This project was motivated by the desire to expand open innovation and by responses offered to recomendations in this report. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) used crowdsourcing to improve a Natural Language Processing (NLP) Machine Learning (ML) algorithm to code unstructured work-related injury narratives to OIICS codes. An intra- and extra-mural competition was held in 2019. These algorithms are the top-five performing NLP solutions created by the crowdsourcing competitions. The project was made prossible by fundign from NIOSH-DSR and the CDC-OS-OTI. A multitute of scientific workgroups at the CDC significantly contributed towards the promotion of the project and the recruitment of intra-mural competitors. Our effort was promoted by FCPCCS AND THE AIC. Our team was invited by MIT's J-Clinic and Harvard's LISH to speak about innovative project. Our team, the //m_BrainGinners, is deeply grateful to the funding parties and all those who dedicated their time to helping achive this amazing success. If you have any questions or comments, please contact Dr. Siordia at nej6@cdc.gov.

Our team of 16 federal employees from 7 federal agencies was led by Dr. Siordia and Dr. Bertke. Federal agencies partipating included the CDC, BLS, NIH, CENSUS, CPSC, FEMA, and the OSHA. All team members contributed and are listed by including their host federal agency and center/institute/office(CIO):

• Carlos Siordia PhD (CDC-NIOSH)
• Steve Bertke PhD (NIOSH-NIOSH)
• Audrey Reichard MPH (CDC-NIOSH)
• Syd Webb PhD (CDC-NIOSH)
• Alexander Measure MS (BLS-OSHS)
• Dan Russ PhD (NIH-CIT)
• Stacey Marovich MHI (CDC-NIOSH)
• Kelly Vanoli MS (CDC-NIOSH)
• Mick Ballesteros PhD (CDC-NCIPC)
• Jeff Purdin MS (CDC-NIOSH)
• Melissa Friesen PhD (NIH-NCI)
• Machell Town PhD (CDC-NCCDPHP)
• Lynda Laughlin PhD (CENSUS-SEHSD)
• Tom Schroeder MS (CPSC-DHIDS)
• Jim Heeschen MS (FEMA-USFA-NFDC)
• Miriam Schoenbaum PhD (OSHA-OSA)
• Ari Miniño MPH (CDC-NCHS)

More information on 19 competitors in 9 teams is provided in this announcement and this blog. Competitors had to code unstructured work-related injury narratives to 48 unique OIICS two-digit "event" codes. Competitors has access to a NEISS-Work data files from 2012 through 2016 with 191,835 observations. Results are listed by ranking (including weighted F1 score):

1. (wF1=87.77) Scott Lee PhD in CDC's Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services (CSELS) used an ensemble classifier blending four BERT neural network models.
2. (wF1=87.15) Mohammed Khan MS and Bill Thompson PhD from CDC-NCHHSTP's Division of Viral Hepatitis (DVH) used Recurrent Neural Network with Fastai on Codalab.
3. (wF1=84.47) Jasmine Varghese MS, Benjamin Metcalf MA, and Yuan Li PhD from CDC-NCIRD's Division of Bacterial Diseases (DBD) used Regularized Logistic Regression with custom word corpus.
4. (wF1=84.45) Keming Yuan MS from CDC-NCIPC's Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) used Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network.
5. (wF1=83.32) Naveena Yanamala PhD from CDC-NIOSH's Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD) used Linear Support Vector Model post custom standardizatio.
6. (wF1=82.75) Li Lu MD from CDC's Office of the Chief Operating Officer (OCOO) used an ensemble classifier using Regularized Logistic Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptron, and Linear Support Vector Models.
7. (wF1=81.47) Joan Braithwaite MSPH in CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) used Linear Support Vector Model post lemmatization.
8. (wF1=81.00) Donald Malec PhD from CDC-NCHS' Division of Research and Methodology (DRM) used Support Vector Machine.
9. (wF1=77.45) José Tomás Prieto PhD and Faisal Reza PhD from CDC-CSELS' Division of Scientific Education & Professional Development (DSEPD) used Regularized Logistic Regression—Lasso.

Using an Inter-Agency Agreement (IAA) between NASA's CoECI and NIOSH, TopCoder was contracted and hosted an international competition to develop natural language processing algorithms. International competition had 388 registrands from 26 countries. About 32% of competitors where from the USA and 21% from India. A total of 20 universities where represented in the competition. Competitors used NEISS-Work data from 2012 through 2017, which included a total of 229,820 observations. Competitors had to used unstructured injury narratives to code "two-digit OIICS-event" codes. TopCoder had a total of 961 total unique submissions of algorithms to be scored and ranked. Here are the prize-winners, listed by ranking (including weighted F1 score):

1. (wF1=89.20) Raymond van Venetië from Netherlands used and ensemble classifer with ALBERT and DAN models.
2. (wF1=89.12) 2nd Pavel Blinov from Russia used used an ensemble classifer with BERT, XLNet, and RoBERT models.
3. (wF1=89.09) Zhuoyu Wei from China used an ensemble classifer that included RoBERT models.
4. (wF1=88.99) Zhensheng Wang from USA used an ensemble classifier that included XLNet and BERT models.
5. (wF1=88.93) A Sai Sravan from India used an ensemble classifier that included BERT and RoBERTa models.

Use of these algorithms and associated files does not imply a NASA or CDC endorsement of any one particular product, service or enterprise. U.S. Government logos, including the NASA and CDC logo, cannot be used without express, written permission. These algorithms were designed based on the best available science and should not be modified or altered. Use of these algorithms must be accompanied by the following disclaimer and non-endorsement language:

This natural language processing (NLP) algorithm was originally developed through a NASA-CDC collaboration with the public community of programmer. Neither NASA nor CDC guarantee the accuracy of the NLP algorithm. The U.S. Government does not make any warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, for any non-U.S. Government version of the NLP algorithm . Use by a non-U.S. Government organization or enterprise does not imply a U.S. Government endorsement of any one particular product, service, or enterprise or that this use of the NLP algorithm represents the official views of the U.S. Government.

This repository constitutes a work of the United States Government and is not subject to domestic copyright protection under 17 USC § 105. This repository is in the public domain within the United States, and copyright and related rights in the work worldwide are waived through the CC0 1.0 Universal public domain dedication. All contributions to this repository will be released under the CC0 dedication. By submitting a pull request you are agreeing to comply with this waiver of copyright interest.

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