keygen = KeyGenerator(context) public_key = keygen.public_key() secret_key = keygen.secret_key() encryptor = Encryptor(context, public_key) evaluator = Evaluator(context) decryptor = Decryptor(context, secret_key) value=7 plain1 = encoder.encode(value1) print("Encoded " + (str)(value) + " as polynomial " + plain1.to_string() + " (plain1)") encrypted _data= Ciphertext() encryptor.encrypt(plain, encrypted_data) print("Noise budget in encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted_data)) + " bits") # operations that can be performed ---> # result stored in encrypted1 data evaluator.negate(encrypted1_data) # result stored in encrypted1 data, encrpyted1 is modified evaluator.add(encrypted1_data, encrypted2_data) # result stored in encrypted1 data, encrpyted1 is modified evaluator.multiply(encrypted1_data, encrypted2_data) plain_result = Plaintext() decryptor.decrypt(encrypted_data, plain_result) print("Plaintext polynomial: " + plain_result.to_string()) print("Decoded integer: " + (str)(encoder.decode_int32(plain_result)))
class CipherMatrix: """ """ def __init__(self, matrix=None): """ :param matrix: numpy.ndarray to be encrypted. """ self.parms = EncryptionParameters() self.parms.set_poly_modulus("1x^2048 + 1") self.parms.set_coeff_modulus(seal.coeff_modulus_128(2048)) self.parms.set_plain_modulus(1 << 8) self.context = SEALContext(self.parms) # self.encoder = IntegerEncoder(self.context.plain_modulus()) self.encoder = FractionalEncoder(self.context.plain_modulus(), self.context.poly_modulus(), 64, 32, 3) self.keygen = KeyGenerator(self.context) self.public_key = self.keygen.public_key() self.secret_key = self.keygen.secret_key() self.encryptor = Encryptor(self.context, self.public_key) self.decryptor = Decryptor(self.context, self.secret_key) self.evaluator = Evaluator(self.context) self._saved = False self._encrypted = False self._id = '{0:04d}'.format(np.random.randint(1000)) if matrix is not None: assert len( matrix.shape) == 2, "Only 2D numpy matrices accepted currently" self.matrix = np.copy(matrix) self.encrypted_matrix = np.empty(self.matrix.shape, dtype=object) for i in range(self.matrix.shape[0]): for j in range(self.matrix.shape[1]): self.encrypted_matrix[i, j] = Ciphertext() else: self.matrix = None self.encrypted_matrix = None print(self._id, "Created") def __repr__(self): """ :return: """ print("Encrypted:", self._encrypted) if not self._encrypted: print(self.matrix) return "" else: return '[]' def __str__(self): """ :return: """ print("| Encryption parameters:") print("| poly_modulus: " + self.context.poly_modulus().to_string()) # Print the size of the true (product) coefficient modulus print("| coeff_modulus_size: " + ( str)(self.context.total_coeff_modulus().significant_bit_count()) + " bits") print("| plain_modulus: " + (str)(self.context.plain_modulus().value())) print("| noise_standard_deviation: " + (str)(self.context.noise_standard_deviation())) if self.matrix is not None: print(self.matrix.shape) return str(type(self)) def __add__(self, other): """ :param other: :return: """ assert isinstance( other, CipherMatrix), "Can only be added with a CipherMatrix" A_enc = self._encrypted B_enc = other._encrypted if A_enc: A = self.encrypted_matrix else: A = self.matrix if B_enc: B = other.encrypted_matrix else: B = other.matrix assert A.shape == B.shape, "Dimension mismatch, Matrices must be of same shape. Got {} and {}".format( A.shape, B.shape) shape = A.shape result = CipherMatrix(np.zeros(shape, dtype=np.int32)) result._update_cryptors(self.get_keygen()) if A_enc: if B_enc: res_mat = result.encrypted_matrix for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): self.evaluator.add(A[i, j], B[i, j], res_mat[i, j]) result._encrypted = True else: res_mat = result.encrypted_matrix for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): self.evaluator.add_plain(A[i, j], self.encoder.encode(B[i, j]), res_mat[i, j]) result._encrypted = True else: if B_enc: res_mat = result.encrypted_matrix for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): self.evaluator.add_plain(B[i, j], self.encoder.encode(A[i, j]), res_mat[i, j]) result._encrypted = True else: result.matrix = A + B result._encrypted = False return result def __sub__(self, other): """ :param other: :return: """ assert isinstance(other, CipherMatrix) if other._encrypted: shape = other.encrypted_matrix.shape for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): self.evaluator.negate(other.encrypted_matrix[i, j]) else: other.matrix = -1 * other.matrix return self + other def __mul__(self, other): """ :param other: :return: """ assert isinstance( other, CipherMatrix), "Can only be multiplied with a CipherMatrix" # print("LHS", self._id, "RHS", other._id) A_enc = self._encrypted B_enc = other._encrypted if A_enc: A = self.encrypted_matrix else: A = self.matrix if B_enc: B = other.encrypted_matrix else: B = other.matrix Ashape = A.shape Bshape = B.shape assert Ashape[1] == Bshape[0], "Dimensionality mismatch" result_shape = [Ashape[0], Bshape[1]] result = CipherMatrix(np.zeros(shape=result_shape)) if A_enc: if B_enc: for i in range(Ashape[0]): for j in range(Bshape[1]): result_array = [] for k in range(Ashape[1]): res = Ciphertext() self.evaluator.multiply(A[i, k], B[k, j], res) result_array.append(res) self.evaluator.add_many(result_array, result.encrypted_matrix[i, j]) result._encrypted = True else: for i in range(Ashape[0]): for j in range(Bshape[1]): result_array = [] for k in range(Ashape[1]): res = Ciphertext() self.evaluator.multiply_plain( A[i, k], self.encoder.encode(B[k, j]), res) result_array.append(res) self.evaluator.add_many(result_array, result.encrypted_matrix[i, j]) result._encrypted = True else: if B_enc: for i in range(Ashape[0]): for j in range(Bshape[1]): result_array = [] for k in range(Ashape[1]): res = Ciphertext() self.evaluator.multiply_plain( B[i, k], self.encoder.encode(A[k, j]), res) result_array.append(res) self.evaluator.add_many(result_array, result.encrypted_matrix[i, j]) result._encrypted = True else: result.matrix = np.matmul(A, B) result._encrypted = False return result def save(self, path): """ :param path: :return: """ save_dir = os.path.join(path, self._id) if self._saved: print("CipherMatrix already saved") else: assert not os.path.isdir(save_dir), "Directory already exists" os.mkdir(save_dir) if not self._encrypted: self.encrypt() shape = self.encrypted_matrix.shape for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): element_name = str(i) + '-' + str(j) + '.ahem' self.encrypted_matrix[i, j].save( os.path.join(save_dir, element_name)) self.secret_key.save("/keys/" + "." + self._id + '.wheskey') self._saved = True return save_dir def load(self, path, load_secret_key=False): """ :param path: :param load_secret_key: :return: """ self._id = path.split('/')[-1] print("Loading Matrix:", self._id) file_list = os.listdir(path) index_list = [[file.split('.')[0].split('-'), file] for file in file_list] M = int(max([int(ind[0][0]) for ind in index_list])) + 1 N = int(max([int(ind[0][1]) for ind in index_list])) + 1 del self.encrypted_matrix self.encrypted_matrix = np.empty([M, N], dtype=object) for index in index_list: i = int(index[0][0]) j = int(index[0][1]) self.encrypted_matrix[i, j] = Ciphertext() self.encrypted_matrix[i, j].load(os.path.join(path, index[1])) if load_secret_key: self.secret_key.load("/keys/" + "." + self._id + '.wheskey') self.matrix = np.empty(self.encrypted_matrix.shape) self._encrypted = True def encrypt(self, matrix=None, keygen=None): """ :param matrix: :return: """ assert not self._encrypted, "Matrix already encrypted" if matrix is not None: assert self.matrix is None, "matrix already exists" self.matrix = np.copy(matrix) shape = self.matrix.shape self.encrypted_matrix = np.empty(shape, dtype=object) if keygen is not None: self._update_cryptors(keygen) for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): val = self.encoder.encode(self.matrix[i, j]) self.encrypted_matrix[i, j] = Ciphertext() self.encryptor.encrypt(val, self.encrypted_matrix[i, j]) self._encrypted = True def decrypt(self, encrypted_matrix=None, keygen=None): """ :return: """ if encrypted_matrix is not None: self.encrypted_matrix = encrypted_matrix assert self._encrypted, "No encrypted matrix" del self.matrix shape = self.encrypted_matrix.shape self.matrix = np.empty(shape) if keygen is not None: self._update_cryptors(keygen) for i in range(shape[0]): for j in range(shape[1]): plain_text = Plaintext() self.decryptor.decrypt(self.encrypted_matrix[i, j], plain_text) self.matrix[i, j] = self.encoder.decode(plain_text) self._encrypted = False return np.copy(self.matrix) def get_keygen(self): """ :return: """ return self.keygen def _update_cryptors(self, keygen): """ :param keygen: :return: """ self.keygen = keygen self.public_key = keygen.public_key() self.secret_key = keygen.secret_key() self.encryptor = Encryptor(self.context, self.public_key) self.decryptor = Decryptor(self.context, self.secret_key) return
def pickle_ciphertext(): parms = EncryptionParameters() parms.set_poly_modulus("1x^2048 + 1") parms.set_coeff_modulus(seal.coeff_modulus_128(2048)) parms.set_plain_modulus(1 << 8) context = SEALContext(parms) # Print the parameters that we have chosen print_parameters(context); encoder = IntegerEncoder(context.plain_modulus()) keygen = KeyGenerator(context) public_key = keygen.public_key() secret_key = keygen.secret_key() # To be able to encrypt, we need to construct an instance of Encryptor. Note that # the Encryptor only requires the public key. encryptor = Encryptor(context, public_key) # Computations on the ciphertexts are performed with the Evaluator class. evaluator = Evaluator(context) # We will of course want to decrypt our results to verify that everything worked, # so we need to also construct an instance of Decryptor. Note that the Decryptor # requires the secret key. decryptor = Decryptor(context, secret_key) # We start by encoding two integers as plaintext polynomials. value1 = 5; plain1 = encoder.encode(value1); print("Encoded " + (str)(value1) + " as polynomial " + plain1.to_string() + " (plain1)") value2 = -7; plain2 = encoder.encode(value2); print("Encoded " + (str)(value2) + " as polynomial " + plain2.to_string() + " (plain2)") # Encrypting the values is easy. encrypted1 = Ciphertext() encrypted2 = Ciphertext() print("Encrypting plain1: ", encrypted1) encryptor.encrypt(plain1, encrypted1) print("Done (encrypted1)", encrypted1) print("Encrypting plain2: ") encryptor.encrypt(plain2, encrypted2) print("Done (encrypted2)") # output = open('ciphertest.pkl', 'wb') # dill.dumps(encrypted_save, output) # output.close() # encrypted1 = dill.load(open('ciphertest.pkl', 'rb')) output = open('session.pkl', 'wb') dill.dump_session('session.pkl') del encrypted1 sill.load_session('session.pkl') # To illustrate the concept of noise budget, we print the budgets in the fresh # encryptions. print("Noise budget in encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") print("Noise budget in encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted2)) + " bits") # As a simple example, we compute (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2. # Negation is a unary operation. evaluator.negate(encrypted1) # Negation does not consume any noise budget. print("Noise budget in -encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Addition can be done in-place (overwriting the first argument with the result, # or alternatively a three-argument overload with a separate destination variable # can be used. The in-place variants are always more efficient. Here we overwrite # encrypted1 with the sum. evaluator.add(encrypted1, encrypted2) # It is instructive to think that addition sets the noise budget to the minimum # of the input noise budgets. In this case both inputs had roughly the same # budget going on, and the output (in encrypted1) has just slightly lower budget. # Depending on probabilistic effects, the noise growth consumption may or may # not be visible when measured in whole bits. print("Noise budget in -encrypted1 + encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Finally multiply with encrypted2. Again, we use the in-place version of the # function, overwriting encrypted1 with the product. evaluator.multiply(encrypted1, encrypted2) # Multiplication consumes a lot of noise budget. This is clearly seen in the # print-out. The user can change the plain_modulus to see its effect on the # rate of noise budget consumption. print("Noise budget in (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2: " + (str)( decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Now we decrypt and decode our result. plain_result = Plaintext() print("Decrypting result: ") decryptor.decrypt(encrypted1, plain_result) print("Done") # Print the result plaintext polynomial. print("Plaintext polynomial: " + plain_result.to_string()) # Decode to obtain an integer result. print("Decoded integer: " + (str)(encoder.decode_int32(plain_result)))
matrixPower_vector = [A] trace_vector = [trace(A)] #count=0 t1 = time.time() # creates vector matrixPower_vector contaning each element as powers of matrix A upto A^n # Also creates a vector trace_vector which contains trace of matrix A, A^2 ... A^(n-1) for i in range(1, n): matrixPower_vector.append(raise_power(matrixPower_vector[i - 1])) trace_vector.append(trace(matrixPower_vector[i])) # Vector c is defined as coefficint vector for the charactersitic equation of the matrix c = [Ciphertext(trace_vector[0])] evaluator.negate(c[0]) # The following is the implementation of Newton-identities to calculate the value of coeffecients for i in range(1, n): c_new = Ciphertext(trace_vector[i]) for j in range(i): tc = Ciphertext() evaluator.multiply(trace_vector[i - 1 - j], c[j], tc) evaluator.add(c_new, tc) evaluator.negate(c_new) frac = encoderF.encode(1 / (i + 1)) evaluator.multiply_plain(c_new, frac) c.append(c_new) matrixPower_vector = [iden_matrix(n)] + matrixPower_vector c0 = Ciphertext()
evaluator = Evaluator(context) decryptor = Decryptor(context, secret_key) for i in range(len(A)): A_plain.append(encoder.encode(A[i])) A_cipherObject.append(Ciphertext()) encryptor.encrypt(A_plain[i],A_cipherObject[i]) print("Noise budget of "+ str(i)+" "+str((decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(A_cipherObject[i]))) + " bits") A_cipherObject=chunk(A_cipherObject) C=A_cipherObject #shallow copy # partial pivoting for i in range(3,-1,-1): evaluator.negate(C[i][0]) evaluator.add(C[i][0], C[i+1][0]) plain_result = Plaintext() decryptor.decrypt(C[i][0], plain_result) if (int(encoder.decode_int32(plain_result))>0): for j in range(8): # add code to combine appended matrix and normal matrix together D=A_cipherObject #shallow copy # reducing to diagnol matrix for i in range(4): for j in range (8): if (j!=i): plain_result = Plaintext()
def example_integer_encoder(): print("Example: Encoders / Integer Encoder") #[IntegerEncoder] (For BFV scheme only) # #The IntegerEncoder encodes integers to BFV plaintext polynomials as follows. #First, a binary expansion of the integer is computed. Next, a polynomial is #created with the bits as coefficients. For example, the integer # # 26 = 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^1 # #is encoded as the polynomial 1x^4 + 1x^3 + 1x^1. Conversely, plaintext #polynomials are decoded by evaluating them at x=2. For negative numbers the #IntegerEncoder simply stores all coefficients as either 0 or -1, where -1 is #represented by the unsigned integer plain_modulus - 1 in memory. # #Since encrypted computations operate on the polynomials rather than on the #encoded integers themselves, the polynomial coefficients will grow in the #course of such computations. For example, computing the sum of the encrypted #encoded integer 26 with itself will result in an encrypted polynomial with #larger coefficients: 2x^4 + 2x^3 + 2x^1. Squaring the encrypted encoded #integer 26 results also in increased coefficients due to cross-terms, namely, # # (2x^4 + 2x^3 + 2x^1)^2 = 1x^8 + 2x^7 + 1x^6 + 2x^5 + 2x^4 + 1x^2; # #further computations will quickly increase the coefficients much more. #Decoding will still work correctly in this case (evaluating the polynomial #at x=2), but since the coefficients of plaintext polynomials are really #integers modulo plain_modulus, implicit reduction modulo plain_modulus may #yield unexpected results. For example, adding 1x^4 + 1x^3 + 1x^1 to itself #plain_modulus many times will result in the constant polynomial 0, which is #clearly not equal to 26 * plain_modulus. It can be difficult to predict when #such overflow will take place especially when computing several sequential #multiplications. # #The IntegerEncoder is easy to understand and use for simple computations, #and can be a good tool to experiment with for users new to Microsoft SEAL. #However, advanced users will probably prefer more efficient approaches, #such as the BatchEncoder or the CKKSEncoder. parms = EncryptionParameters(scheme_type.BFV) poly_modulus_degree = 4096 parms.set_poly_modulus_degree(poly_modulus_degree) parms.set_coeff_modulus(CoeffModulus.BFVDefault(poly_modulus_degree)) #There is no hidden logic behind our choice of the plain_modulus. The only #thing that matters is that the plaintext polynomial coefficients will not #exceed this value at any point during our computation; otherwise the result #will be incorrect. parms.set_plain_modulus(512) context = SEALContext.Create(parms) print_parameters(context) keygen = KeyGenerator(context) public_key = keygen.public_key() secret_key = keygen.secret_key() encryptor = Encryptor(context, public_key) evaluator = Evaluator(context) decryptor = Decryptor(context, secret_key) #We create an IntegerEncoder. encoder = IntegerEncoder(context) #First, we encode two integers as plaintext polynomials. Note that encoding #is not encryption: at this point nothing is encrypted. value1 = 5 plain1 = encoder.encode(value1) print("Encode {} as polynomial {} (plain1), ".format( value1, plain1.to_string())) value2 = -7 plain2 = encoder.encode(value2) print(" encode {} as polynomial {} (plain2)".format( value2, plain2.to_string())) #Now we can encrypt the plaintext polynomials. encrypted1 = Ciphertext() encrypted2 = Ciphertext() print("Encrypt plain1 to encrypted1 and plain2 to encrypted2.") encryptor.encrypt(plain1, encrypted1) encryptor.encrypt(plain2, encrypted2) print(" + Noise budget in encrypted1: {} bits".format( decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1))) print(" + Noise budget in encrypted2: {} bits".format( decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted2))) #As a simple example, we compute (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2. encryptor.encrypt(plain2, encrypted2) encrypted_result = Ciphertext() print( "Compute encrypted_result = (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2.") evaluator.negate(encrypted1, encrypted_result) evaluator.add_inplace(encrypted_result, encrypted2) evaluator.multiply_inplace(encrypted_result, encrypted2) print(" + Noise budget in encrypted_result: {} bits".format( decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted_result))) plain_result = Plaintext() print("Decrypt encrypted_result to plain_result.") decryptor.decrypt(encrypted_result, plain_result) #Print the result plaintext polynomial. The coefficients are not even close #to exceeding our plain_modulus, 512. print(" + Plaintext polynomial: {}".format(plain_result.to_string())) #Decode to obtain an integer result. print("Decode plain_result.") print(" + Decoded integer: {} ...... Correct.".format( encoder.decode_int32(plain_result)))
print("Encrypting plain2: ") encryptor.encrypt(plain2, encrypted2) print("Done (encrypted2)") # To illustrate the concept of noise budget, we print the budgets in the fresh # encryptions. print("Noise budget in encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") print("Noise budget in encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted2)) + " bits") # As a simple example, we compute (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2. # Negation is a unary operation. evaluator.negate(encrypted1) # Negation does not consume any noise budget. print("Noise budget in -encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") evaluator.add(encrypted1, encrypted2) print("Noise budget in -encrypted1 + encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") #evaluator.multiply(encrypted1, encrypted2) #print("Noise budget in (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Now we decrypt and decode our result.
def example_basics_i(): print_example_banner("Example: Basics I") # In this example we demonstrate setting up encryption parameters and other # relevant objects for performing simple computations on encrypted integers. # SEAL uses the Fan-Vercauteren (FV) homomorphic encryption scheme. We refer to # https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/144 for full details on how the FV scheme works. # For better performance, SEAL implements the "FullRNS" optimization of FV, as # described in https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/510. # The first task is to set up an instance of the EncryptionParameters class. # It is critical to understand how these different parameters behave, how they # affect the encryption scheme, performance, and the security level. There are # three encryption parameters that are necessary to set: # - poly_modulus (polynomial modulus); # - coeff_modulus ([ciphertext] coefficient modulus); # - plain_modulus (plaintext modulus). # A fourth parameter -- noise_standard_deviation -- has a default value of 3.19 # and should not be necessary to modify unless the user has a specific reason # to and knows what they are doing. # The encryption scheme implemented in SEAL cannot perform arbitrary computations # on encrypted data. Instead, each ciphertext has a specific quantity called the # `invariant noise budget' -- or `noise budget' for short -- measured in bits. # The noise budget of a freshly encrypted ciphertext (initial noise budget) is # determined by the encryption parameters. Homomorphic operations consume the # noise budget at a rate also determined by the encryption parameters. In SEAL # the two basic homomorphic operations are additions and multiplications, of # which additions can generally be thought of as being nearly free in terms of # noise budget consumption compared to multiplications. Since noise budget # consumption is compounding in sequential multiplications, the most significant # factor in choosing appropriate encryption parameters is the multiplicative # depth of the arithmetic circuit that needs to be evaluated. Once the noise # budget in a ciphertext reaches zero, it becomes too corrupted to be decrypted. # Thus, it is essential to choose the parameters to be large enough to support # the desired computation; otherwise the result is impossible to make sense of # even with the secret key. parms = EncryptionParameters() # We first set the polynomial modulus. This must be a power-of-2 cyclotomic # polynomial, i.e. a polynomial of the form "1x^(power-of-2) + 1". The polynomial # modulus should be thought of mainly affecting the security level of the scheme; # larger polynomial modulus makes the scheme more secure. At the same time, it # makes ciphertext sizes larger, and consequently all operations slower. # Recommended degrees for poly_modulus are 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768, # but it is also possible to go beyond this. Since we perform only a very small # computation in this example, it suffices to use a very small polynomial modulus parms.set_poly_modulus("1x^2048 + 1") # Next we choose the [ciphertext] coefficient modulus (coeff_modulus). The size # of the coefficient modulus should be thought of as the most significant factor # in determining the noise budget in a freshly encrypted ciphertext: bigger means # more noise budget. Unfortunately, a larger coefficient modulus also lowers the # security level of the scheme. Thus, if a large noise budget is required for # complicated computations, a large coefficient modulus needs to be used, and the # reduction in the security level must be countered by simultaneously increasing # the polynomial modulus. # To make parameter selection easier for the user, we have constructed sets of # largest allowed coefficient moduli for 128-bit and 192-bit security levels # for different choices of the polynomial modulus. These recommended parameters # follow the Security white paper at http://HomomorphicEncryption.org. However, # due to the complexity of this topic, we highly recommend the user to directly # consult an expert in homomorphic encryption and RLWE-based encryption schemes # to determine the security of their parameter choices. # Our recommended values for the coefficient modulus can be easily accessed # through the functions # coeff_modulus_128bit(int) # coeff_modulus_192bit(int) # for 128-bit and 192-bit security levels. The integer parameter is the degree # of the polynomial modulus. # In SEAL the coefficient modulus is a positive composite number -- a product # of distinct primes of size up to 60 bits. When we talk about the size of the # coefficient modulus we mean the bit length of the product of the small primes. # The small primes are represented by instances of the SmallModulus class; for # example coeff_modulus_128bit(int) returns a vector of SmallModulus instances. # It is possible for the user to select their own small primes. Since SEAL uses # the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) for polynomial multiplications modulo the # factors of the coefficient modulus, the factors need to be prime numbers # congruent to 1 modulo 2*degree(poly_modulus). We have generated a list of such # prime numbers of various sizes, that the user can easily access through the # functions # small_mods_60bit(int) # small_mods_50bit(int) # small_mods_40bit(int) # small_mods_30bit(int) # each of which gives access to an array of primes of the denoted size. These # primes are located in the source file util/globals.cpp. # Performance is mainly affected by the size of the polynomial modulus, and the # number of prime factors in the coefficient modulus. Thus, it is important to # use as few factors in the coefficient modulus as possible. # In this example we use the default coefficient modulus for a 128-bit security # level. Concretely, this coefficient modulus consists of only one 56-bit prime # factor: 0xfffffffff00001. parms.set_coeff_modulus(seal.coeff_modulus_128(2048)) # The plaintext modulus can be any positive integer, even though here we take # it to be a power of two. In fact, in many cases one might instead want it to # be a prime number; we will see this in example_batching(). The plaintext # modulus determines the size of the plaintext data type, but it also affects # the noise budget in a freshly encrypted ciphertext, and the consumption of # the noise budget in homomorphic multiplication. Thus, it is essential to try # to keep the plaintext data type as small as possible for good performance. # The noise budget in a freshly encrypted ciphertext is # ~ log2(coeff_modulus/plain_modulus) (bits) # and the noise budget consumption in a homomorphic multiplication is of the # form log2(plain_modulus) + (other terms). parms.set_plain_modulus(1 << 8) # Now that all parameters are set, we are ready to construct a SEALContext # object. This is a heavy class that checks the validity and properties of # the parameters we just set, and performs and stores several important # pre-computations. context = SEALContext(parms) # Print the parameters that we have chosen print_parameters(context) # Plaintexts in the FV scheme are polynomials with coefficients integers modulo # plain_modulus. To encrypt for example integers instead, one can use an # `encoding scheme' to represent the integers as such polynomials. SEAL comes # with a few basic encoders: # [IntegerEncoder] # Given an integer base b, encodes integers as plaintext polynomials as follows. # First, a base-b expansion of the integer is computed. This expansion uses # a `balanced' set of representatives of integers modulo b as the coefficients. # Namely, when b is odd the coefficients are integers between -(b-1)/2 and # (b-1)/2. When b is even, the integers are between -b/2 and (b-1)/2, except # when b is two and the usual binary expansion is used (coefficients 0 and 1). # Decoding amounts to evaluating the polynomial at x=b. For example, if b=2, # the integer # 26 = 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^1 # is encoded as the polynomial 1x^4 + 1x^3 + 1x^1. When b=3, # 26 = 3^3 - 3^0 # is encoded as the polynomial 1x^3 - 1. In memory polynomial coefficients are # always stored as unsigned integers by storing their smallest non-negative # representatives modulo plain_modulus. To create a base-b integer encoder, # use the constructor IntegerEncoder(plain_modulus, b). If no b is given, b=2 # is used. # [FractionalEncoder] # The FractionalEncoder encodes fixed-precision rational numbers as follows. # It expands the number in a given base b, possibly truncating an infinite # fractional part to finite precision, e.g. # 26.75 = 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^1 + 2^(-1) + 2^(-2) # when b=2. For the sake of the example, suppose poly_modulus is 1x^1024 + 1. # It then represents the integer part of the number in the same way as in # IntegerEncoder (with b=2 here), and moves the fractional part instead to the # highest degree part of the polynomial, but with signs of the coefficients # changed. In this example we would represent 26.75 as the polynomial # -1x^1023 - 1x^1022 + 1x^4 + 1x^3 + 1x^1. # In memory the negative coefficients of the polynomial will be represented as # their negatives modulo plain_modulus. # [PolyCRTBuilder] # If plain_modulus is a prime congruent to 1 modulo 2*degree(poly_modulus), the # plaintext elements can be viewed as 2-by-(degree(poly_modulus) / 2) matrices # with elements integers modulo plain_modulus. When a desired computation can be # vectorized, using PolyCRTBuilder can result in massive performance improvements # over naively encrypting and operating on each input number separately. Thus, # in more complicated computations this is likely to be by far the most important # and useful encoder. In example_batching() we show how to use and operate on # encrypted matrix plaintexts. # For performance reasons, in homomorphic encryption one typically wants to keep # the plaintext data types as small as possible, which can make it challenging to # prevent data type overflow in more complicated computations, especially when # operating on rational numbers that have been scaled to integers. When using # PolyCRTBuilder estimating whether an overflow occurs is a fairly standard task, # as the matrix slots are integers modulo plain_modulus, and each slot is operated # on independently of the others. When using IntegerEncoder or FractionalEncoder # it is substantially more difficult to estimate when an overflow occurs in the # plaintext, and choosing the plaintext modulus very carefully to be large enough # is critical to avoid unexpected results. Specifically, one needs to estimate how # large the largest coefficient in the polynomial view of all of the plaintext # elements becomes, and choose the plaintext modulus to be larger than this value. # SEAL comes with an automatic parameter selection tool that can help with this # task, as is demonstrated in example_parameter_selection(). # Here we choose to create an IntegerEncoder with base b=2. encoder = IntegerEncoder(context.plain_modulus()) # We are now ready to generate the secret and public keys. For this purpose we need # an instance of the KeyGenerator class. Constructing a KeyGenerator automatically # generates the public and secret key, which can then be read to local variables. # To create a fresh pair of keys one can call KeyGenerator::generate() at any time. keygen = KeyGenerator(context) public_key = keygen.public_key() secret_key = keygen.secret_key() # To be able to encrypt, we need to construct an instance of Encryptor. Note that # the Encryptor only requires the public key. encryptor = Encryptor(context, public_key) # Computations on the ciphertexts are performed with the Evaluator class. evaluator = Evaluator(context) # We will of course want to decrypt our results to verify that everything worked, # so we need to also construct an instance of Decryptor. Note that the Decryptor # requires the secret key. decryptor = Decryptor(context, secret_key) # We start by encoding two integers as plaintext polynomials. value1 = 5 plain1 = encoder.encode(value1) print("Encoded " + (str)(value1) + " as polynomial " + plain1.to_string() + " (plain1)") value2 = -7 plain2 = encoder.encode(value2) print("Encoded " + (str)(value2) + " as polynomial " + plain2.to_string() + " (plain2)") # Encrypting the values is easy. encrypted1 = Ciphertext() encrypted2 = Ciphertext() print("Encrypting plain1: ") encryptor.encrypt(plain1, encrypted1) print("Done (encrypted1)") print("Encrypting plain2: ") encryptor.encrypt(plain2, encrypted2) print("Done (encrypted2)") # To illustrate the concept of noise budget, we print the budgets in the fresh # encryptions. print("Noise budget in encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") print("Noise budget in encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted2)) + " bits") # As a simple example, we compute (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2. # Negation is a unary operation. evaluator.negate(encrypted1) # Negation does not consume any noise budget. print("Noise budget in -encrypted1: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Addition can be done in-place (overwriting the first argument with the result, # or alternatively a three-argument overload with a separate destination variable # can be used. The in-place variants are always more efficient. Here we overwrite # encrypted1 with the sum. evaluator.add(encrypted1, encrypted2) # It is instructive to think that addition sets the noise budget to the minimum # of the input noise budgets. In this case both inputs had roughly the same # budget going on, and the output (in encrypted1) has just slightly lower budget. # Depending on probabilistic effects, the noise growth consumption may or may # not be visible when measured in whole bits. print("Noise budget in -encrypted1 + encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Finally multiply with encrypted2. Again, we use the in-place version of the # function, overwriting encrypted1 with the product. evaluator.multiply(encrypted1, encrypted2) # Multiplication consumes a lot of noise budget. This is clearly seen in the # print-out. The user can change the plain_modulus to see its effect on the # rate of noise budget consumption. print("Noise budget in (-encrypted1 + encrypted2) * encrypted2: " + (str)(decryptor.invariant_noise_budget(encrypted1)) + " bits") # Now we decrypt and decode our result. plain_result = Plaintext() print("Decrypting result: ") decryptor.decrypt(encrypted1, plain_result) print("Done") # Print the result plaintext polynomial. print("Plaintext polynomial: " + plain_result.to_string()) # Decode to obtain an integer result. print("Decoded integer: " + (str)(encoder.decode_int32(plain_result)))