Snowscript is a language that compiles to PHP. Its syntax is inspired by Python, Lua, Coffescript, Go and Scala and strives to be DRY, clean and easy to read as well as write.
The current status as of October 3rd, 2012 is that both the lexer and parser actually works. A lot of Snowscript can be compiled to PHP. But there is still tons of work until it's usable. Version 0.4 will be the first release and will be of alpha quality. Come join the fun!
- Webpage.
- Scoping rules.
- Namespaces.
- Command line compile tools.
- Tolerable error messages.
- Code cleanup.
- Comments.
- Strings.
- Ternary operator.
- Control structures.
- For loops.
- Function style casts.
- Classes part1 + 2.
- Destructuring.
- Parsing of basic syntax.
- Transformations for the non LALR(1) compatible features of Snowscript like implicit parenthesis and significant whitespace.
- Lexer.
- Named parameters.
- List comprehension.
- Inner functions.
- Parser written in Snowscript.
- Existance.
- Closures.
- Great error messages.
- Namespaces.
- Macros.
Stub.
See "USAGE.rst" and "INSTALL.rst" in this folder.
Snowscript has significant whitespace, meaning that the code structure is managed by indenting/dedenting and not by curly brackets "{}". Whitespace is not significant inside strings and brackets "()[]".
The only allowed indention format is 4 spaces.
snowscript:
fn how_big_is_it(number)
if number < 100
<- "small"
else
<- "big"php:
function how_big_is_it($number) {
if ($number < 100) {
return "small";
} else {
return "big";
}
}A variable matches the regular expression [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+.
snowscript:
fungus = "Sarcoscypha coccinea"php:
$fungus = "Sarcoscypha coccinea";A constant has a prefixed "!" and supports assignment. The same goes for class constants.
snowscript:
!DB_ENGINE = 'mysql'php:
define('DB_ENGINE', 'mysql');The use of of constants in snowscript is not recommended. This is because PHP constants are limited to scalar values and thus breaks the symmetry when you all of a sudden need to have a constant that is, say an array. All caps variables are recommended instead.
All comparison operators are strong and there are no weak versions. The supported operators are "==", "!=", "<", ">", "<=" and ">=".
snowscript:
a == b and c != d
if my_feet() > average_feet:
echo "BIGFOOT"php:
$a === $b && c !== $d;
$tmp_ = this_get();
if (gettype($tmp_) === gettype($average_feet) && $tmp_ > $average_feet) {
echo "BIGFOOT";
}
unset($tmp_);snowscript:
# Single line.
###
Multiple
Lines.
###php:
// Single line.
/**
* Multiple
* Lines.
*/There are four kind of strings: """, ", ''', and ', all multiline.
Whitespace before the current indentation level is stripped. A newline can be cancelled by ending the previous line with "\".
Code inside "{}" concatenates to the string.
snowscript:
fn travel
echo "\
The {animal} went to {world.place()}
with his {NUM} friends.\
"
"""<a href="https://snowscript.org">Snowscript</a>\n"""php:
function travel() {
echo "The " . $animal . " went to " . $world->place() . "\n"
" with his " . NUM . " friends.";
}
"<a href=\"https://snowscript.org\">Snowscript</a>";snowscript:
'No {magic} here\n'
'''{nor()} here.'''php:
'No {magic} here\n';
'''{nor()} here.''';Strings can be concatenated with the "%" operator, but the "Hello {current_planet()}" form is preferred.
snowscript:
echo 'I am' % ' legend!'php:
echo 'I am' . ' legend!';Arrays are defined using square brackets "[]". They can be defined in two different ways, either as a list of values or a dictionary of key/value pairs.
Each value or key/value pair are separated by ",". A trailing "," is allowed.
snowscript:
pianists = ["McCoy Tyner", "Fred Hersch", "Bill Evans"]php:
$pianists = array("McCoy Tyner", "Fred Hersch", "Bill Evans");The values are assigned running integers and can be accessed with "[]".
snowscript:
# Fred Hersch
echo pianists[1]php:
# Fred Hersch
echo $pianists[1];The key and value of each key/value pair are separated by ":".
snowscript:
series = [
'Heroes': [
'genre': 'Science Fiction',
'creator': 'Tim Kring',
'seasons': 4,
],
'Game Of Thrones': [
'genre': 'Medieval fantasy',
'creator': 'David Benioff',
'seasons': 2,
],
]php:
$series = array(
"Heroes" => array(
'genre' => "Science Fiction",
'creator' => "Tim Kring",
'seasons' => 4,
),
"Game Of Thrones" => array(
'genre' => "Medieval fantasy",
'creator' => "David Benioff",
'seasons' => 2,
),
);Accessing dictionaries is done using square brackets "[]".
snowscript:
echo series['Heroes']['genre']php:
echo $series['Heroes']['genre'];The "fn" keyword is used to define functions, and "<-" to return a value.
snowscript:
fn titlefy(FancyString fancystring)
<- fancystring.make_fancy()php:
function titlefy(FancyString $fancystring) {
return $fancystring->make_fancy();
}Arguments passed as reference must have a prefixing "&".
snowscript:
fn init_ab(&a, &b)
a = 10
b = 10
init_ab(&a, &b)php:
function init_ab(&$a, &$b) {
$a = 10;
$b = 10;
}
init_ab($a, $b);Functions does not allow to be defined with optional parameters. Functions in PHP land using optional parameters can of course be called.
Named parameters uses variable declaration syntax.
snowscript:
fn render(template, allow_html=true, klingon=false)
echo template.render(allow_html, klingon)
render("index.html", klingon=true)php:
function render($template, $options_) {
$defaults_ = array(
'allow_html' => true,
'klingon' => false,
);
$options_ += $defaults_;
echo $template->render($options_['allow_html'], $options_['klingon']);
}
render("index.html", array('klingon'=> true));Function calls can be chained using the "->" operator which passes the prior expression along as the first argument to the function.
snowscript:
"peter"->ucfirst()->str_rot13()php:
str_rot13(ucfirst("peter"));Functions inside functions are defined at compile time, and only available inside the scope where they are defined. Nesting can go arbitrarily deep.
snowscript:
fn wash_car(Car car)
fn apply_water(car)
pass
fn dry(car)
pass
<- car->apply_water()->dry()php:
function _wash_car_apply_water_($car) {}
function _wash_car_dry_($car) {}
function wash_car(Car $car) {
return _wash_car_dry_(_wash_car_apply_water_($car));
}Anonymous functions are declared like a normal function without the function name and surrounded with "()".
A "+" before the variable name binds a variable from the outer scope.
snowscript:
use_me = get_use_me()
little_helper = (fn(input, +use_me)
<- polish(input, use_me))
little_helper(Lamp())
takes_functions(
(fn(x)
y = give_me_a_y(x)
<- [x * 2, y]
),
(fn(y, c)
<- y * c
),
)php:
$use_me = get_use_me();
$little_helper = function($input) use ($use_me) {
return polish($input, $use_me);
}
little_helper(new Lamp);
takes_functions(
function($x) {
$y = give_me_a_y($x);
return array($x * 2, $y);
},
function($y, $c) {
return $y * $c;
}
)As the only structure in Snowscript, closures has a single line mode.
snowscript:
filter(guys, (fn(guy) <- weight(guy) > 100))php:
filter($guys, function() {
return weight($guy) > 100;
});Snowscript has simple destructuring.
snowscript:
[a, b, c] = [b, c, a]
[a, b, [c, d]] = lettersphp:
list($a, $b, $c) = array($b, $c, $a);
list($a, $b, list($c, $d)) = $letters;Two control structures are available: "if" and the ternary operator.
snowscript:
if white_walkers.numbers < 500
fight_valiantly()
elif feeling_lucky
improvise()
else
run()php:
if ($white_walkers->numbers < 500) {
fight_valiantly();
} elif ($feeling_lucky) {
improvise();
} else {
run();
}Ternary operator is a oneline if a then b else c syntax.
snowscript:
echo if height > 199 then "tall" else "small"php:
echo ($height > 199 ? "tall" : "small");There are two existence operators "?" and "??". The first checks with isset(expr), the second with !empty(expr). When chained it safely tries each expression in turn, until a valid one is found.
snowscript:
if field['title']?
do_stuff()
stuff = try_this() ?? that['girl'] ?? "Default"php:
if (isset($field['title'])) {
do_stuff();
}
$stuff = false;
$tmp_ = try_this();
if ($tmp_) {
$stuff = $tmp_;
} elseif(!empty($that['girl'])) {
$stuff = $that['girl'];
} else {
$stuff = "Default";
}
unset($tmp_);To cast an expression to a type, use the array, bool, float, int, object or str functions.
php:
array(a)php:
(array) $a;Two kind of for loops are supported. Iterating over a collection, and iterating over a numeric range. Both key and value are local to the loop. An "&" can be used to designate the value as by-reference.
snowscript:
for title, data in flowers
echo "{data.id}: title"
for &n in numbers
n *= 2
for i in 1 to 10 step 2
echo i
for i in 10 downto 1
echo iphp:
foreach ($flowers as $title => $data) {
echo $data->id . ": " . $title;
}
unset($title, $data);
foreach ($numbers as $n) {
$n *= 2;
}
unset($n);
for ($i=1; $i <= 10; $i+=2) {
echo $i;
}
unset($i);
for ($i=10; $i >= 0; --$i) {
echo $i;
}
unset($i);snow:
while frog.ass.is_watertight
echo "Rinse and repeat."php:
while ($frog->ass->is_watertight) {
echo "Rinse and repeat.";
}Snowscript has array comprehension similiar to that of Python and others.
snowscript:
[x, y for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]->var_dump()
fights = [fight(samurai, villain)
for samurai in seven_samurais
if samurai.is_awake()
for villain in seven_vaillains
if not villain.is_in_jail()]php:
$result_ = array();
foreach (array(1, 2, 3) as $x) {
foreach (array(3, 1, 4) as $y) {
if ($x != $y) {
$result_[$x] = $y;
}
}
}
unset($x, $y);
var_dump($result_);
$fights = array();
foreach ($seven_samurais as $samurai) {
if (!$samurai->is_awake()) {
continue;
}
foreach ($seven_villains as $villain) {
if ($villain->is_in_jail()) {
continue;
}
$fights[] = fight($samurai, $villain);
}
}
unset($samurai, $villain);The arguments to the class is given after the class name.
The "." is used to access the class instance.
snowscript:
class TabularWriter(File path, filesystem, title)
title = title
_filehandle = null
fn check_filesystem(filesystem)
if not filesystems()[filesystem]?
throw UnsupportedFilesystemError()
fn init_file(path)
if not file_exists(path)
throw FileMissingError()
else
._filehandle = open_file(path)
# Initialize object.
check_filesystem(filesystem)
init_file(path)php:
class TabularWriter {
public $title;
public $_filehandle;
public function __construct(File $path, $title) {
$this->title = $title;
$this->check_filesystem();
$this->init_file($path);
}
public function check_filesystem() {
$tmp_ = supported_filesystems();
if (!isset($tmp_[self::$filesystem])) {
throw new UnsupportedFilesystemError;
}
unset($tmp_);
}
public function init_file($path) {
if (!file_exists($path)) {
throw new FileMissingError;
} else {
$this->filehandle = open_file($path);
}
}
}Protected and private visibility using "private" and "protected" is supported but not considered very "snowy", after all "we're all consenting adults here". Instead it's recommended to prefix members with a "_" to mark them as a implementation detail. The "public", "final", "static" and "abstract" keywords are supported as well, but not recommended.
".." is used to access the class.
Functions and properties can be indented below modifier keywords.
A class can inherit a single class, implement multiple interfaces and use multiple traits.
snowscript:
abstract class FactoryFactory
extends AbstractBuilder
implements IFactoryFactory, IBuilder
uses FactoryBehaviour, LoggingBehaviour
!DEFAULT_FACTORY = "DefaultFactory"
protected static
factories = []
version = 1.0
public static fn getInstance(factoryClassName)
<- ..factories[factoryClassName]php:
abstract class FactoryFactory extends AbstractBuilder implements FactoryFactoryInterface, IBuilder {
use FactoryBehaviour;
use LoggingBehaviour;
const DEFAULT_FACTORY = "DefaultFactory";
protected static $factories = [];
protected static $version = 1.0;
public static function getInstance($factoryClassName) {
return self::factories[$factoryClassName];
}
}Class instantiation uses function notation.
snowscript:
Bicycle(Rider())php:
new Bicycle(new Rider));Properties and methods on instantiated classes is accessed with the "." operator. Using ".." accesses static members.
snowscript:
wind = Wind(52, 12)
wind.blow()
Newspaper().read()
Player..register("Ronaldo")
Player..!MALE
Player..gendersphp:
$wind = Wind(52, 12);
$wind->blow();
(new Newspaper())->read();
Player::register("Ronaldo");
Player::MALE;
Player::$genders;Stub.
A number of operators has changed from PHP.
| PHP | Snow |
|---|---|
| && | and |
| ! | not |
| || | or |
| and | _and (Not recommended) |
| or | _or (Not recommended) |
| % | mod |
| $a %= $b | a mod= b |
| . | % |
| $a .= $b | a %= b |
| & | band |
| | |
|
| ^ | bxor |
| << | bleft |
| >> | bright |
| ~ | bnot |
A namespace is defined by adding an empty file called "__namespace.snow" in the folder which should be the root of the namespace. So given a directory structure as:
.
└── starwars
├── __namespace.snow
├── __import.snow
├── battle.snow
├── galaxy.snow
└── settings.snowthe file "battle.snow" would be assigned the namespace "starwars.battle". If no "__namespace.snow" file is found in the same folder or above, the namespace will be that of the filename itself.
Classes, interfaces, traits, functions, constants, variables can belong to a namespace.
To make a member exportable it must be defined in the root scope of the file.
If any member is prefixed with "_" it is a warning that it should not be accessed from outside its file.
Members from other namespaces are imported by the import() function that must be called before any other statements. It takes an array of what to import. Imports can be aliased using a key/value pair.
There is no namespace operator, so everything needed must be explicitly imported. When using an imported namespace, the type of what follows the namespace is inferred. See "Naming conventions".
snowscript:
import([
'FancyFramework.Db': [
'class': ['Retry', 'Transaction'],
'interface': ['Model_Interface'],
'trait': ['DateStampable'],
'fn': ['model_from_array'],
'constant': ['!SUCCES', '!FAILURE'],
'variable': ['db_types'],
'namespace': ['Fields'],
'.Backends': [
'class': ['Mongo', 'Postgres', 'Datomic']
]
],
'__global': [
'class': ['SplStack'],
'interface': ['Countable'],
'fn': ['mb_strlen': 's_len', 'trim',],
'constant': ['!E_ALL'],
]
])
Retry()
model_from_array()
!SUCCES
fn do_it()
db_types
s_len("yo")
Fields.Integer()php:
use FancyFramework\Db\Retry;
use FancyFramework\Db\Transaction;
use FancyFramework\Db\Model_Interface;
use FancyFramework\Db\DateStampable;
use FancyFramework\Db\SUCCES;
use FancyFramework\Db\FAILURE;
use FancyFramework\Db;
use FancyFramework\Backends\Mongo;
use FancyFramework\Backends\Postgres;
use FancyFramework\Backends\Datomic;
use FancyFramework\Db\Retry\Fields;
use \SplStack;
use \Countable;
use \mb_strlen;
use \trim;
use \E_ALL;
new Retry();
\FancyFramework\Db\model_from_array();
\FancyFramework\Db\SUCCES;
function do_it() {
global $Fancyframework_Db__db_types;
$Fancyframework_Db__db_types;
}
mb_strlen("yo");
new Fields\Integer();If a file named "__import.snow" containing an import() call is found in the same folder as "__namespace.snow", it's imports are available for all ".snow" files in and below that directory.
Sometimes snowscript needs to guess a type to differentiate between functions and classes. The single rule is that functions must start with a lowercase letter and classes with an uppercase one.
Everything assigned above or imported, in the same or an outer scope is available for reading. For writing, variables not assigned in the same scope must be marked as mutable. This goes for imported variables too. Classes has their own scoping rules.
snowscript:
# In the namespace "Places".
imports(['Bar': [
'class': 'Beer',
]])
GUYS = ['Adam', 'John', 'Michael']
fn add_guy(name)
mutates GUYS
GUYS []= name
fn drink_beer(guy_number)
Beer().drink(GUYS[guy_number])php:
namespace Places;
use Bar\Beer;
global $Places__GUYS;
$Places__GUYS = array('Adam', 'John', 'Michael');
function add_guy($name) {
global $Places__GUYS;
$Places__GUYS []= $name;
}
function drink_beer($guy_number) {
global $Places__GUYS;
(new Beer).drink($Places__GUYS[$guy_number]);
}Stub.
Stub.