the radial
component (pick_ori='normal').
Parameters
----------
inverse_operator : instance of InverseOperator
The inverse operator.
forward : dict
The forward operator.
method : 'MNE' | 'dSPM' | 'sLORETA'
Inverse methods (for apply_inverse).
labels : list of Label | None
Labels for which CTFs shall be computed. If None, inverse matrix for
all vertices will be returned.
lambda2 : float
The regularization parameter (for apply_inverse).
pick_ori : None | "normal"
pick_ori : None | "normal"
If "normal", rather than pooling the orientations by taking the norm,
only the radial component is kept. This is only implemented
when working with loose orientations (for apply_inverse).
Determines whether whole inverse matrix G will have one or three rows
per vertex. This will also affect summary measures for labels.
mode : 'mean' | 'sum' | 'svd'
CTFs can be computed for different summary measures with labels:
'sum' or 'mean': sum or means of sub-inverse for labels
This corresponds to situations where labels can be assumed to be
homogeneously activated.
'svd': SVD components of sub-inverse for labels
This is better suited for situations where activation patterns are
assumed to be more variable.
"sub-inverse" is the part of the inverse matrix that belongs to
vertices within invidual labels.
n_svd_comp : int
Number of SVD components for which CTFs will be computed and output
(irrelevant for 'sum' and 'mean'). Explained variances within
sub-inverses are shown in screen output.
Returns
-------
invmat : ndarray
Inverse matrix associated with inverse operator and specified
parameters.
label_singvals : list of dict
Singular values of SVD for sub-matrices of inverse operator
(only if mode='svd').
Diffent list entries per label. Since SVD is applied separately for
channel types, dictionaries may contain keys 'mag', 'grad' or 'eeg'.
"""
mode = mode.lower()
# apply_inverse cannot produce 3 separate orientations
# therefore 'force_fixed=True' is required
if not forward['surf_ori']:
raise RuntimeError('Forward has to be surface oriented and '
'force_fixed=True.')
if not (forward['source_ori'] == 1):
raise RuntimeError('Forward has to be surface oriented and '
'force_fixed=True.')
if labels:
logger.info("About to process %d labels" % len(labels))
else:
logger.info("Computing whole inverse operator.")
info_inv = _prepare_info(inverse_operator)
info_fwd = forward['info']
# only use channels that are good for inverse operator and forward sol
ch_names_inv = info_inv['ch_names']
n_chs_inv = len(ch_names_inv)
bads_inv = inverse_operator['info']['bads']
# good channels
ch_names = [c for c in ch_names_inv if (c not in bads_inv)]
n_chs = len(ch_names) # number of good channels in inv_op
# indices of bad channels
ch_idx_bads = np.array([ch_names_inv.index(ch) for ch in bads_inv])
# create identity matrix as input for inverse operator
# set elements to zero for non-selected channels
id_mat = np.eye(n_chs_inv)
# convert identity matrix to evoked data type (pretending it's an epoch)
ev_id = EvokedArray(id_mat, info=info_inv, tmin=0.)
# apply inverse operator to identity matrix in order to get inverse matrix
# free orientation constraint not possible because apply_inverse would
# combine components
# pick_ori='normal' required because apply_inverse won't give separate
# orientations
if ~inverse_operator['source_ori'] == FIFF.FIFFV_MNE_FIXED_ORI:
pick_ori = 'normal'
else:
pick_ori = None
# columns for bad channels will be zero
invmat_mat_op = apply_inverse(ev_id,
inverse_operator,
lambda2=lambda2,
method=method,
pick_ori=pick_ori)
# turn source estimate into numpty array
invmat_mat = invmat_mat_op.data
# remove columns for bad channels (better for SVD)
invmat_mat = np.delete(invmat_mat, ch_idx_bads, axis=1)
logger.info("Dimension of inverse matrix: %s" % str(invmat_mat.shape))
invmat_summary = []
# if mode='svd', label_singvals will collect all SVD singular values for
# labels
label_singvals = []
if labels: # if labels specified, get summary of inverse matrix for labels
for ll in labels:
if ll.hemi == 'rh':
# for RH labels, add number of LH vertices
offset = forward['src'][0]['vertno'].shape[0]
# remember whether we are in the LH or RH
this_hemi = 1
elif ll.hemi == 'lh':
offset = 0
this_hemi = 0
else:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine hemisphere of label.")
# get vertices on cortical surface inside label
idx = np.intersect1d(ll.vertices,
forward['src'][this_hemi]['vertno'])
# get vertices in source space inside label
fwd_idx = np.searchsorted(forward['src'][this_hemi]['vertno'], idx)
# get sub-inverse for label vertices, one row per vertex
# TO BE CHANGED: assumes that both fwd and inv have fixed
# orientations
# i.e. one source per vertex
invmat_lbl = invmat_mat[fwd_idx + offset, :]
# compute summary data for labels
if mode == 'sum': # takes sum across estimators in label
logger.info("Computing sums within labels")
this_invmat_summary = invmat_lbl.sum(axis=0)
this_invmat_summary = np.vstack(this_invmat_summary).T
elif mode == 'mean':
logger.info("Computing means within labels")
this_invmat_summary = invmat_lbl.mean(axis=0)
this_invmat_summary = np.vstack(this_invmat_summary).T
elif mode == 'svd': # takes svd of sub-inverse in label
logger.info("Computing SVD within labels, using %d "
"component(s)" % n_svd_comp)
this_invmat_summary, s_svd_types = _label_svd(
invmat_lbl.T, n_svd_comp, info_inv)
this_invmat_summary = this_invmat_summary.T
label_singvals.append(s_svd_types)
invmat_summary.append(this_invmat_summary)
invmat = np.concatenate(invmat_summary, axis=0)
else: # no labels provided: return whole matrix
invmat = invmat_mat
return invmat, label_singvals
def test_evoked_baseline(tmp_path):
"""Test evoked baseline."""
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0, baseline=None)
# Here we create a data_set with constant data.
evoked = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(evoked.data), evoked.info,
evoked.times[0])
assert evoked.baseline is None
evoked_baselined = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(evoked.data),
evoked.info,
evoked.times[0],
baseline=(None, 0))
assert_allclose(evoked_baselined.baseline, (evoked_baselined.tmin, 0))
del evoked_baselined
# Mean baseline correction is applied, since the data is equal to its mean
# the resulting data should be a matrix of zeroes.
baseline = (None, None)
evoked.apply_baseline(baseline)
assert_allclose(evoked.baseline, (evoked.tmin, evoked.tmax))
assert_allclose(evoked.data, np.zeros_like(evoked.data))
# Test that the .baseline attribute changes if we apply a different
# baseline now.
baseline = (None, 0)
evoked.apply_baseline(baseline)
assert_allclose(evoked.baseline, (evoked.tmin, 0))
# By default for our test file, no baseline should be set upon reading
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
assert evoked.baseline is None
# Test that the .baseline attribute is set when we call read_evokeds()
# with a `baseline` parameter.
baseline = (-0.2, -0.1)
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0, baseline=baseline)
assert_allclose(evoked.baseline, baseline)
# Test that the .baseline attribute survives an I/O roundtrip.
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
baseline = (-0.2, -0.1)
evoked.apply_baseline(baseline)
assert_allclose(evoked.baseline, baseline)
tmp_fname = tmp_path / 'test-ave.fif'
evoked.save(tmp_fname)
evoked_read = read_evokeds(tmp_fname, condition=0)
assert_allclose(evoked_read.baseline, evoked.baseline)
# We shouldn't be able to remove a baseline correction after it has been
# applied.
evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
baseline = (-0.2, -0.1)
evoked.apply_baseline(baseline)
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='already been baseline-corrected'):
evoked.apply_baseline(None)
times = cue_epo_nb.times
tmin = cue_epo_nb.tmin
# split channels into ROIs for results section
selections = make_1020_channel_selections(epochs_info, midline='12z')
# placeholder for results
betas_evoked = dict()
r2_evoked = dict()
# ###############################################################################
# 2) loop through subjects and extract betas
for n_subj, subj in enumerate(subjects):
subj_beta = betas[n_subj, :]
subj_beta = subj_beta.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
betas_evoked[str(subj)] = EvokedArray(subj_beta, epochs_info, tmin)
subj_r2 = r2[n_subj, :]
subj_r2 = subj_r2.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
r2_evoked[str(subj)] = EvokedArray(subj_r2, epochs_info, tmin)
effect_of_cue = grand_average([betas_evoked[str(subj)] for subj in subjects])
cue_r2 = grand_average([r2_evoked[str(subj)] for subj in subjects])
###############################################################################
# 3) Plot beta weights for the effect of condition
# arguments fot the time-series maps
ts_args = dict(gfp=False,
time_unit='s',
ylim=dict(eeg=[-6.5, 6.5]),
# extract the coefficients for linear model estimator
betas = get_coef(linear_model, 'coef_')
# project coefficients back to a channels x time points space.
lm_betas = dict()
ci = dict(lower_bound=dict(), upper_bound=dict())
# loop through predictors
for ind, predictor in enumerate(predictors):
# extract coefficients and CI for predictor in question
# and project back to channels x time points
beta = betas[:, ind].reshape((n_channels, n_times))
lower_bound = lower[:, ind].reshape((n_channels, n_times))
upper_bound = upper[:, ind].reshape((n_channels, n_times))
# create evoked object containing the back projected coefficients
# for each predictor
lm_betas[predictor] = EvokedArray(beta, epochs_info, tmin)
# dictionary containing upper and lower confidence boundaries
ci['lower_bound'][predictor] = lower_bound
ci['upper_bound'][predictor] = upper_bound
###############################################################################
# plot results of linear regression
# only show -250 to 500 ms
ts_args = dict(xlim=(-.25, 0.5))
# predictor to plot
predictor = 'phase-coherence'
# electrode to plot
pick = epochs.info['ch_names'].index('B8')
# thus we'll call LinearRegression with fit_intercept=False
# set up and fit model
linear_model = LinearRegression(fit_intercept=False)
linear_model.fit(group_design, betas)
# extract group-level beta coefficients
group_coefs = get_coef(linear_model, 'coef_')
# only keep relevant predictor
group_betas = group_coefs[:, group_pred_col]
# back projection to channels x time points
group_betas = group_betas.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
# create evoked object containing the back projected coefficients
group_betas_evoked = EvokedArray(group_betas, epochs_info, tmin)
###############################################################################
# plot the modulating effect of age on the phase coherence predictor (i.e.,
# how the effect of phase coherence varies as a function of subject age)
# using whole electrode montage and whole scalp by taking the
# same physical electrodes across subjects
# index of B8 in array
electrode = 'B8'
pick = group_betas_evoked.ch_names.index(electrode)
# create figure
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4))
ax = plot_compare_evokeds(group_betas_evoked,
ylim=dict(eeg=[-3, 3]),
###############################################################################
# fit linear model with sklearn
# set up model and fit linear model
linear_model = LinearRegression(fit_intercept=False)
linear_model.fit(design, Y)
# extract the coefficients for linear model estimator
betas = get_coef(linear_model, 'coef_')
# calculate coefficient of determination (r-squared)
r_squared = r2_score(Y, linear_model.predict(design), multioutput='raw_values')
# project r-squared back to channels by times space
r_squared = r_squared.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
r_squared = EvokedArray(r_squared, epochs_info, tmin)
###############################################################################
# plot model r-squared
# only show -250 to 500 ms
ts_args = dict(xlim=(-.25, 0.5), unit=False, ylim=dict(eeg=[0, 0.8]))
topomap_args = dict(cmap='Reds',
scalings=dict(eeg=1),
vmin=0,
vmax=0.8,
average=0.05)
# create plot
fig = r_squared.plot_joint(ts_args=ts_args,
topomap_args=topomap_args,
title='Proportion of variance explained by '
# only keep relevant predictor
betas[iteration, :] = coefs[:, pred_col]
# the matrix of coefficients has a shape of number of observations in
# the vertorized channel data by number of predictors;
# thus, we can loop through the columns i.e., the predictors)
# of the coefficient matrix and extract coefficients for each predictor
# in order to project them back to a channels x time points space.
lm_betas = dict()
# extract coefficients
beta = betas[iteration, :]
# back projection to channels x time points
beta = beta.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
# create evoked object containing the back projected coefficients
lm_betas['phase-coherence'] = EvokedArray(beta, epochs_info, tmin)
# save results
betas_evoked[str(subjects[iteration])] = lm_betas
# clean up
del linear_model
###############################################################################
# compute mean beta-coefficient for predictor phase-coherence
# subject ids
subjects = [str(subj) for subj in subjects]
# extract phase-coherence betas for each subject
phase_coherence = [betas_evoked[subj]['phase-coherence'] for subj in subjects]
def test_arithmetic():
"""Test evoked arithmetic."""
ev = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0)
ev1 = EvokedArray(np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=20)
ev2 = EvokedArray(-np.ones_like(ev.data), ev.info, ev.times[0], nave=10)
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2]) should be the same as ev1 + ev2:
# data should be added according to their `nave` weights
# nave = ev1.nave + ev2.nave
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='nave')
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave + ev2.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 1. / 3. * np.ones_like(ev.data))
# with same trial counts, a bunch of things should be equivalent
for weights in ('nave', 'equal', [0.5, 0.5]):
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev1], weights=weights)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
assert_equal(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev1], weights=weights)
assert_allclose(ev.data, 0., atol=1e-20)
assert_equal(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev1], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, 0., atol=1e-20)
assert_equal(ev.nave, 2 * ev1.nave)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev2], weights='equal')
expected = int(round(1. / (0.25 / ev1.nave + 0.25 / ev2.nave)))
assert_equal(expected, 27) # this is reasonable
assert_equal(ev.nave, expected)
# default comment behavior if evoked.comment is None
old_comment1 = ev1.comment
old_comment2 = ev2.comment
ev1.comment = None
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, -ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_equal(ev.comment.count('unknown'), 2)
assert_true('-unknown' in ev.comment)
assert_true(' + ' in ev.comment)
ev1.comment = old_comment1
ev2.comment = old_comment2
# equal weighting
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights='equal')
assert_allclose(ev.data, np.zeros_like(ev1.data))
# combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0]) should yield the same as ev1
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, 0])
assert_equal(ev.nave, ev1.nave)
assert_allclose(ev.data, ev1.data)
# simple subtraction (like in oddball)
ev = combine_evoked([ev1, ev2], weights=[1, -1])
assert_allclose(ev.data, 2 * np.ones_like(ev1.data))
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights='foo')
assert_raises(ValueError, combine_evoked, [ev1, ev2], weights=[1])
# grand average
evoked1, evoked2 = read_evokeds(fname, condition=[0, 1], proj=True)
ch_names = evoked1.ch_names[2:]
evoked1.info['bads'] = ['EEG 008'] # test interpolation
evoked1.drop_channels(evoked1.ch_names[:1])
evoked2.drop_channels(evoked2.ch_names[1:2])
gave = grand_average([evoked1, evoked2])
assert_equal(gave.data.shape, [len(ch_names), evoked1.data.shape[1]])
assert_equal(ch_names, gave.ch_names)
assert_equal(gave.nave, 2)
assert_raises(ValueError, grand_average, [1, evoked1])
# only keep relevant predictor
betas[iteration, :] = coefs[:, pred_col]
# the matrix of coefficients has a shape of number of observations in
# the vertorized channel data by number of predictors;
# thus, we can loop through the columns i.e., the predictors)
# of the coefficient matrix and extract coefficients for each predictor
# in order to project them back to a channels x time points space.
lm_betas = dict()
# extract coefficients
beta = betas[iteration, :]
# back projection to channels x time points
beta = beta.reshape((n_channels, n_times))
# create evoked object containing the back projected coefficients
lm_betas['phase-coherence'] = EvokedArray(beta, epochs_info, tmin)
# save results
betas_evoked[str(subjects[iteration])] = lm_betas
# clean up
del linear_model
###############################################################################
# compute mean beta-coefficient for predictor phase-coherence
# subject ids
subjects = [str(subj) for subj in subjects]
# extract phase-coherence betas for each subject
phase_coherence = [betas_evoked[subj]['phase-coherence'] for subj in subjects]
