Angles

The Angles module defines several classes for representing angles, and positions on a sphere. It also has several functions for performing common operations on angles, such as unit conversion, normalization, creating string representations and others.

The position of M100 reported by SIMBAD is "12 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57". We can easily parse these coordinates as follows:

>>> from __future__ import print_function    
>>> from angles import AngularPosition

>>> a = AngularPosition.from_hd("12 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57")
>>> a.alpha
3.24157813039
>>> a.delta
0.276152636198

>>> print(a.alpha)
+12HH 22MM 54.899SS
>>> print(a.delta)
+15DD 49MM 20.570SS

>>> a.alpha.hms.hms
(1, 12, 22, 54.899)
>>> a.delta.dms.dms
(1, 15, 49, 20.57)
>>> a.alpha.dms.dms
(1, 185, 43, 43.485)
>>> a.delta.hms.hms
(1, 1, 3, 17.371)

>>> a.alpha.r, a.alpha.d, a.alpha.h, a.alpha.arcs
(3.2415781303913653, 185.72874583333328, 12.381916388888886, 668623.4849999998)
>>> a.delta.r, a.delta.d, a.delta.h, a.delta.arcs
(0.27615263619797403, 15.822380555555556, 1.0548253703703705, 56960.57)

Installation

Use pip or easy_install:

$ pip install angles

or,

$ easy_install angles

Tests are in the file test_angles.py.

Examples

Some examples are given below. For more details see docstrings of functions and classes.

Unit conversion

Convert between radians, degrees, hours and arc-seconds.

>>> import math
>>> from angles import r2d, r2arcs, h2r, h2d, d2arcs

>>> r2d(math.pi)
180.0
>>> r2arcs(math.pi)
648000.0
>>> h2r(12.0)
3.141592653589793
>>> h2d(12.0)
180.0
>>> d2arcs(1.0)
3600.0

Normalizing angles

Normalize value between two limits using normalize.

>>> from angles import normalize

>>> normalize(-180, -180, 180)
-180.0
>>> normalize(180, -180, 180)
-180.0
>>> normalize(180, -180, 180, b=True)
180.0
>>> normalize(181,-180,180)
-179.0
>>> normalize(181, -180, 180, b=True)
179.0
>>> normalize(-180,0,360)
180.0
>>> normalize(36,0,24)
12.0
>>> normalize(368.5,-180,180)
8.5
>>> normalize(-100, -90, 90)
80.0
>>> normalize(-100, -90, 90, b=True)
-80.0
>>> normalize(100, -90, 90, b=True)
80.0
>>> normalize(181, -90, 90, b=True)
-1.0
>>> normalize(270, -90, 90, b=True)
-90.0
>>> normalize(271, -90, 90, b=True)
-89.0

Normalizing angles on a sphere

Simplify point on sphere to simplest representation using normalize_sphere.

>>> from angles import normalize_sphere

>>> normalize_sphere(180, 91)
(0.0, 89.0000000000001)

>>> normalize_sphere(180, -91)
(0.0, -89.0000000000001)

>>> normalize_sphere(0, 91)
(180.0, 89.0000000000001)

>>> normalize_sphere(0, -91)
(180.0, -89.0000000000001)

>>> normalize_sphere(120, 280)
(119.99999999999999, -80.00000000000003)

>>> normalize_sphere(375, 45)  # 25 hours ,45 degrees
(14.999999999999966, 44.99999999999999)

>>> normalize_sphere(-375, -45)
(345.00000000000006, -44.99999999999999)

Sexagesimal representation

Convert decimal value into sexagesimal representation.

>>> from angles import deci2sexa

>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678)
(-1, 11, 14, 4.444)
>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678, pre=5)
(-1, 11, 14, 4.44408)
>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678, pre=4)
(-1, 11, 14, 4.4441)
>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678, pre=4, trunc=True)
(-1, 11, 14, 4.444)

>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678, pre=1)
(-1, 11, 14, 4.4)
>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678, pre=0)
(-1, 11, 14, 4.0)
>>> deci2sexa(-11.2345678, pre=-1)
(-1, 11, 14, 0.0)

>>> x = 23+59/60.0+59.99999/3600.0

>>> deci2sexa(x, pre=3, lower=0, upper=24)
(1, 24, 0, 0.0)
>>> deci2sexa(x, pre=3, lower=0, upper=24, upper_trim=True)
(1, 0, 0, 0.0)

>>> deci2sexa(x, pre=5, lower=0, upper=24, upper_trim=True)
(1, 23, 59, 59.99999)

Formatting angles

Format an angle into various string representations using fmt_angle.

>>> from angles import fmt_angle

>>> fmt_angle(12.348978659, pre=4, trunc=True)
'+12 20 56.3231'
>>> fmt_angle(12.348978659, pre=5)
'+12 20 56.32317'
>>> fmt_angle(12.348978659, s1='HH ', s2='MM ', s3='SS', pre=5)
'+12HH 20MM 56.32317SS'

>>> x = 23+59/60.0+59.99999/3600.0
>>> fmt_angle(x)
'+24 00 00.000'
>>> fmt_angle(x, lower=0, upper=24, upper_trim=True)
'+00 00 00.000'
>>> fmt_angle(x, pre=5)
'+23 59 59.99999'
>>> fmt_angle(-x, lower=0, upper=24, upper_trim=True)
'+00 00 00.000'
>>> fmt_angle(-x)
'-24 00 00.000'

Parsing sexagesimal strings

Parse a sexagesimal number from a string using phmsdms.

>>> from angles import phmsdms

>>> phmsdms("12") == {
... 'parts': [12.0, None, None],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'degrees',
... 'vals': [12.0, 0.0, 0.0]
... }
True

>>> phmsdms("12h") == {
... 'parts': [12.0, None, None],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'hours',
... 'vals': [12.0, 0.0, 0.0]
... }
True

>>> phmsdms("12d13m14.56") == {
... 'parts': [12.0, 13.0, 14.56],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'degrees',
... 'vals': [12.0, 13.0, 14.56]
... }
True

>>> phmsdms("12d14.56ss") == {
... 'parts': [12.0, None, 14.56],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'degrees',
... 'vals': [12.0, 0.0, 14.56]
... }
True

>>> phmsdms("14.56ss") == {
... 'parts': [None, None, 14.56],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'degrees',
... 'vals': [0.0, 0.0, 14.56]
... }
True

>>> phmsdms("12h13m12.4s") == {
... 'parts': [12.0, 13.0, 12.4],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'hours',
... 'vals': [12.0, 13.0, 12.4]
... }
True

>>> phmsdms("12:13:12.4s") == {
... 'parts': [12.0, 13.0, 12.4],
... 'sign': 1,
... 'units': 'degrees',
...  'vals': [12.0, 13.0, 12.4]
... }
True

Parse string containing angular position

Parse coordinates of a point on sphere using pposition.

>>> from angles import pposition

>>> ra, de = pposition("12 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57")
>>> ra
12.38191638888889
>>> de
15.822380555555556

>>> pposition("12 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57", details=True)  # doctest: +SKIP
{'y': 15.822380555555556, 
 'x': 12.38191638888889, 
 'numvals': 6, 
 'raw_x': {
    'vals': [12.0, 22.0, 54.899],
    'units': 'degrees', 
    'parts': [12.0, 22.0, 54.899], 
    'sign': 1
  }, 
 'raw_y': {
    'vals': [15.0, 49.0, 20.57], 
    'units': 'degrees', 
    'parts': [15.0, 49.0, 20.57], 
    'sign': 1
  }
}

Separation angle along a great circle

Find angular separation along a great circle using sep. This function uses vectors to find the angle of separation.

>>> from angles import r2d, d2r, sep

>>> r2d(sep(0, 0, 0, d2r(90.0)))
90.0
>>> r2d(sep(0, d2r(45.0), 0, d2r(90.0)))
45.00000000000001
>>> r2d(sep(0, d2r(-45.0), 0, d2r(90.0)))
135.0

>>> r2d(sep(0, d2r(-90.0), 0, d2r(90.0)))
180.0
>>> r2d(sep(d2r(45.0), d2r(-90.0), d2r(45.0), d2r(90.0)))
180.0
>>> r2d(sep(0, 0, d2r(90.0), 0))
90.0

>>> r2d(sep(0, d2r(45.0), d2r(90.0), d2r(45.0)))
60.00000000000001
>>> import math
>>> 90.0 * math.cos(d2r(45.0))  # Distance along latitude circle.
63.63961030678928

Bearing between two points

Find bearing of one point with respect to another using bear. Like sep this function uses vectors.

>>> from angles import bear, r2d, d2r
>>> bear(0, 0, 0, -d2r(90.0))
3.141592653589793
>>> bear(0, -d2r(90.0), 0, 0)
0.0
>>> bear(0, -d2r(45.0), 0, 0)
0.0
>>> bear(0, -d2r(89.678), 0, 0)
0.0

>>> r2d(bear(d2r(45.0), d2r(45.0), d2r(46.0), d2r(45.0)))
89.64644212193384

>>> r2d(bear(d2r(45.0), d2r(45.0), d2r(44.0), d2r(45.0)))
-89.64644212193421

Angle class

Class for representing an angle, conversion between different units, generating string representations.

>>> from __future__ import print_function
>>> from angles import Angle

>>> a = Angle(sg="12h34m16.592849219")
>>> a.r, a.d, a.h, a.arcs  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(3.291152306055805, 188.56913687174583, 12.571275791449722, 678848.892738285)

>>> a.hms.sign, a.hms.hh, a.hms.mm, a.hms.ss
(1, 12, 34, 16.593)
>>> a.hms.hms
(1, 12, 34, 16.593)
>>> a.h
12.571275791449722

>>> a.dms.sign, a.dms.dd, a.dms.mm, a.dms.ss
(1, 188, 34, 8.893)
>>> a.dms.dms
(1, 188, 34, 8.893)
>>> a.d
188.56913687174583

>>> print(a.ounit)
hours
>>> print(a)
+12 34 16.593
>>> a.pre, a.trunc
(3, False)
>>> a.pre = 4
>>> print(a)
+12 34 16.5928
>>> a.pre = 3
>>> a.trunc = True
>>> print(a)
+12 34 16.592

>>> a.ounit = "degrees"
>>> print(a)
+188 34 08.892
>>> a.ounit = "radians"
>>> print(a)  # doctest: +SKIP
3.29115230606

>>> a.ounit = "degrees"
>>> a.s1 = "DD "
>>> a.s2 = "MM "
>>> a.s3 = "SS"
>>> print(a)
+188DD 34MM 08.892SS

>>> a = Angle(r=10)
>>> a.d, a.h, a.r, a.arcs, a.ounit  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(572.9577951308232, 38.197186342054884, 10, 2062648.0624709637, 'radians')

>>> a.d = 10
>>> a.d, a.h, a.r, a.arcs, a.ounit  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(10.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.17453292519943295, 36000.0, 'radians')

>>> a.dms.mm = 60
>>> a.d, a.h, a.r, a.arcs, a.ounit  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(11.0, 0.7333333333333333, 0.19198621771937624, 39600.0, 'radians')

>>> a.dms.dms = (1, 12, 10, 5.234)
>>> a.d, a.h, a.r, a.arcs, a.ounit  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(12.168120555555557, 0.8112080370370371, 0.21237376747404604,
43805.234000000004, 'radians')

>>> a.hms.hms = (1, 1, 1, 1)
>>> a.d, a.h, a.r, a.arcs, a.ounit  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(15.254166666666668, 1.0169444444444444, 0.2662354329813017,
54915.00000000001, 'radians')

>>> print(a)  # doctest: +SKIP
0.266235432981
>>> a.ounit = 'hours'
>>> print(a)
+01 01 01.000
>>> a.ounit = 'degrees'
>>> print(a)
+15 15 15.000

Class for longitudinal angles

A subclass of Angle that is normalized to the range [0, 24), i.e., a Right Ascension like angle. The ounit attribute is always "hours".

>>> from __future__ import print_function
>>> from angles import AlphaAngle

>>> a = AlphaAngle(d=180.5)
>>> print(a)
+12HH 02MM 00.000SS
>>> a = AlphaAngle(h=12.0)
>>> print(a)
+12HH 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a = AlphaAngle(h=-12.0)

>>> a = AlphaAngle("12h14m23.4s")
>>> print(a)
+12HH 14MM 23.400SS
>>> a.r, a.d, a.h, a.arcs
(3.204380873430289, 183.5975, 12.239833333333333, 660951.0)

>>> a = AlphaAngle(h=12.54678345)
>>> a.hms.hms
(1, 12, 32, 48.42)
>>> a.hms.sign, a.hms.hh, a.hms.mm, a.hms.ss
(1, 12, 32, 48.42)
>>> print(a)
+12HH 32MM 48.420SS
>>> a.pre = 5
>>> a.hms.hms
(1, 12, 32, 48.42042)
>>> print(a)
+12HH 32MM 48.42042SS

>>> a.s1 = " : "
>>> a.s2 = " : "
>>> a.s3 = ""
>>> print(a)
+12 : 32 : 48.42042

>>> a.pre = 3
>>> a.dms.dms
(1, 188, 12, 6.306)

>>> a = AlphaAngle(h=25.0)
>>> print(a)
+01HH 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a = AlphaAngle(h=-1.0)
>>> print(a)
+23HH 00MM 00.000SS

>>> a.hms.hh = 23
>>> a.hms.mm = 59
>>> a.hms.ss = 59.99999
>>> a.hms.hms
(1, 0, 0, 0.0)
>>> print(a)
+00HH 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a.pre = 5
>>> a.hms.hms
(1, 23, 59, 59.99999)
>>> print(a)
+23HH 59MM 59.99999SS

Class for latitudinal angles

A subclass of Angle that is normalized to the range [-90, 90], i.e., a Declination like angle. The ounit attribute is always "degrees".

>>> from __future__ import print_function
>>> from angles import DeltaAngle

>>> a = DeltaAngle(d=-45.0)
>>> print(a)
-45DD 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a = DeltaAngle(d=180.0)
>>> print(a)
+00DD 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a = DeltaAngle(h=12.0)
>>> print(a)
+00DD 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a = DeltaAngle(sg="91d")
>>> print(a)
+89DD 00MM 00.000SS

>>> a = DeltaAngle("12d23m14.2s")
>>> print(a)
+12DD 23MM 14.200SS
>>> a.r, a.d, a.h, a.arcs
(0.2161987825813487, 12.387277777777777, 0.8258185185185185, 44594.2)

>>> a = DeltaAngle(d=12.1987546)
>>> a.dms.dms
(1, 12, 11, 55.517)
>>> a.pre = 5
>>> a.dms.dms
(1, 12, 11, 55.51656)
>>> a.dms.dd, a.dms.mm, a.dms.ss
(12, 11, 55.51656)
>>> a.pre = 0
>>> a.dms.dms
(1, 12, 11, 56.0)

>>> a = DeltaAngle(d=12.3459876)
>>> a.s1 = " : "
>>> a.s2 = " : "
>>> a.s3 = ""
>>> print(a)
+12 : 20 : 45.555

>>> a = DeltaAngle(d=-91.0)
>>> print(a)
-89DD 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a = DeltaAngle(d=91.0)
>>> print(a)
+89DD 00MM 00.000SS

>>> a.dms.sign = 1
>>> a.dms.dd = 89
>>> a.dms.mm = 59
>>> a.dms.ss = 59.9999
>>> a.pre = 3
>>> print(a)
+90DD 00MM 00.000SS
>>> a.pre = 5
>>> print(a)
+89DD 59MM 59.99990SS

>>> a.dms.dms = (1, 0, 0, 0.0)
>>> a.dms.dd = 89
>>> a.dms.mm = 60
>>> a.dms.ss = 60
>>> a.pre = 3
>>> print(a)
+89DD 59MM 00.000SS

Class for points on a unit sphere

A class for representing a point on a sphere. The input angle values are normalized to get the simplest representation of the coordinates of the point.

>>> from __future__ import print_function
 >>> from angles import AngularPosition, r2d

 >>> a = AngularPosition.from_hd("12 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57")
 >>> print(a)
 +12HH 22MM 54.899SS +15DD 49MM 20.570SS
 >>> a = AngularPosition.from_hd("12dd 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57")
 >>> print(a)
 +00HH 49MM 31.660SS +15DD 49MM 20.570SS
 >>> a = AngularPosition.from_hd("12d 22 54.899 +15 49 20.57")
 >>> print(a)
 +00HH 49MM 31.660SS +15DD 49MM 20.570SS

 >>> a = AngularPosition(alpha=165, delta=-91)  # alpha should flip by 180 degrees
 >>> round(a.alpha.d , 12), round(a.delta.d, 12)
 (345.0, -89.0)

 >>> a.delta.d = -91 # alpha should now do another 180 flip and come back to 165
 >>> round(a.alpha.d, 12), round(a.delta.d, 12)
 (165.0, -89.0)

 >>> a.delta.d = 89  # there should be no change in normalized angles
 >>> round(a.alpha.d, 12), round(a.delta.d, 12)
 (165.0, 89.0)

 >>> a.alpha.d = -180  # alpha should normalize to 180 delta shouldn't change
 >>> round(a.alpha.d, 12), round(a.delta.d, 12)
 (180.0, 89.0)

 >>> pos1 = AngularPosition(alpha=12.0, delta=90.0)
 >>> pos2 = AngularPosition(alpha=12.0, delta=0.0)
 >>> r2d(pos2.bear(pos1))
 0.0
 >>> r2d(pos1.bear(pos2))
 0.0
 >>> r2d(pos1.sep(pos2))
 90.0
 >>> pos1.alpha.h = 0.0
 >>> pos2.alpha.h = 0.0
 >>> r2d(pos1.sep(pos2))
 90.0
 >>> r2d(pos2.bear(pos1))
 0.0
 >>> r2d(pos1.bear(pos2))
 0.0

Credits

Some of the functions are adapted from the TPM C library by Jeffrey W. Percival.

License

Released under BSD; see LICENSE.txt.

For comments and suggestions, email to user prasanthhn in the gmail.com domain.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 35 Commits
.gitignore		.gitignore
.travis.yml		.travis.yml
LICENSE.txt		LICENSE.txt
MANIFEST		MANIFEST
MANIFEST.in		MANIFEST.in
README.rst		README.rst
angles.py		angles.py
setup.py		setup.py
test_angles.py		test_angles.py
tox.ini		tox.ini

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phn/angles

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Angles

Installation

Examples

Unit conversion

Normalizing angles

Normalizing angles on a sphere

Sexagesimal representation

Formatting angles

Parsing sexagesimal strings

Parse string containing angular position

Separation angle along a great circle

Bearing between two points

Angle class

Class for longitudinal angles

Class for latitudinal angles

Class for points on a unit sphere

Credits

License

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