This is a pure Python implementation of a neural-network based Go AI, using TensorFlow. While inspired by DeepMind's AlphaGo algorithm, this project is not a DeepMind project nor is it affiliated with the official AlphaGo project.

Repeat, this is not the official AlphaGo program by DeepMind. This is an independent effort by Go enthusiasts to replicate the results of the AlphaGo Zero paper ("Mastering the Game of Go without Human Knowledge," Nature), with some resources generously made available by Google.

Minigo is based off of Brian Lee's "MuGo" -- a pure Python implementation of the first AlphaGo paper "Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search" published in Nature. This implementation adds features and architecture changes present in the more recent AlphaGo Zero paper, "Mastering the Game of Go without Human Knowledge". More recently, this architecture was extended for Chess and Shogi in "Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm". These papers will often be abridged in Minigo documentation as AG (for AlphaGo), AGZ (for AlphaGo Zero), and AZ (for AlphaZero) respectively.

1. Provide a clear set of learning examples using Tensorflow, Kubernetes, and Google Cloud Platform for establishing Reinforcement Learning pipelines on various hardware accelerators.

2. Reproduce the methods of the original DeepMind AlphaGo papers as faithfully as possible, through an open-source implementation and open-source pipeline tools.

3. Provide our data, results, and discoveries in the open to benefit the Go, machine learning, and Kubernetes communities.

An explicit non-goal of the project is to produce a competitive Go program that establishes itself as the top Go AI. Instead, we strive for a readable, understandable implementation that can benefit the community, even if that means our implementation is not as fast or efficient as possible.

While this product might produce such a strong model, we hope to focus on the process. Remember, getting there is half the fun. :)

We hope this project is an accessible way for interested developers to have access to a strong Go model with an easy-to-understand platform of python code available for extension, adaptation, etc.

If you'd like to read about our experiences training models, see RESULTS.md.

To see our guidelines for contributing, see CONTRIBUTING.md.

This project assumes you have the following:

• virtualenv / virtualenvwrapper
• Python 3.5+
• Docker
• Cloud SDK

The Hitchhiker's guide to python has a good intro to python development and virtualenv usage. The instructions after this point haven't been tested in environments that are not using virtualenv.

pip3 install virtualenv
pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

First set up and enter your virtualenv and then the shared requirements:

pip3 install -r requirements.txt

Then, you'll need to choose to install the GPU or CPU tensorflow requirements:

• GPU: pip3 install "tensorflow-gpu>=1.5,<1.6".
  • Note: You must install [CUDA 9.0].(https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-90-download-archive) for Tensorflow 1.5.
• CPU: pip3 install "tensorflow>=1.5,<1.6".

You may want to use a cloud project for resources. If so set:

PROJECT=foo-project

Then, running

source cluster/common.sh

will set up other environment variables defaults.

BOARD_SIZE=9 python3 -m unittest discover tests

All commands are compatible with either Google Cloud Storage as a remote file system, or your local file system. The examples here use GCS, but local file paths will work just as well.

To use GCS, set the BUCKET_NAME variable and authenticate via gcloud login. Otherwise, all commands fetching files from GCS will hang.

For instance, this would set a bucket, authenticate, and then look for the most recent model.

export BUCKET_NAME=your_bucket;
gcloud auth application-default login
gsutil ls gs://minigo/models | tail -3

Which might look like:

gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000193-trusty.data-00000-of-00001
gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000193-trusty.index
gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000193-trusty.meta

These three files comprise the model, and commands that take a model as an argument usually need the path to the model basename, e.g. gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000193-trusty

You'll need to copy them to your local disk. This fragment copies the latest model to the directory specified by MINIGO_MODELS

MINIGO_MODELS=$HOME/minigo-models
mkdir -p $MINIGO_MODELS
gsutil ls gs://minigo/models | tail -3 | xargs -I{} gsutil cp "{}" $MINIGO_MODELS

To watch Minigo play a game, you need to specify a model. Here's an example to play using the latest model in your bucket

python rl_loop.py selfplay --readouts=$READOUTS -v 2

where READOUTS is how many searches to make per move. Timing information and statistics will be printed at each move. Setting verbosity (-v) to 3 or higher will print a board at each move.

Minigo uses the GTP Protocol, and you can use any gtp-compliant program with it.

# Latest model should look like: /path/to/models/000123-something
LATEST_MODEL=$(ls -d $MINIGO_MODELS/* | tail -1 | cut -f 1 -d '.')
BOARD_SIZE=19 python3 main.py gtp -l $LATEST_MODEL -r $READOUTS -v 3

(If no model is provided, it will initialize one with random values)

After some loading messages, it will display GTP engine ready, at which point it can receive commands. GTP cheatsheet:

genmove [color]             # Asks the engine to generate a move for a side
play [color] [coordinate]   # Tells the engine that a move should be played for `color` at `coordinate`
showboard                   # Asks the engine to print the board.

One way to play via GTP is to use gogui-display (which implements a UI that speaks GTP.) You can download the gogui set of tools at http://gogui.sourceforge.net/. See also documentation on interesting ways to use GTP.

gogui-twogtp -black 'python3 main.py gtp -l gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000000-bootstrap' -white 'gogui-display' -size 19 -komi 7.5 -verbose -auto

Another way to play via GTP is to watch it play against GnuGo, while spectating the games

BLACK="gnugo --mode gtp"
WHITE="python3 main.py gtp -l path/to/model"
TWOGTP="gogui-twogtp -black \"$BLACK\" -white \"$WHITE\" -games 10 \
  -size 19 -alternate -sgffile gnugo"
gogui -size 19 -program "$TWOGTP" -computer-both -auto

The following sequence of commands will allow you to do one iteration of reinforcement learning on 9x9. These are the basic commands used to produce the models and games referenced above.

The commands are

• bootstrap: initializes a random model
• selfplay: plays games with the latest model, producing data used for training
• gather: groups games played with the same model into larger files of tfexamples.
• train: trains a new model with the selfplay results from the most recent N generations.

This command creates a random model, which appears at . gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/$MODEL_NAME(.index|.meta|.data-00000-of-00001)

export MODEL_NAME=000000-bootstrap
python3 main.py bootstrap gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/$MODEL_NAME

This command starts self-playing, outputting its raw game data in a tensorflow-compatible format as well as in SGF form in the directories

gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/selfplay/$MODEL_NAME/local_worker/*.tfrecord.zz
gs://$BUCKET_NAME/sgf/$MODEL_NAME/local_worker/*.sgf

python3 main.py selfplay gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/$MODEL_NAME \
  --readouts 10 \
  -v 3 \
  --output-dir=gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/selfplay/$MODEL_NAME/local_worker \
  --output-sgf=gs://$BUCKET_NAME/sgf/$MODEL_NAME/local_worker

python3 main.py gather

This command takes multiple tfrecord.zz files (which will probably be KBs in size) and shuffles them into tfrecord.zz files that are ~100 MB in size.

Gathering is done according to model numbers, so that games generated by one model stay together. By default, rl_loop.py will use directories specified by the environment variable BUCKET_NAME, set at the top of rl_loop.py.

gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/training_chunks/$MODEL_NAME-{chunk_number}.tfrecord.zz

The file gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/training_chunks/meta.txtis used to keep track of which games have been processed so far. (more about this needed)

python3 main.py gather \
  --input-directory=gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/selfplay \
  --output-directory=gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/training_chunks

This command finds the most recent 50 models' training chunks and trains a new model, starting from the latest model weights.

Run the training job:

python3 main.py train gs://$BUCKET_NAME/data/training_chunks \
    gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000001-somename \
    --load-file=gs://$BUCKET_NAME/models/000000-bootstrap \
    --generation-num=1 \
    --logdir=path/to/tensorboard/logs \

The updated model weights will be saved at the end. (TODO: implement some sort of local checkpointing based on global_step that will resume appropriately.)

Additionally, you can follow along with the training progress with TensorBoard - if you give each run a different name (logs/my_training_run, logs/my_training_run2), you can overlay the runs on top of each other.

tensorboard --logdir=path/to/tensorboard/logs/

See more at cluster/README.md