1. Overview
   • 1.1. DAFT setup
   • 1.2. How it works
   • 1.2.1 Detailed DAFT run
2. Creating DAFT setup
   • 2.1 Required hardware
   • 2.2 Setting up BeagleBone Black filesystem on the PC
   • 2.3 Configuring Ubuntu PC
     • 2.3.1 Secondary network interface
     • 2.3.2 Dnsmasq
     • 2.3.3 TFTP server
     • 2.3.4 NFS server
   • 2.4 Configuring BeagleBone Black
     • 2.4.1 Changing BBB filesystem permissions
     • 2.4.2 Changing NFS workspace that BBB and DUT support image will mount
     • 2.4.3 Setting BeagleBone Black to boot from NFS
   • 2.5 Install and configure DAFT software
   • 2.6 Setting up relay
   • 2.7 Connecting hardware
   • 2.8 Setting up DUT
   • 2.9 Using DAFT
   • 2.10 Adding more devices
3. Creating BeagleBone Black filesystem
4. DAFT and AFT settings and commandline interface
   • 4.1 DAFT settings
   • 4.2 DAFT commandline interface
   • 4.3 AFT settings
   • 4.4 AFT commandline interface
5. Troubleshooting
   • 5.1 Beaglebone Black booting

DAFT hardware images

DAFT hardware setup.

DAFT (Distributed Automatic Flasher Tester) is a tool for automated flashing and testing of an OS image on a real device. Its goal is to both standardize and simplify the testing on a variety of devices, while keeping minimal the cost and the complexity of the setup. In particular, it strives to use only inexpensive off-the shelf hardware components and to keep one single configuration that can be used by both large testing farms and individual testers/developers.

DAFT setup consists of a PC, Beaglebone black(s) (BBB) and device(s) under test (DUT). Role of the BBB is to control the DUT so flashing and testing can be done. Every DUT in the setup needs one BBB to control it. BBB has the ability to emulate keyboard, mass storage and ethernet device at the same time through one USB OTG port. It also has different kinds of input/output pins like GPIO and I2C which enables lots of possibilities with testing. For example at the time of writing GPIO pins are used to control a relay that is used to turn the DUT on/off. Role of the PC is to control the BBBs and to provide them the image to be flashed and tested. PC also provides BBBs the filesystem that they boot from using NFS and TFTP.

DAFT is also split code wise with testing_harness including the code BBB uses and pc_host including the code the PC uses. The program that BBB uses is called AFT (Automatic Flasher Tester) and the program that the PC uses is DAFT.

At the highest level DAFT is called from the command line with the device type and the image file to be tested as its arguments:

daft joule os-image.img

DAFT will then procede to flash the image to the device. After that has been done successfully the new image is booted and tests are executed. Tests aren't strictly part of DAFT but rather DAFT includes tools and libraries to interact with the device so own test can be written or existing test suites can be integrated.

More detailed example of a DAFT run:

PC host:

• run daft joule image.wic --record on the DAFT workspace

PC host DAFT:

• Parse DAFT config file /etc/daft/daft.cfg
• Parse devices config file /etc/daft/devices.cfg
• Look for 'joule' devices and try to find one that isn't reserved in /etc/daft/lockfiles/
• If a free joule is found, lock it by writing to a file in /etc/daft/lockfiles/
• Use the bb_ip from the devices.cfg to ssh to the correct BBB and run aft joule image.wic --record --notest on it to flash the image

BBB testing harness AFT:

• Parse AFT config file from /etc/aft/aft.cfg
• Parse devices config files from /etc/aft/devices/
• Find and use 'joule' settings
• Reboot the device by turning off the relay with GPIO pin, wait a while, turn on the relay
• Start sending keystrokes determined by service_mode_keystrokes in device settings
• After the keystrokes has been sent, try connecting to the device with the IP address found in /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases
• When there is a connection, use ssh to run commands on the DUT support image

DUT support image:

• Mount the NFS in /etc/fstab, this is the NFS from PC host that BBB has forwarded with iptables
• Flash the image file determined in the arguments to the path determined by target_device in the AFT device config files
• Find the root partition of the flashed image and add ssh-keys to the image

BBB testing harness AFT:

• After the commands has been run, flashing should be successful and relay can be turned off
• Return to DAFT on the PC host

PC host DAFT:

• Rename all the log files with 'flash_' prefix
• Using ssh run aft joule --record --noflash on the BBB to test the flashed image

BBB testing harness AFT:

• Parse AFT config file from /etc/aft/aft.cfg
• Parse devices config files from /etc/aft/devices/
• Find and use 'joule' settings
• Reboot the device by turning off the relay with GPIO pin, wait a while, turn on the relay
• Start sending keystrokes determined by test_mode_keystrokes in device settings
• After the keystrokes has been sent, try connecting to the device with the IP address found in /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases
• When there is a connection, run the tests determined by test_plan in the device config files
• After the tests has been run, relay can be turned off
• Return to DAFT on the PC host

PC host DAFT:

• Rename all the log files with 'test_' prefix
• Release the 'joule' device by emptying the lockfile in /etc/daft/lockfiles/
• DAFT run is done

Fewest mandatory steps to create DAFT setup with one device under test (DUT) and BeagleBone Black (BBB):

• Get required hardware
• Set up BeagleBone Black filesystem on the PC
• Configure required services on the PC
• Configure BeagleBone Black
• Install and configure DAFT software
• Set up relay
• Connect hardware together
• Set up DUT
• Use DAFT

When the setup has been completed check this section on adding more devices.

1. USB to USB-mini cable 2. BeagleBone Black 3. Micro SD card 4. USB-Serial cable 5. Ethernet cable 6. BBB power supply 7. DUT power supply 8. Power jack extension cable 9. Relay 10. Dupont cables 11. DUT (Minnowboard MAX) 12. Micro SD card 13. Secondary network interface 14. Ubuntu PC

List of hardware needed for DAFT setup:

• PC preferably with Ubuntu
  • Other distros should work also but this guide is written for Ubuntu
• Secondary network interface for PC if it doesn't have one
  • Easiest option is USB ethernet adapter, cheapest is PCI network card
• BeagleBone Black
• Micro SD card for BBB U-Boot (optional)
• Ethernet cable
• USB to USB-mini cable
  • BeagleBone Black should come with one
• USB-serial cable (recommended)
  • Used for debugging BBB/DUT or for recording serial data from DUT
• Device to test with: Joule or Minnowboard MAX/Turbot
• If DUT is Minnowboard (it has no internal storage), micro SD card or USB stick is required so testable image can be flashed to it
• Power supplies for BBB and DUT
• GPIO controllable relay
  • BBB GPIO pin output is 3.3V and max 6mA, VDD pins are 5V/3.3V 250mA, so relay has to be operable within those limits
  • Relay with and amplifier in the input would be preferred so BBB GPIO pin doesn't have to drive the coil
• 3x Dupont cables to connect relay to BBB
• DC plug extension cable (recommended)
  • So you don't have to cut power supply cable
  • Flat extension cables that have easily separable ground and DC cables are recommended

At the time of writing only Joule and Minnowboard MAX/Turbot are supported as DUT but any PC like device with BIOS should work with small tweaks. Older version of the setup was also tested to work with Gigabyte NUC, Intel Edison, BeagleBone Black and Intel Galileo V2 but they might require some work on the BeagleBone filesystem to make them work.

TODO: Make guide for making DUT support image which is also needed for the system

Make BBB filesystem from scratch or download ready made one. To download ready made BBB filesystem and extract it to root use these commands:

cd /
sudo wget address-to-bbb-fs
sudo tar -xzf bbb_nfs.tar.gz

There are few different ways to do everything but the end goal is to have static IP address on the secondary network interface (192.168.30.1) and to have DHCP, TFTP and NFS server running on that network. On different distro you might have to do things differently.

Configure the secondary network interface to have static 192.168.30.1 IP address. Use ifconfig to determine which one is the secondary network interface. If you have desktop Ubuntu you can use the graphical Network Manager to change the IP address: edit -> IPv4 Settings, change Method to Manual, Address to 192.168.30.1 and Netmask to 255.255.255.0. Other way is to use terminal: remove all the settings in /etc/network/interfaces for the interface and add following lines to it (change eth1 to previously determined one):

sudo vim /etc/network/interfaces

auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
   address 192.168.30.1
   netmask 255.255.255.0
   network 192.168.0.0

Restart the network interface (change eth1 to previously determined one):

sudo ifdown eth1 && sudo ifup eth1

First install dnsmasq:

sudo apt install dnsmasq

Configure dnsmasq by adding interface=eth1 and dhcp-range=192.168.30.2,192.168.30.254,10m lines to /etc/dnsmasq.conf (again instead of eth1 use your secondary network interface name):

sudo sh -c 'echo "interface=eth1" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf'
sudo sh -c 'echo "dhcp-range=192.168.30.2,192.168.30.254,10m" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf'

Restart and enable dnsmasq so it automatically starts after reboot:

sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq; sudo systemctl enable dnsmasq

First install required packages:

sudo apt install xinetd tftpd tftp

Create a new file /etc/xinetd.d/tftp and add TFTP configuration:

sudo vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp

service tftp
{
protocol        = udp
port            = 69
socket_type     = dgram
wait            = yes
user            = nobody
server          = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
server_args     = /daft
disable         = no
}

Restart and enable xinetd service:

sudo systemctl restart xinetd; sudo systemctl enable xinetd

First install nfs-kernel-server:

sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server

Choose a user that DAFT will be used with and find it's ID (uid) and group ID numbers (gid):

id <user>

Choose a workspace directory that BBB will use to get the image to flash and write logs to. DAFT can only be used inside it and its directories. It could be your users home directory or some other one which the user has write permission. Add following lines to /etc/exports but change /your/workspace and values of anonuid and anongid to match your workspace and user choices:

sudo vim /etc/exports

/your/workspace 192.168.30.0/24(crossmnt,rw,root_squash,anonuid=1001,anongid=100,sync,no_subtree_check)
/daft/support_img 192.168.30.0/24(crossmnt,rw,root_squash,anonuid=1001,anongid=100,sync,no_subtree_check)
/daft/bbb_fs 192.168.30.0/24(crossmnt,ro,root_squash,anonuid=1001,anongid=100,sync,no_subtree_check)

Put changes in effect and restart and enable nfs-kernel-server:

sudo exportfs -ra
sudo systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server; sudo systemctl enable nfs-kernel-server

Previously on the NFS chapter we chose a user that DAFT will be used with. We will need to change the owner of /daft/bbb_fs and /daft/support_img to that user and users group. It's done with:

sudo chown -R user:group /daft/*
sudo chown root:root /daft/bbb_fs/root/.ssh/config

On the NFS chapter we chose a workspace for BBB to use. We need to change /home/tester in /daft/bbb_fs/etc/fstab to that one:

sudo vim /daft/bbb_fs/etc/fstab

192.168.30.1:/home/tester/ /root/workspace nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr,nolock,auto

Then change DUT support image to also use it:

sudo mkdir /tmp_daft
sudo mount -o loop,offset=537919488 /daft/support_img/support.img /tmp_daft
sudo vim /tmp_daft/etc/fstab

192.168.30.1:/home/tester/ /mnt/img_data_nfs nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr,nolock,auto

Unmount the image and remove the temporary folder:

sudo umount /tmp_daft; sudo rmdir /tmp_daft

Setting BBB to boot from NFS is done by changing /uEnv.txt file contents on a BBB image to this:

bootcmd=setenv autoload no; dhcp; setenv bootargs console=ttyO0,115200n8, root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=${serverip}:/daft/bbb_fs,vers=3 ro ip=${ipaddr}; tftp 0x81000000 bbb_fs/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.30-ti-r64; tftp 0x80000000 bbb_fs/boot/dtbs/4.4.30-ti-r64/am335x-boneblack.dtb; bootz 0x81000000 - 0x80000000
uenvcmd=boot

You can use the default factory image inside the BBB or flash a working BBB image with U-Boot to SD card. If you want to use the image inside BBB just boot it and use USB-serial cable, SSH or monitor and keyboard to change the file.

If you want to use SD card you have to first boot BBB with the factory image and use following command on it to destroy its U-Boot files so it won't boot from those:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=4M count=10; sync

Working BBB image can be downloaded from here. To flash the image to the SD card first connect the SD card to the PC and check lsblk and/or dmesg to see the path to the SD card. Flashing the downloaded file to SD card can be done with these commands (change bone-debian to match the downloaded image and sdX to match your SD card path):

cd ~/Downloads
unxz bone-debian.img.xz
sudo dd if=bone-debian.img of=/dev/sdX bs=8M status=progress

Clone DAFT github repository:

cd; git clone https://github.com/01org/DAFT.git

Install Python3 setuptools and the server side software:

sudo apt install python3-setuptools
cd DAFT/pc_host; sudo python3 setup.py install

Change DAFT configuration file to use your previously chosen workspace directory instead of /home/tester/:

sudo vim /etc/daft/daft.cfg

[daft]
workspace_nfs_path = /home/tester/
bbb_fs_path = /daft/bbb_fs/

Now you can update both DAFT on the PC and AFT on the BBB filesystem with:

cd ~/DAFT; daft --update

Finally change /etc/daft/lockfiles owner to your DAFT user:

sudo chown user:group /etc/daft/lockfiles

Relay with extension cable hooked up.

First cut the DC plug extension cable in half from the middle (or power supplys one if you don't mind cutting it). At least some cables had trouble if they weren't cut short so it's recommended to shorten the cables first. Then solder the ground lines back together and use tape or heat shrink tube to cover it. Then solder or screw the DC line cables to the relay. If the relay has screw holes it's recommended to solder small tin beads to the cable ends and flatten them with pliers to get better contact. On default it's expected that the relay is normally closed but this can be changed by changing gpio_cutter_on and gpio_cutter_off values:

sudo vim /daft/bbb_fs/etc/aft/devices/platform.cfg

[PC]
leases_file_name = /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases
keyboard_emulator = GadgetKeyboard
cutter_type = GpioCutter
gpio_pin = gpio60
gpio_cutter_on = 1
gpio_cutter_off = 0
pem_port = /dev/hidg0
serial_bauds = 115200

Wiring diagram for hardware.

How to connect the relay to the BBB.

After everything else has been done, hardware can be connected together according to the pictures above and BBB can be booted from NFS. If there is a problem with booting it's most likely due to dnsmasq, TFTP, NFS or file permissions. Check troubleshooting section for more help if needed.

On default it's expected that the DUT has specific boot order set in BIOS so with keyboard emulation we can choose the right device to boot from. The first boot option should be the device that the image is going to be flashed to eg. SD card or USB stick. Minnowboard MAX/Turbot should have the BBB USB stick emulation as the last option and Joule should have it as second option (BIOS in Joule seemed to reset the order this way so it should be the most stable option). Use USB-serial cable or keyboard and monitor to change BIOS settings. Other option is to change the keyboard sequence that boots from the BBB USB stick emulation:

sudo vim /daft/bbb_fs/root/kbsequences/joule/boot_usb
sudo vim /daft/bbb_fs/root/kbsequences/minnowboard/boot_usb

Or you can create new keyboard sequence files and change AFT settings for BBB:

sudo vim /daft/bbb_fs/etc/aft/devices/catalog.cfg

[Joule]
platform = PC
test_plan = iot_qatest
target_device = /dev/mmcblk0
root_partition = /dev/mmcblk0p3
service_mode = Ubuntu
test_mode = yocto
service_mode_keystrokes = /root/kbsequences/joule/boot_usb
test_mode_keystrokes = /root/kbsequences/empty
serial_port = /dev/ttyUSB0

[Minnowboard]
platform = PC
serial_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
test_plan = iot_qatest
target_device = /dev/mmcblk0
root_partition = /dev/mmcblk0p3
service_mode = Ubuntu
test_mode = yocto
service_mode_keystrokes = /root/kbsequences/minnowboard/boot_usb
test_mode_keystrokes = /root/kbsequences/empty

After BBB has been booted successfully check dnsmasq.leases file to see BBB IP address:

cat /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases

1481817223 b0:d5:cc:f4:8c:41 192.168.30.61 DAFT_BBB *

Copy that IP address to /etc/daft/devices.cfg:

sudo vim /etc/daft/devices.cfg

[Minnowboard1]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.2

[Joule1]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.3

Now everything should be set to use daft. Basic DAFT command that flashes and tests an image:

daft minnowboard yocto-image.dsk

Flash and test an image while recording serial output:

daft minnowboard yocto-image.dsk --record

For more info about using DAFT and its settings check DAFT and AFT settings and commandline interface section. If flashing or entering test mode fails DAFT will blacklist the BBB used by locking the device until /etc/daft/lockfiles/<device> is emptied or removed. Also be aware that BBB has a watchdog that checks periodically if it has connection to the 192.168.30.1 server and also if sshd and dnsmasq services are running. If it doesn't it will automatically reboot BBB. Removing the watchdog can be done by:

rm /daft/bbb_fs/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/watchdog.service

Enabling the watchdog again is done by:

ln -s /daft/bbb_fs/etc/systemd/system/watchdog.service /daft/bbb_fs/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/watchdog.service

Setup with three DUTs.

To add more DUTs and BBBs to the setup an ethernet switch is needed between the PC and BBBs. Nothing else special is needed. Just configure new BBBs to boot from the same NFS directory as previously and check /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases file after they have booted for their IP address. Then add new devices to /etc/daft/devices.cfg with different number:

vim /etc/daft/devices.cfg

[Minnowboard1]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.2

[Minnowboard2]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.4

[Joule1]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.3

[Joule2]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.5

Download BBB image from here (bone-debian-8.6-lxqt-4gb-armhf-2016-11-06-4gb.img was used when writing this guide). Use dd to copy it to USB stick. SD card could also be used but working with USB stick is faster (change /dev/sdX to match your USB stick):

sudo dd if=bone-debian-8.6-lxqt-4gb-armhf-2016-11-06-4gb.img of=/dev/sdX bs=8M status=progress
sync

After copying it reseize the partition so it has more space (change /dev/sdX to match yours):

sudo fdisk /dev/sdX
d
n
<enter>
<enter>
8192
a
w
sudo e2fsck -f /dev/sdX1
sudo resize2fs /dev/sdX1

Connect the USB stick to BBB and boot it. Use USB-serial cable or monitor and keyboard and stop the U-Boot from doing default boot by pressing space. Use this command to boot from USB stick:

setenv bootargs 'console=ttyO0,115200n8, root=/dev/sda1 rootwait rootfstype=ext4 rw'; usb start; ext4load usb 0:1 0x81000000 /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.30-ti-r64; ext4load usb 0:1 0x80000000 /boot/dtbs/4.4.30-ti-r64/am335x-boneblack.dtb; bootz 0x81000000 - 0x80000000

When BBB has booted do all of these commands to make all the changes needed for DAFT (notice the lines that make proxy settings, change them or don't use them if you don't use proxy):

dmesg -n 1
cd /opt/scripts/boot/
rm am335x_evm.sh autoconfigure_usb0.sh capemgr.sh
cd
rm /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/connman.service
vim /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/03-proxy-https
    'Acquire::http::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";' # Add this line to the file
apt update
apt install nfs-common dnsmasq python3-setuptools python3-pip
pip3 --proxy http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport install pyserial netifaces unittest-xml-reporting
git config --global https.proxy http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport
git config --global http.proxy http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport
git clone https://github.com/01org/DAFT.git
cd DAFT/testing_harness
python3 setup.py install
cd
cp DAFT/testing_harness_image_extras/initialize_testing_harness/initialize_testing_harness.sh /usr/bin/
cp DAFT/testing_harness_image_extras/initialize_testing_harness/initialize_testing_harness.service /etc/systemd/system/
ln -s /etc/systemd/system/initialize_testing_harness.service  /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
cp DAFT/testing_harness_image_extras/watchdog/watchdog.py /usr/bin/watchdog
cp DAFT/testing_harness_image_extras/watchdog/watchdog.service /etc/systemd/system/
cp -r DAFT/testing_harness_image_extras/kbsequences /root/
chmod +x /usr/bin/initialize_testing_harness.sh
chmod +x /usr/bin/watchdog
mkdir support_image /ramdisk /config .ssh workspace
systemctl enable dnsmasq
systemctl enable watchdog
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING --out-interface eth0 -j MASQUERADE
iptables -A FORWARD --in-interface usb0 -j ACCEPT
iptables-save > /etc/iptables.rules
cp -r /var/ /_var
vim /etc/sysctl.conf
    net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 # Add this line to the file
vim /etc/network/interfaces
    # Remove everything but have these lines
    auto lo
    iface lo inet loopback
    auto eth0
    iface eth0 inet dhcp
vim /etc/dnsmasq.conf
    # Remove everything but have these lines
    dhcp-range=192.168.7.2,192.168.7.2,10m
    interface=usb0
vim /etc/fstab
    # Remove everything but have these lines
    192.168.30.1:/daft/support_img /root/support_image nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr,nolock,auto
    192.168.30.1:/home/tester/ /root/workspace nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr,nolock,auto
    tmpfs /ramdisk tmpfs defaults,size=100M 0 0
vim /root/.ssh/config
    # Add these lines
    Host *
        IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_testing_harness

Now make id_rsa_testing_harness and id_rsa_testing_harness.pub SSH-keys with ssh-keygen -t dsa or copy some other keys to /root/.ssh/ but use the previous names for them. The id_rsa_testing_harness.pub SSH-key should be added to /root/.ssh/known_hosts and also to DUT support images known_hosts file. This SSH-key will also be injected to known_hosts on the images that are flashed. After this the image should work with DAFT. Poweroff the BBB and connect the USB stick to PC. Mount it and copy the filesystem from it (change /dev/sdX1 to match your USB stick):

mkdir tmp_mnt bbb_fs
sudo mount /dev/sdX1 tmp_mnt
sudo cp -r tmp_mnt/* bbb_fs/
sync
sudo umount tmp_mnt
sudo rmdir tmp_mnt

Now you should have a working BBB filesystem that BBB can use to boot from with NFS. You should be able to move/copy the folder to /daft/ and boot from it with this U-Boot command:

setenv autoload no; dhcp; setenv bootargs console=ttyO0,115200n8, root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=${serverip}:/daft/bbb_fs,vers=3 ro ip=${ipaddr}; tftp 0x81000000 bbb_fs/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.30-ti-r64; tftp 0x80000000 bbb_fs/boot/dtbs/4.4.30-ti-r64/am335x-boneblack.dtb; bootz 0x81000000 - 0x80000000

DAFT settings are located in /etc/daft/daft.cfg and on default are:

[daft]
workspace_nfs_path = /home/tester/
bbb_fs_path = /daft/bbb_fs/
bbb_aft_path = /usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages/aft-1.0.0-py3.4.egg/aft

Settings:

• workspace_nfs_path: Path to the workspace directory that is shared with NFS to BBB and DUT.
• bbb_fs_path: Path to the directory that contains the filesystem from which BBB boots from.
• bbb_aft_path: Path to the directory that contains AFT code.

DAFT device settings are located in /etc/daft/devices.cfg and on default are:

[Minnowboard1]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.2

[Joule1]
bb_ip = 192.168.30.3

Settings:

• bb_ip: IP address to the BBB handling the specific DUT.

Basic DAFT command:

daft <dut> <image_file>

DAFT commandline interface options:

• dut: Type of DUT or sepcific DUT to flash. Should be one from the /etc/daft/devices.cfg.
• image_file: Image file to flash to the DUT.
• --record: Record serial output from DUT.
• --update: Update AFT on the BBB filesystem and DAFT on the PC. This should be ran while being on the root DAFT repository directory and with root permission.
• --noflash: Skip flashing of DUT.
• --notest: Skip testing of DUT.
• --noblacklisting: If flashing or testing fails don't blacklist the device.

AFT settings are located on the BBB filesystem in /etc/aft/aft.cfg and on default are:

[aft]
lock_file = /var/lock/
serial_log_name = serial.log
aft_log_name = aft.log
nfs_folder = /root/workspace

Settings:

• lock_file: Path to directory that lock files are saved to. Lock file is used so multiple instances of AFT can't flash/test a DUT at the same time.
• serial_log_name: Name for the serial log file.
• aft_log_name: Name for the aft log file.
• nfs_folder: Path to the directory that the workspace NFS is mounted to.

AFT device settings are located in three files on the BBB filesystem in /etc/aft/devices/. The files are platform.cfg, catalog.cfg and topology.cfg. The configuration of a single physical device is combined out of these files. The platform.cfg is the highest level configuration file. It is intended to store settings which are shared between all high-level device-types, ie. PC-devices or gadget-devices. The catalog.cfg is the configuration file describing each device type. These are the options shared by all devices of the same type. The topology.cfg file contains individual physical device specific information. Settings on these files:

• leases_file_name: Path to the dnsmasq.leases file that contains IP addresses of connected devices.
• keyboard_emulator: Keyboard emulator type. On default GadgetKeyboard which is the BBB keyboard emulation.
• cutter_type: DUT power supply cutter/relay type. On default GpioCutter which is a relay controlled with BBB GPIO pins.
• gpio_pin: GPIO pin that controls the cutter/relay if using GpioCutter.
• gpio_cutter_on: GPIO pin value when relay should be closed. On default 1.
• gpio_cutter_off: GPIO pin value when relay should be open. On default 0.
• pem_port: Path to the keyboard emulator port.
• serial_port: Path to the serial cable port.
• serial_bauds: Bauds for serial recording of DUT.
• test_plan: Test plan used with the device.
• target_device: Path to the target device that the image to be tested is flashed to.
• service_mode: String included in 'uname -a' when DUT is booted with support image.
• test_mode: String included in 'uname -a' when DUT is booted with the image to be tested.
• service_mode_keystrokes: Path to the keystrokes which boot DUT to service mode.
• test_mode_keystrokes: Path to the keystrokes which boot DUT to test mode.
• platform: On catalog.cfg file option to inherit settings from specific platform.
• model: On topology.cfg file option to inherit settings from specific device type.

AFT can be used on the BBB. Basic AFT command:

aft <dut> <image_file>

AFT commandline interface options:

• dut: Type of DUT to flash. Should be one from the /etc/aft/devices/catalog.cfg.
• image_file: Image file to flash to the DUT.
• --record: Record serial output from DUT.
• --flash_retries: Change how many times flashing will be tried. On default 2.
• --noflash: Skip flashing image to the device eg. 'aft joule --noflash' would run only tests.
• --notest: Skip testing image.
• --nopoweroff: After aft run, don't turn off device.
• --boot: Boot device to specific mode. Options are 'service_mode' and 'test_mode'. For example: 'aft joule --noflash --notest --boot=test_mode' would boot device to the flashed image.
• --verbose: Increase aft run verbosity.
• --debug: Change aft logging level to 'debug'.

Instead of allowing BBB to boot normally you can interrupt it by pressing space while booting. It will then enter U-Boot terminal. Use USB-serial cable or monitor and keyboard to do it. Then you can manually try to boot from nfs with these U-Boot commands:

setenv autoload no
dhcp
setenv bootargs console=ttyO0,115200n8, root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=${serverip}:/daft/bbb_fs,vers=3 rw ip=${ipaddr}
tftp 0x81000000 bbb_fs/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.9-ti-r25
tftp 0x80000000 bbb_fs/boot/dtbs/4.4.9-ti-r25/am335x-boneblack.dtb
bootz 0x81000000 - 0x80000000

If it gets stuck on dhcp it's dnsmasq or network configuration problem. Check with ifconfig if the network interfaces IP is 192.168.30.1 and with systemctl status dnsmasq to see if dnsmasq is running. If it gets stuck to tftp commands it's a problem with TFTP or with the pathnames. If you have changed the location of the BBB filesystem or NFS/TFTP folder paths you might have to change /daft/bbb_fs and bbb_fs/boot/* paths in the boot commands. U-Boot is quite clunky with the pathnames so try different paths like /bbb_fs/boot/*, daft/bbb_fs/boot/* or /daft/bbb_fs/boot/*. If it starts booting but gets stuck it's probably a problem with NFS or file permissions.

USB-serial cable.

Examples of the types of relays that work with BBB though the left one is better as it includes optocoupler which reduces the current needed from GPIO.