note

Pypath supports both Python 2.7 and Python 3.5+. In the beginning, pypath has been developed only for Python 2.7. The methods are adjusted to Py3 in arbitrary order, depending on their importance. The vaste majority of the module already has been tested in Py3.

contributions

denes@ebi.ac.uk

documentation

http://pypath.omnipathdb.org/

issues

https://github.com/saezlab/pypath/issues

pypath is a Python package built around igraph to work with molecular network representations e.g. protein, miRNA and drug compound interaction networks.

One instance of the pypath webservice running on the domain http://omnipathdb.org/, serving the OmniPath data with additional PTMs. It serves data in REST style, by HTTP protocol (browser, wget, curl or anything can make requests). This host is accessible only on the EBI internal network. From outside you can use SSH tunnel of course. The webservice currently recognizes 6 types of queries: interactions, ptms, resources, network, about and info.

A request without any parameter, gives some basic numbers about the actual loaded dataset:

http://omnipathdb.org

The about tells the version number:

http://omnipathdb.org/about

The network prints basic statistics about the whole network:

http://omnipathdb.org/network

The resources returns the list of all resources with their size:

http://omnipathdb.org/resources

The info returns a HTML page with comprehensive information about the resources:

http://omnipathdb.org/info

The interactions accepts some parameters and returns interactions in tabular format. This example returns all interactions of EGFR (P00533), with sources and references listed:

http://omnipathdb.org/interactions/P00533/?fields=sources&fields=references

The parameters can be omitted. More UniProts can be given separated by comma, and JSON format is available too (better for import to Python!):

http://omnipathdb.org/interactions/P00533,O15117,Q96FE5?format=json

Another interface is ptms, to list enzymes, substrates and PTMs.

http://omnipathdb.org/ptms/P00533?ptm_type=phosphorylation&fields=sources&fields=references

To list all interactions simply request:

http://omnipathdb.org/interactions

To list all PTMs similarly:

http://omnipathdb.org/ptms

You can download the data from the webservice and load into R. Look here for an example:

https://github.com/saezlab/pypath/tree/master/r_import

In almost any up-to-date Linux distribution the dependencies of pypath are built-in, or provided by the distributors. You only need to install a couple of things in your package manager (cairo, py(2)cairo, igraph, python(2)-igraph, graphviz, pygraphviz), and after install pypath by pip (see below). If any module still missing, you can install them the usual way by pip or your package manager.

python(2)-igraph is a Python interface to use the igraph C library. The C library must be installed. The same goes for cairo, py(2)cairo and graphviz.

pip install git+https://github.com/saezlab/pypath.git

Download the package from /dist, and install with pip:

pip install pypath-x.y.z.tar.gz

Clone the git repo, and run setup.py:

python setup.py sdist

On OS X installation is not straightforward primarily because cairo needs to be compiled from source. We provide 2 scripts here: the mac-install-brew.sh installs everything with HomeBrew, and mac-install-conda.sh installs from Anaconda distribution. With these scripts installation of igraph, cairo and graphviz goes smoothly most of the time, and options are available for omitting the 2 latter. To know more see the description in the script header. There is a third script mac-install-source.sh which compiles everything from source and presumes only Python 2.7 and Xcode installed. We do not recommend this as it is time consuming and troubleshooting requires expertise.

• no module named ... when you try to load a module in Python. Did the installation of the module run without error? Try to run again the specific part from the mac install shell script to see if any error comes up. Is the path where the module has been installed in your $PYTHONPATH? Try echo $PYTHONPATH to see the current paths. Add your local install directories if those are not there, e.g. export PYTHONPATH="/Users/me/local/python2.7/site-packages:$PYTHONPATH". If it works afterwards, don't forget to append these export path statements to your ~/.bash_profile, so these will be set every time you launch a new shell.
• pkgconfig not found. Check if the $PKG_CONFIG_PATH variable is set correctly, and pointing on a directory where pkgconfig really can be found.
• Error while trying to install py(2)cairo by pip. py(2)cairo could not be installed by pip, but only by waf. Please set the $PKG_CONFIG_PATH before. See mac-install-source.sh on how to install with waf.
• Error at pygraphviz build: graphviz/cgraph.h file not found. This is because the directory of graphviz detected wrong by pkgconfig. See mac-install-source.sh how to set include dirs and library dirs by --global-option parameters.
• Can not install bioservices, because installation of jurko-suds fails. Ok, this fails because pip is not able to install the recent version of setuptools, because a very old version present in the system path. The development version of jurko-suds does not require setuptools, so you can install it directly from git as it is done in mac-install-source.sh.
• In Anaconda, pypath can be imported, but the modules and classes are missing. Apparently Anaconda has some built-in stuff called pypath. This has nothing to do with this module. Please be aware that Anaconda installs a completely separated Python distribution, and does not detect modules in the main Python installation. You need to install all modules within Anaconda's directory. mac-install-conda.sh does exactly this. If you still experience issues, please contact us.

Not many people have used pypath on Microsoft computers so far. Please share your experiences and contact us if you encounter any issue. We appreciate your feedback, and it is very important for us to provide better support for Microsoft computers.

The same workflow like you see in mac-install-conda.sh should work for Anaconda on Windows. The only problem you certainly will encounter is that not all the channels have packages for all platforms. If certain channel provides no package for Windows, or for your Python version, you just need to find an other one. For this, do a search:

anaconda search -t conda <package name>

For example, if you search for pycairo, you will find out that vgauther provides it for osx-64, but only for Python 3.4, while richlewis provides also for Python 3.5. And for win-64 platform, there is the channel of KristanAmstrong. Go along all the commands in mac-install-conda.sh, and modify the channel if necessary, until all packages install successfully.

Here the basic principles are the same as everywhere: first try to install all external dependencies, after pip install should work. On Windows certain packages can not be installed by compiled from source by pip, instead the easiest to install them precompiled. These are in our case fisher, lxml, numpy (mkl version), pycairo, igraph, pygraphviz, scipy and statsmodels. The precompiled packages are available here: http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/. We tested the setup with Python 3.4.3 and Python 2.7.11. The former should just work fine, while with the latter we have issues to be resolved.

• "No module fabric available." -- or pysftp missing: this is not important, only certain data download methods rely on these modules, but likely you won't call those at all.
• Progress indicator floods terminal: sorry about that, will be fixed soon.
• Encoding related exceptions in Python2: these might occur at some points in the module, please send the traceback if you encounter one, and we will fix as soon as possible.

Special thanks to Jorge Ferreira for testing pypath on Windows!

Main improvements in the past releases:

• First release of pypath, for initial testing.

0.2.0: -----* Lots of small improvements in almost every module * Networks can be read from local files, remote files, lists or provided by any function * Almost all redistributed data have been removed, every source downloaded from the original provider.

• First version whith partial Python 3 support.

• pyreact module with BioPaxReader and PyReact classes added
• Process description databases, BioPax and PathwayCommons SIF conversion rules are supported
• Format definitions for 6 process description databases included.

• Many classes have been added to the plot module
• All figures and tables in the manuscript can be generated automatically
• This is supported by a new module, analysis, which implements a generic workflow in its Workflow class.

• New, more flexible network reader class
• Full support for multi-species molecular interaction networks (e.g. pathogene-host)
• Better support for not protein only molecular interaction networks (metabolites, drug compounds, RNA)
• ChEMBL webservice interface, interface for PubChem and eventually for DrugBank
• Silent mode: a way to suppress messages and progress bars

The primary aim of pypath is to build up networks from multiple sources on one igraph object. pypath handles ambiguous ID conversion, reads custom edge and node attributes from text files and MySQL.

Submodules perform various features, e.g. graph visualization, working with drug compound data, searching drug targets and compounds in ChEMBL.

The ID conversion module mapping can be used independently. It has the feature to translate secondary UniProt IDs to primaries, and Trembl IDs to SwissProt, using primary Gene Symbols to find the connections. This module automatically loads and stores the necessary conversion tables. Many tables are predefined, such as all the IDs in UniProt mapping service, while users are able to load any table from file or MySQL, using the classes provided in the module input_formats.

pypath includes data and predefined format descriptions for more than 25 high quality, literature curated databases. The inut formats are defined in the data_formats module. For some resources data downloaded on the fly, where it is not possible, data is redistributed with the module. Descriptions and comprehensive information about the resources is available in the descriptions module.

One of the modules called intera provides many classes for representing structures and mechanisms behind protein interactions. These are Residue (optionally mutated), Motif, Ptm, Domain, DomainMotif, DomainDomain and Interface. All these classes have __eq__() methods to test equality between instances, and also __contains__() methods to look up easily if a residue is within a short motif or protein domain, or is the target residue of a PTM.

The module seq contains a simple class for quick lookup any residue or segment in UniProt protein sequences while being aware of isoforms.

For 3 protein expression databases there are functions and modules for downloading and combining the expression data with the network. These are the Human Protein Atlas, the ProteomicsDB and GIANT. The giant and proteomicsdb modules can be used also as stand alone Python clients for these resources.

GSEA and Gene Ontology are two approaches for annotating genes and gene products, and enrichment analysis technics aims to use these annotations to highlight the biological functions a given set of genes is related to. Here the enrich module gives abstract classes to calculate enrichment statistics, while the go and the gsea modules give access to GO and GSEA data, and make it easy to count enrichment statistics for sets of genes.

UniChem submodule provides an interface to effectively query the UniChem service, use connectivity search with custom settings, and translate SMILEs to ChEMBL IDs with ChEMBL web service.

ChEMBL submodule queries directly your own ChEMBL MySQL instance, has the features to search targets and compounds from custom assay types and relationship types, to get activity values, binding domains, and action types. You need to download the ChEMBL MySQL dump, and load into your own server.

MySQL submodule helps to manage MySQL connections and track queries. It is able to run queries parallely to optimize CPU and memory usage on the server, handling queues, and serve the result by server side or client side storage. The chembl and potentially the mapping modules rely on this mysql module.

The most important function in module dataio is a very flexible download manager built around curl. The function dataio.curl() accepts numerous arguments, tries to deal in a smart way with local cache, authentication, redirects, uncompression, character encodings, FTP and HTTP transactions, and many other stuff. Cache can grow to several GBs, and takes place in ./cache by default. Please be aware of this, and use for example symlinks in case of using multiple working directories.

A simple webservice comes with this module: the server module based on twisted.web.server opens a custom port and serves plain text tables over HTTP with REST style querying.