This Python library was evolved at IronPort Systems and has been provided as open source by Cisco Systems under an MIT license.

Shrapnel is a high-performance threading/coroutine library built around FreeBSD's kqueue() system call. It's designed for single-process servers that can handle 10,000+ simultaneous network connections.

1) eGroups had a coro implementation based on libcoro, which used multiple separate small stacks, like many user-threads libraries. It was somewhat unstable, Python 1.X didn't interact with it well.

2) IronPort had a coro implementation based on Stackless Python (the version based on Python-2.0 that did only 'soft' switching). This version used continuation-passing in C. Complex, but robust. Two main drawbacks: we were stuck with Python 2.0, and couldn't move things into C easily.

3) IronPort rewrote a 'minimalist' version of Stackless (which we call 'minstack') to support our coroutine system with Python 2.3. Successful, but with many limitations on when you could safely do a coroutine switch. Still difficult to write C extensions for.

4) Shrapnel: A new coroutine scheduler, using the stack-copying technique. Written completely in Pyrex. Should remove all restrictions on coroutine switching, and easily allow for complex extensions written in C or Pyrex.

Shrapnel's overall design is very similar to the previous coro systems. There is a 'main' coroutine, which acts as the scheduler, and uses the normal/default stack. All other coroutines live on a separately allocated stack. When a coroutine is swapped out, its stack contents are evacuated to the heap. When it's switched back in, its stack is copied back into place on the 'coro' stack. This is somewhat easier than trying to swap everything on and off of a single stack, and allows the scheduler to run in main and never be evacuated. [We may eventually generalize this and use several coro stacks rather than just one].

The original version of coro used the unix ucontext API, which on FreeBSD 4.X was implemented using very similar assembly. However, FreeBSD 5.X+ moved the ucontext API into the kernel, making it much more expensive. Currently, the 'swap' implementation is about 15 lines of x86 (or x86_64) assembly. It saves and restores the stack, frame, and insn pointers in/out of the coro structure.

Shrapnel uses a very simple round-robin scheduler. All ready coros (in the <staging> list) are run. When a running coro needs to schedule itself (or any other coro), it appends the coro to the <pending> list. When everything in <staging> has been run, the two are swapped. When both lists are exhausted, we call kevent() to see if any I/O or signal events have fired (these will schedule coros by adding them to the <pending> list). Before entering the main run loop we schedule any time-based events that have expired.

A priority queue is used to store future events by time. There are two kinds of events stored here: timebombs and sleeping coroutines. At the top of the event loop, events which have expired are popped off the priority queue and scheduled. The priority queue is implemented using a heap.

The with_timeout() call places a <timebomb> object onto the priority queue. If this object expires before the called function has returned, an Interrupted exception will be raised on that coroutine. The value of the exception is the timebomb object. As the stack is unwound, the Interrupted handler in with_timeout() checks to see if the expired timebomb is its own, and if so, translates this into a TimeoutError. This design allows multiple outstanding timebombs on the same coroutine.

A coroutine goes to sleep by calling sleep_relative() or sleep_absolute(). This places the coroutine on the priority queue with the desired trigger time. Once this time has arrived, the event loop will schedule it to run again.