def __init__(self, filename):
# Define gravitational constant as global variable
self.G = const.G.to(u.kpc**3 / u.Msun / u.Gyr**2).value
# Define centers of mass for M31 and M33 by calling CoM function
M31COM = CenterOfMass('C:/Users/Jimmy/400B_Lilly/M31_000.txt', 2)
M33COM = CenterOfMass('C:/Users/Jimmy/400B_Lilly/M33_000.txt', 2)
M31_COMP = M31COM.COM_P(0.1, 2) # delta = 0.1, VolDec = 2
M31_COMV = M31COM.COM_V(M31_COMP[0], M31_COMP[1], M31_COMP[2])
M33_COMP = M33COM.COM_P(0.1, 4) # delta = 0.1, VolDec = 4
M33_COMV = M33COM.COM_V(M33_COMP[0], M33_COMP[1], M33_COMP[2])
# Calculate relative position and velocity of M31 and M33
self.r0 = (M33_COMP - M31_COMP).value
self.v0 = (M33_COMV - M31_COMV).value
# Assign filename to variable
self.filename = filename
# Scale lengths and masses for each component of M31
self.rdisk = 5.0 # in kpc
self.Mdisk = 1e12 * ComponentMass(
'C:/Users/Jimmy/400B_Lilly/M31_000.txt', 2).value # in Msun
self.rbulge = 1.0 # in kpc
self.Mbulge = 1e12 * ComponentMass(
'C:/Users/Jimmy/400B_Lilly/M31_000.txt', 3).value # in Msun
self.rhalo = 61.5 # in kpc
self.Mhalo = 1e12 * ComponentMass(
'C:/Users/Jimmy/400B_Lilly/M31_000.txt', 1).value # in Msun
def __init__(self,outfile):
"""
inputs:
outfile = string containing the filename to write orbit data to
"""
# save output file name for later
self.outfile = outfile
### get the gravitational constant (the value is 4.498502151575286e-06)
self.G = const.G.to(u.kpc**3/u.Msun/u.Gyr**2).value
### get the current pos/vel of M33
M33COM = CenterOfMass('M33_000.txt',2)
# store the position VECTOR of the M33 COM
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 4
M33COMP = M33COM.COM_P(delta,VolDec)
# store the velocity VECTOR of the M33 COM
M33COMV = M33COM.COM_V(*M33COMP)
# these are astropy quantities, we would like to get rid of the units
M33COMP = M33COMP.value
M33COMV = M33COMV.value
### get the current pos/vel of M31
M31COM = CenterOfMass('M31_000.txt',2)
# store the position VECTOR of the M31 COM
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 2
M31COMP = M31COM.COM_P(delta,VolDec)
# store the velocity VECTOR of the M31 COM
M31COMV = M31COM.COM_V(*M31COMP)
# these are astropy quantities, we would like to get rid of the units
M31COMP = M31COMP.value
M31COMV = M31COMV.value
# store the relative position and velocity of M33 w.r.t. M31
self.r0 = M33COMP - M31COMP
self.v0 = M33COMV - M31COMV
### get the mass of each component in M31
# disk
self.rdisk = 5 # kpc
self.Mdisk = ComponentMass('M31_000.txt',2)*1e12 # Msun
# bulge
self.rbulge = 1 # kpc
self.Mbulge = ComponentMass('M31_000.txt',3)*1e12 # Msun
# halo
self.rhalo = 60 # kpc
self.Mhalo = ComponentMass('M31_000.txt',1)*1e12 # Msun
def __init__(self, filename):
""" Initialize the class with the current properties of M33
input: filename, string denoting the name of the file in which the output orbit will be stored """
# get the gravitational constant (the value is 4.498502151575286e-06)
self.G = const.G.to(u.kpc**3 / u.Msun / u.Gyr**2).value
# store the output file name
self.filename = filename
# get the current pos/vel of M33 relative to M31
M33_COM = CenterOfMass("M33_000.txt", 2)
self.r0 = M33_COM.COM_P(
0.1, 4
) # equivalently could have set self.x self.y self.z to each component.
self.v0 = M33_COM.COM_V(self.r0[0], self.r0[1], self.r0[2]).value
self.r0 = self.r0.value
M31_COM = CenterOfMass("M31_000.txt", 2)
M31_r0 = M31_COM.COM_P(0.1, 2)
self.r0 -= M31_r0.value # subtract out the M31 COM Position from the previously defined values
self.v0 -= M31_COM.COM_V(M31_r0[0], M31_r0[1], M31_r0[2]).value
# subtract out the M31 COM velocity from the previously defined values
# get the mass of each component in M31
# disk
self.rdisk = 5.0 # set the scale length
self.Mdisk = ComponentMass("M31_000.txt", 2) * 1e12
# bulge
self.rbulge = 1.0 # set the bulge scale length
self.Mbulge = ComponentMass("M31_000.txt", 3) * 1e12
# Halo
self.rhalo = 61.58 # use the Hernquist scale length (a) computed in HW5
self.Mhalo = ComponentMass("M31_000.txt", 1) * 1e12
### ADD M33 HALO MASS HERE ####
self.M33halo = ComponentMass("M33_000.txt", 1) * 1e12
### ADD M31 CIRCULAR SPEED HERE ###
self.Vc = 230 #km/s
### Fudge factor ##
self.fudge = 0.5
def OrbitCOM(galaxy,start,end,n):
"""function that loops over all the desired snapshots to compute the COM pos and vel as a function of time
inputs:
galaxy the name of the galaxy e.g. "MW"
start initial SnapNumber e.g. 0
end final SnapNumber e.g. 100
n integer indicating the frequency with which the snapshots are read in; n should not be 0
returns: file with COM pos/vel of a galaxy at snapshots over the range (start, end+n, n)
columns t, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz for n snapshots
"""
# compose the filename for output
#fileout = "Orbit_" + galaxy + ".txt"
fileout = 'Orbit_%s.txt'%(galaxy) # filename to store output
# set tolerance and VolDec for calculating COM_P in CenterOfMass
delta, VolDec = 0.1, 2.0
# for M33 that is stripped more, use different values for VolDec
if galaxy is "M33":
delta, VolDec = 0.1, 4.0
# generate the snapshot id sequence and check if the input is eligible
snap_ids = np.arange(start, end+n, n)
if snap_ids.size == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot build a sequence using the input, start = ",
start, "end = ", end, "n = ", n)
# initialize the array for orbital info: t, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz of COM
orbit = np.zeros([snap_ids.size, 7])
# a for loop
for i, snap_id in enumerate(snap_ids): # loop over files
# compose the data filename (be careful about the folder)
filename = "VLowRes/" + galaxy + "_VLowRes/" + galaxy + "_{:03d}".format(snap_id) + ".txt"
# Initialize an instance of CenterOfMass class, using disk particles
COM = CenterOfMass(filename, 2)
# Store the COM pos and vel. Remember that now COM_P required VolDec
COM_pos = COM.COM_P(delta, VolDec)
COM_vel = COM.COM_V(COM_pos[0],COM_pos[1], COM_pos[2])
# store the time, pos, vel in ith element of the orbit array, without units (.value)
# note that you can store
# a[i] = var1, *tuple(array1)
orbit[i] = COM.time.value, *tuple(COM_pos.value), *tuple(COM_vel.value)
# print snap_id to see the progress
print(snap_id)
# write the data to a file
# we do this because we don't want to have to repeat this process
# this code should only have to be called once per galaxy.
np.savetxt(fileout, orbit, fmt = "%11.3f"*7, comments='#',
header="{:>10s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}"\
.format('t', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'vx', 'vy', 'vz'))
def MassEnclosed(self, ptype, R):
# Function that determines the MassEnclosed of particles of a given type
# input: ptype Particle type, 1=Halo, 2=Disk, 3=Bulge
# R An Array of Radii within which to compute the mass enclosed.
# return: an array with the Mass enclosed (units of Msun)
# Determine the COM position using Disk Particles
# Disk Particles afford the best centroiding.
# Create a COM object
Voldec=self.VolDec
Delta=self.delta
COM = CenterOfMass(self.filename,2)
# Store the COM position of the galaxy
# Set Delta = whatever you determined to be a good value in Homework 4.
GalCOMP = COM.COM_P(Delta,Voldec)
# create an array to store indexes of particles of desired Ptype
index = np.where(self.data['type'] == ptype)
# Store positions of particles of given ptype from the COMP.
xG = self.x[index] - GalCOMP[0]
yG = self.y[index] - GalCOMP[1]
zG = self.z[index] - GalCOMP[2]
# Compute the mag. of the 3D radius
rG = np.sqrt(xG**2 + yG**2 + zG**2)
# store mass of particles of a given ptype
mG = self.m[index]
# Array to store enclosed mass as a function of the input radius array
Menc = np.zeros(np.size(R))
# set up a while loop that continues until the end of the input radius array
for i in range(np.size(R)):
# Only want particles within the given radius
indexR = np.where(rG < R[i]*u.kpc)
Menc[i] = np.sum(mG[indexR])*1e10
# return the array of enclosed mass with appropriate units
return Menc*u.Msun
def CumDispersion(self, rArray):
# Takes as input an array of radii
# Returns the cumulative velocity dispersion within the stars enclosed
COM_Object = CenterOfMass(self.filename, 2)
VX_COM, VY_COM, VZ_COM = COM_Object.COM_V(1.0)
X_COM, Y_COM, Z_COM = COM_Object.COM_P(
1.0) # Finds the center of mass coordinates of the galaxy
typeIndex = np.where(self.data['type'] == 3) # Selects bulge particles
radii = self.distance(self.x, X_COM, self.y, Y_COM, self.z, Z_COM)
# Creates an array to hold distances of particles from the COM
dispersions = np.zeros(len(rArray)) # Creates our result array
for index in range(len(rArray)):
# Loops over rArray to find enclosed dispersion
indices = np.where(radii < rArray[index])
dispersions[index] = self.dispersion(self.data[indices], VX_COM,
VY_COM, VZ_COM)
print(rArray[index])
return dispersions
def OrbitCom(galaxy, start, end, n=5):
"""function that loops over all the desired snapshots to compute the COM pos and vel as a function of time.
inputs:
galaxy name ie: "MW", start: first snapshot to be read, end: last snapshot to be read, n: intervals to return the COM
We will compute up to snapshot 800 and we will outpu values in intervals of n=5
returns:
computes the timen and COM position and velocity vectors of a given a galaxy in each snapshot
saves that output into a file.
"""
# compose the filename for output
fileout = "Orbit_" + galaxy + ".txt"
# set tolerance and VolDec for calculating COM_P in CenterOfMass
# for M33 that is stripped more, use different values for VolDec
if (galaxy == 'M33'):
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 4
else:
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 2
# generate the snapshot id sequence
# it is always a good idea to also check if the input is eligible (not required)
snap_ids = np.arange(start, end + 1, step=n)
# initialize the array for orbital info: t, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz of COM
orbit = np.zeros((snap_ids.size, 7))
# a for loop
for i, snap_id in enumerate(snap_ids):
# compose the data filename (be careful about the folder)
# inputs to recontruct the filenumber to the value "000"
ilbl = '000' + str(snap_id)
# remove all but the last 3 digits
ilbl = ilbl[-3:]
filename = "%s_" % (galaxy) + ilbl + '.txt'
# Initialize an instance of CenterOfMass class, using disk particles
COM = CenterOfMass(filename, 2)
# Store the COM pos and vel. Remember that now COM_P required VolDec
COM_P = COM.COM_P(delta, VolDec)
COM_V = COM.COM_V(COM_P[0], COM_P[1], COM_P[2])
# store the time, pos, vel in ith element of the orbit array, without units (.value)
# note that you can store
# a[i] = var1, *tuple(array1)
orbit[i] = COM.time.value / 1000, *tuple(COM_P.value), *tuple(
COM_V.value)
# print snap_id to see the progress
print(snap_id)
# write the data to a file
# we do this because we don't want to have to repeat this process
# this code should only have to be called once per galaxy.
np.savetxt(fileout, orbit, fmt = "%11.3f"*7, comments='#',
header="{:>10s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}"\
.format('t', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'vx', 'vy', 'vz'))
# To do this lab you will need to sftp into nimoy to get the highres data files for this lab:
# MW_000.txt and MW_400.txt
# If you don't have enough space on your computer you can use the low res files.
#
# In[ ]:
# Load in disk particles centered on the MW
# this is from the HighRes data files on nimoy so it might take a bit of time to load
# you can use the low res files if this is taking too long or if you don't have enough space on your computer
COM = CenterOfMass("MW_000.txt", 2)
# In[ ]:
# Compute COM of the MW at the new position using disk particles
COMP = COM.COM_P(0.1, 2)
COMV = COM.COM_V(COMP[0], COMP[1], COMP[2])
# Determine positions of disk particles relative to COM
MW_Disk_x = COM.x - COMP[0].value
MW_Disk_y = COM.y - COMP[1].value
# Also store the disk velocity in the y direction
MW_Disk_vy = COM.vy - COMV[1].value
# In[ ]:
# Plot the disk of the MW with contours.
# MW Disk Density
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))
def OrbitCOM(galaxy, start, end, n):
# Inputs:
# galaxy = name of galaxy (MW, M31, or M33)
# start = number of first snapshot
# end = number of last snapshot
# n = intervals at which to return COM
# Returns:
# COM_P = position of center of mass of galaxy
# COM_V = velocity of center of mass of galaxy
# compose the filename for output
fileout = "C:/Users/Jimmy/400B_Lilly/Homeworks/Homework6/Orbit_{0}.txt".format(
galaxy)
# set tolerance and VolDec for calculating COM_P in CenterOfMass
# for M33 that is stripped more, use different values for VolDec
if galaxy == 'M33':
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 4
else:
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 5
# generate the snapshot id sequence
# it is always a good idea to also check if the input is eligible (not required)
snap_ids = np.arange(start, end, n)
# initialize the array for orbital info: t, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz of COM
orbit = np.zeros([len(snap_ids), 7])
# Loop to calculate COM pos. and vel. at each snapshot
for i, snap_id in enumerate(snap_ids):
# compose the data filename (be careful about the folder)
# Add string of filenumber to value 000
ilbl = '000' + str(snap_id)
# Remove all but last 3 digits of string
ilbl = ilbl[-3:]
# Assign filename based on snapshot and galaxy inputs
filename = 'C:/Users/Jimmy/Downloads/' + '%s/' % (galaxy) + '%s_' % (
galaxy) + ilbl + '.txt'
# Initialize an instance of CenterOfMass class, using disk particles
COM = CenterOfMass(filename, 2)
# Store the COM pos and vel. Remember that now COM_P required VolDec
COM_P = COM.COM_P(delta, VolDec)
COM_V = COM.COM_V(COM_P[0], COM_P[1], COM_P[2])
# store the time, pos, vel in ith element of the orbit array, without units (.value)
# note that you can store: a[i] = var1, *tuple(array1)
orbit[i] = COM.time.value / 1000, *tuple(COM_P.value), *tuple(
COM_V.value)
# print snap_id to see the progress
print('Calculating COM info for ' + str(snap_id))
# write the data to a file
# we do this because we don't want to have to repeat this process
# this code should only have to be called once per galaxy.
"""
def OrbitCOM(galaxy, start, end, n):
"""function that loops over all the desired snapshots to compute the COM pos and vel as a function of time.
inputs:
galaxy = string containing galaxy name
start = first snapshot #
end = last snapshot #
n = length of the intervals (in snapshots)
returns:
an array with columns: time, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz
each row contains calculations for 1 snapshot
"""
# compose the filename for output
fileout = "Orbit_" + galaxy + ".txt"
# set tolerance and VolDec for calculating COM_P in CenterOfMass
# for M33 that is stripped more, use different values for VolDec
if galaxy == 'M33':
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 4
else:
delta = 0.1
VolDec = 2
# generate the snapshot id sequence
# check if the input is eligible
snap_ids = np.arange(start, end, n)
if (len(snap_ids) == 0):
sys.exit("no snapshots included in given range")
# initialize the array for orbital info: t, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz of COM
orbit = np.zeros([len(snap_ids), 7])
# loop over snapshots
for i, snap_id in enumerate(snap_ids):
# compose the data filename
# add a string of the filenumber to the value “000”
ilbl = '000' + str(snap_id)
# remove all but the last 3 digits
ilbl = ilbl[-3:]
filename = "VLowRes/" + "%s_" % (galaxy) + ilbl + '.txt'
# Initialize an instance of CenterOfMass class, using disk particles
COM = CenterOfMass(filename, 2) # 2 for disk particles
# Store the COM pos and vel. Remember that now COM_P required VolDec
COMP = COM.COM_P(delta, VolDec)
COMV = COM.COM_V(*COMP)
# store the time, pos, vel in ith element of the orbit array, without units (.value)
# note that you can store
# a[i] = var1, *tuple(array1)
t = COM.time.value / 1000 # units Gyr
COMP = COMP.value
COMV = COMV.value
orbit[i] = t, *tuple(COMP), *tuple(COMV)
# print snap_id to see the progress
print(snap_id)
# write the data to a file
# we do this because we don't want to have to repeat this process
# this code should only have to be called once per galaxy.
np.savetxt(fileout, orbit, fmt = "%11.3f"*7, comments='#',
header="{:>10s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}{:>11s}"\
.format('t', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'vx', 'vy', 'vz'))