This tool can be used for binary classification of syntactic trees. It is based on the Syntax Tree Pattern Structure (STPS). It is associated with, and described in (Leeuwenberg et al., 2015), where it was used for drug-drug interaction relation extraction. The ICFCA`15 conference slides can be found here. The tool includes the following functionalities:

• Syntactic Tree Classification using Lazy Positive Hypothesis Classification (LPHC)
• Visualization, Penn Treebank Output, and Latex output of Trees (forest, or qtree format)

In case of errors or suggestions feel free to send me an e-mail!

• Python 2.7 (with pyparsing, and python-tk)
• NLTK 3.0

In short, Lazy Positive Hypothesis Classification uses a set of positive and negative examples ('training data'). It classifies new instances based on if it can find a similarity (a subtree) with a positive example that is not shared with any negative example. Such similarity is called a positive hypothesis. The similarity operator we use is defined by the pattern structure STPS, and is based on tree intersection.

The code allows classification of trees, or sets of trees (SOT). Sentences can be represented as a singleton containing only one tree, e.g. the parse tree of that sentence. In the toy example we classify phrases to be questions or no questions.

The following command is to be used to classify the unlabeled SOT, stored in example/unlabeled/unlabeled_trees.sot, using as positive and negative examples the SOT in example/labeled/trees.sot with their corresponding labels in example/labeled/classlabels.labels:

python lphc.py example/unlabeled/unlabeled_trees.sot example/labeled/trees.sot example/labeled/classlabels.labels question sentence -projection 1 -output_hypotheses 'pos_hyps.out' -output_origins 'origins.out'

As argument the label(s) of the positive class (here question), and those of the negative class (here sentence) should be provided. There are options for using the branch projection, outputting the positive hypotheses/patterns that were found, and the links that indicate which positive hypotheses/patterns were used to classify each unlabeled SOT (origins).

For more information run:

python lphc.py -h

To visualize the trees from the labeled example data (SOT 2 to 4), you can use:

python visualize_sot.py example/labeled/trees.sot -s 1 -indices 2-4

You can also use the script to visualize the found positive hypotheses. For example, after you run the lphc.py command mentioned above, and pos_hyps.out and origins.out are created. You can run:

python visualize_sot.py pos_hyps.out -origins origins.out -totree 1 -indices 2

This will visualize the positive hypotheses used to classify the third unlabeled SOT (index 2) as a question. Notice that the totree option merges the non-branching trees obtained after the projection to a single tree.

For more detailed information run:

python visualize_sot.py -h

We use three different data formats. Examples are given for the sentences:

• 'A relates to B .'
• 'A is not related to B .'

#####Sets of Trees (.sot) STPS uses similarity on sets of trees. Trees are described by the Penn TreeBank format. Trees should be separated by one empty line, and sets by two empty lines. Usually sentences are represented as set containing only one tree, namely the parse tree of that sentence. For example:

(ROOT
  (S
    (NP (NNP A))
    (VP (VBZ relates)
      (PP (TO to)
        (NP (NNP B))))
    (. .)))


(ROOT
  (S
    (NP (NNP A))
    (VP (VBZ is) (RB not)
      (ADJP (VBN related)
        (PP (TO to)
          (NP (NNP B)))))
    (. .)))

Labels are to be given as one label per line. For example:

relation
norelation

These can be created by lphc.py during classification and contain the links between indices of the positive hypotheses that were found, and the unlabeled and labeled indices from which the positive hypothesis was constructed. Each line has the format:

unlabeled_index <space> labeled_index <tab> positive_hypothesis_index.

For example:

0 2    0
3 2    1

@incollection{
author={Leeuwenberg, Artuur and Buzmakov, Aleksey and Toussaint, Yannick and Napoli, Amedeo},
title={Exploring Pattern Structures of Syntactic Trees for Relation Extraction},
year={2015},
booktitle={Formal Concept Analysis},
publisher={Springer International Publishing},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19545-2_10}
}