def inplace_pow(self, exponent, modulus=None):

        if modulus is None:
            if exponent < 0:
                raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")

            # Normal exponentiation
            if exponent > 256:
                raise ValueError("Exponent is too big")
            _gmp.mpz_pow_ui(
                self._mpz_p,
                self._mpz_p,  # Base
                c_ulong(int(exponent)))
        else:
            # Modular exponentiation
            if not isinstance(modulus, IntegerGMP):
                modulus = IntegerGMP(modulus)
            if not modulus:
                raise ZeroDivisionError("Division by zero")
            if modulus.is_negative():
                raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")
            if is_native_int(exponent):
                if exponent < 0:
                    raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")
                if exponent < 65536:
                    _gmp.mpz_powm_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p,
                                     c_ulong(exponent), modulus._mpz_p)
                    return self
                exponent = IntegerGMP(exponent)
            elif exponent.is_negative():
                raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")
            _gmp.mpz_powm(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, exponent._mpz_p,
                          modulus._mpz_p)
        return self
    def inplace_pow(self, exponent, modulus=None):

        if modulus is None:
            if exponent < 0:
                raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")

            # Normal exponentiation
            if exponent > 256:
                raise ValueError("Exponent is too big")
            _gmp.mpz_pow_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(exponent)))  # Base
        else:
            # Modular exponentiation
            if not isinstance(modulus, Integer):
                modulus = Integer(modulus)
            if not modulus:
                raise ZeroDivisionError("Division by zero")
            if modulus.is_negative():
                raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")
            if isinstance(exponent, (int, long)):
                if exponent < 0:
                    raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")
                if exponent < 65536:
                    _gmp.mpz_powm_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(exponent), modulus._mpz_p)
                    return self
                exponent = Integer(exponent)
            elif exponent.is_negative():
                raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")
            _gmp.mpz_powm(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, exponent._mpz_p, modulus._mpz_p)
        return self
Beispiel #3
0
 def __isub__(self, term):
     if is_native_int(term):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_sub_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_add_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
             return self
         term = IntegerGMP(term)
     _gmp.mpz_sub(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
     return self
 def __isub__(self, term):
     if isinstance(term, (int, long)):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_sub_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_add_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
             return self
         term = Integer(term)
     _gmp.mpz_sub(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
     return self
Beispiel #5
0
 def __isub__(self, term):
     if isinstance(term, int):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_sub_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_add_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
             return self
         term = Integer(term)
     _gmp.mpz_sub(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
     return self
Beispiel #6
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 def __imul__(self, term):
     if isinstance(term, int):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
             _gmp.mpz_neg(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)
             return self
         term = Integer(term)
     _gmp.mpz_mul(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
     return self
Beispiel #7
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 def __imul__(self, term):
     if is_native_int(term):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
             _gmp.mpz_neg(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)
             return self
         term = IntegerGMP(term)
     _gmp.mpz_mul(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
     return self
    def multiply_accumulate(self, a, b):
        """Increment the number by the product of a and b."""

        if not isinstance(a, Integer):
            a = Integer(a)
        if isinstance(b, (int, long)):
            if 0 < b < 65536:
                _gmp.mpz_addmul_ui(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, c_ulong(b))
                return self
            if -65535 < b < 0:
                _gmp.mpz_submul_ui(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, c_ulong(-b))
                return self
            b = Integer(b)
        _gmp.mpz_addmul(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, b._mpz_p)
        return self
Beispiel #9
0
    def multiply_accumulate(self, a, b):
        """Increment the number by the product of a and b."""

        if not isinstance(a, IntegerGMP):
            a = IntegerGMP(a)
        if is_native_int(b):
            if 0 < b < 65536:
                _gmp.mpz_addmul_ui(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, c_ulong(b))
                return self
            if -65535 < b < 0:
                _gmp.mpz_submul_ui(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, c_ulong(-b))
                return self
            b = IntegerGMP(b)
        _gmp.mpz_addmul(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, b._mpz_p)
        return self
Beispiel #10
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 def __ilshift__(self, pos):
     if not 0 <= pos < 65536:
         raise ValueError("Incorrect shift count")
     _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(self._mpz_p,
                       self._mpz_p,
                       c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return self
Beispiel #11
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    def get_bit(self, n):
        """Return True if the n-th bit is set to 1.
        Bit 0 is the least significant."""

        if not 0 <= n < 65536:
            raise ValueError("Incorrect bit position")
        return bool(_gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(n))))
Beispiel #12
0
 def __ilshift__(self, pos):
     if not 0 <= pos < 65536:
         raise ValueError("Incorrect shift count")
     _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(self._mpz_p,
                       self._mpz_p,
                       c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return self
    def get_bit(self, n):
        """Return True if the n-th bit is set to 1.
        Bit 0 is the least significant."""

        if not 0 <= n < 65536:
            raise ValueError("Incorrect bit position")
        return bool(_gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(n))))
Beispiel #14
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 def __lshift__(self, pos):
     result = Integer(0)
     if not 0 <= pos < 65536:
         raise ValueError("Incorrect shift count")
     _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(result._mpz_p,
                       self._mpz_p,
                       c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return result
 def __isub__(self, term):
     if is_native_int(term):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_sub_ui(self._mpz_p,
                             self._mpz_p,
                             c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_add_ui(self._mpz_p,
                             self._mpz_p,
                             c_ulong(-term))
             return self
         term = IntegerGMP(term)
     _gmp.mpz_sub(self._mpz_p,
                  self._mpz_p,
                  term._mpz_p)
     return self
Beispiel #16
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    def seek(self, position):
        """Seek to a certain position in the key stream.

        :param integer position:
            The absolute position within the key stream, in bytes.
        """

        offset = position & 0x3f
        position >>= 6
        block_low = position & 0xFFFFFFFF
        block_high = position >> 32

        result = _raw_chacha20_lib.chacha20_seek(self._state.get(),
                                                 c_ulong(block_high),
                                                 c_ulong(block_low), offset)
        if result:
            raise ValueError("Error %d while seeking with ChaCha20" % result)
Beispiel #17
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 def __lshift__(self, pos):
     result = Integer(0)
     if not 0 <= pos < 65536:
         raise ValueError("Incorrect shift count")
     _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(result._mpz_p,
                       self._mpz_p,
                       c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return result
Beispiel #18
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    def seek(self, position):
        """Seek to a certain position in the key stream.

        Args:
          position (integer):
            The absolute position within the key stream, in bytes.
        """

        position, offset = divmod(position, 64)
        block_low = position & 0xFFFFFFFF
        block_high = position >> 32

        result = _raw_chacha20_lib.chacha20_seek(self._state.get(),
                                                 c_ulong(block_high),
                                                 c_ulong(block_low), offset)
        if result:
            raise ValueError("Error %d while seeking with %s" %
                             (result, self._name))
 def __imul__(self, term):
     if is_native_int(term):
         if 0 <= term < 65536:
             _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p,
                             self._mpz_p,
                             c_ulong(term))
             return self
         if -65535 < term < 0:
             _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p,
                             self._mpz_p,
                             c_ulong(-term))
             _gmp.mpz_neg(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)
             return self
         term = IntegerGMP(term)
     _gmp.mpz_mul(self._mpz_p,
                  self._mpz_p,
                  term._mpz_p)
     return self
Beispiel #20
0
 def __irshift__(self, pos):
     if pos < 0:
         raise ValueError("negative shift count")
     if pos > 65536:
         if self < 0:
             return -1
         else:
             return 0
     _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return self
Beispiel #21
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    def seek(self, position):
        """Seek to a certain position in the key stream.

        :param integer position:
            The absolute position within the key stream, in bytes.
        """

        position, offset = divmod(position, 64)
        block_low = position & 0xFFFFFFFF
        block_high = position >> 32

        result = _raw_chacha20_lib.chacha20_seek(
                                                 self._state.get(),
                                                 c_ulong(block_high),
                                                 c_ulong(block_low),
                                                 offset
                                                 )
        if result:
            raise ValueError("Error %d while seeking with ChaCha20" % result)
Beispiel #22
0
 def __rshift__(self, pos):
     result = IntegerGMP(0)
     if pos < 0:
         raise ValueError("negative shift count")
     if pos > 65536:
         if self < 0:
             return -1
         else:
             return 0
     _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return result
    def fail_if_divisible_by(self, small_prime):
        """Raise an exception if the small prime is a divisor."""

        if isinstance(small_prime, (int, long)):
            if 0 < small_prime < 65536:
                if _gmp.mpz_divisible_ui_p(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(small_prime)):
                    raise ValueError("The value is composite")
                return
            small_prime = Integer(small_prime)
        if _gmp.mpz_divisible_p(self._mpz_p, small_prime._mpz_p):
            raise ValueError("The value is composite")
Beispiel #24
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    def get_bit(self, n):
        """Return True if the n-th bit is set to 1.
        Bit 0 is the least significant."""

        if self < 0:
            raise ValueError("no bit representation for negative values")
        if n < 0:
            raise ValueError("negative bit count")
        if n > 65536:
            return 0
        return bool(_gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(n))))
Beispiel #25
0
    def fail_if_divisible_by(self, small_prime):
        """Raise an exception if the small prime is a divisor."""

        if is_native_int(small_prime):
            if 0 < small_prime < 65536:
                if _gmp.mpz_divisible_ui_p(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(small_prime)):
                    raise ValueError("The value is composite")
                return
            small_prime = IntegerGMP(small_prime)
        if _gmp.mpz_divisible_p(self._mpz_p, small_prime._mpz_p):
            raise ValueError("The value is composite")
    def gcd(self, term):
        """Compute the greatest common denominator between this
        number and another term."""

        result = Integer(0)
        if isinstance(term, (int, long)):
            if 0 < term < 65535:
                _gmp.mpz_gcd_ui(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
                return result
            term = Integer(term)
        _gmp.mpz_gcd(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result
Beispiel #27
0
    def get_bit(self, n):
        """Return True if the n-th bit is set to 1.
        Bit 0 is the least significant."""

        if self < 0:
            raise ValueError("no bit representation for negative values")
        if n < 0:
            raise ValueError("negative bit count")
        if n > 65536:
            return 0
        return bool(_gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p,
                                    c_ulong(int(n))))
    def seek(self, position):
        """Seek at a certain position in the key stream.

        :Parameters:
          position : integer
            The absolute position within the key stream, in bytes.
        """

        offset = position & 0x3f
        position >>= 6
        block_low = position & 0xFFFFFFFF
        block_high = position >> 32

        result = _raw_chacha20_lib.chacha20_seek(
                                                 self._state.get(),
                                                 c_ulong(block_high),
                                                 c_ulong(block_low),
                                                 offset
                                                 )
        if result:
            raise ValueError("Error %d while seeking with ChaCha20" % result)
Beispiel #29
0
 def __irshift__(self, pos):
     if pos < 0:
         raise ValueError("negative shift count")
     if pos > 65536:
         if self < 0:
             return -1
         else:
             return 0
     _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(self._mpz_p,
                          self._mpz_p,
                          c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return self
Beispiel #30
0
    def gcd(self, term):
        """Compute the greatest common denominator between this
        number and another term."""

        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if is_native_int(term):
            if 0 < term < 65535:
                _gmp.mpz_gcd_ui(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
                return result
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_gcd(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result
Beispiel #31
0
    def __init__(self, value):
        """Initialize the integer to the given value."""

        self._mpz_p = new_mpz()
        self._initialized = False

        if isinstance(value, float):
            raise ValueError("A floating point type is not a natural number")

        if is_native_int(value):
            _gmp.mpz_init(self._mpz_p)
            self._initialized = True
            if value == 0:
                return

            tmp = new_mpz()
            _gmp.mpz_init(tmp)

            try:
                positive = value >= 0
                reduce = abs(value)
                slots = (reduce.bit_length() - 1) // 32 + 1

                while slots > 0:
                    slots = slots - 1
                    _gmp.mpz_set_ui(
                        tmp, c_ulong(0xFFFFFFFF & (reduce >> (slots * 32))))
                    _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(tmp, tmp, c_ulong(slots * 32))
                    _gmp.mpz_add(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, tmp)
            finally:
                _gmp.mpz_clear(tmp)

            if not positive:
                _gmp.mpz_neg(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)

        elif isinstance(value, IntegerGMP):
            _gmp.mpz_init_set(self._mpz_p, value._mpz_p)
            self._initialized = True
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError
 def __rshift__(self, pos):
     result = IntegerGMP(0)
     if pos < 0:
         raise ValueError("negative shift count")
     if pos > 65536:
         if self < 0:
             return -1
         else:
             return 0
     _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(result._mpz_p,
                          self._mpz_p,
                          c_ulong(int(pos)))
     return result
Beispiel #33
0
    def __int__(self):
        tmp = new_mpz()
        _gmp.mpz_init_set(tmp, self._mpz_p)

        try:
            value = 0
            slot = 0
            while _gmp.mpz_cmp(tmp, self._zero_mpz_p) != 0:
                lsb = _gmp.mpz_get_ui(tmp) & 0xFFFFFFFF
                value |= lsb << (slot * 32)
                _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(tmp, tmp, c_ulong(32))
                slot = slot + 1
        finally:
            _gmp.mpz_clear(tmp)

        if self < 0:
            value = -value
        return int(value)
Beispiel #34
0
class IntegerGMP(IntegerBase):
    """A fast, arbitrary precision integer"""

    _zero_mpz_p = new_mpz()
    _gmp.mpz_init_set_ui(_zero_mpz_p, c_ulong(0))

    def __init__(self, value):
        """Initialize the integer to the given value."""

        self._mpz_p = new_mpz()
        self._initialized = False

        if isinstance(value, float):
            raise ValueError("A floating point type is not a natural number")

        self._initialized = True

        if is_native_int(value):
            _gmp.mpz_init(self._mpz_p)
            result = _gmp.gmp_sscanf(tobytes(str(value)), b"%Zd", self._mpz_p)
            if result != 1:
                raise ValueError("Error converting '%d'" % value)
        elif isinstance(value, IntegerGMP):
            _gmp.mpz_init_set(self._mpz_p, value._mpz_p)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError

    # Conversions
    def __int__(self):
        # buf will contain the integer encoded in decimal plus the trailing
        # zero, and possibly the negative sign.
        # dig10(x) < log10(x) + 1 = log2(x)/log2(10) + 1 < log2(x)/3 + 1
        buf_len = _gmp.mpz_sizeinbase(self._mpz_p, 2) // 3 + 3
        buf = create_string_buffer(buf_len)

        _gmp.gmp_snprintf(buf, c_size_t(buf_len), b"%Zd", self._mpz_p)
        return int(get_c_string(buf))

    def __str__(self):
        return str(int(self))

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Integer(%s)" % str(self)

    # Only Python 2.x
    def __hex__(self):
        return hex(int(self))

    # Only Python 3.x
    def __index__(self):
        return int(self)

    def to_bytes(self, block_size=0):
        """Convert the number into a byte string.

        This method encodes the number in network order and prepends
        as many zero bytes as required. It only works for non-negative
        values.

        :Parameters:
          block_size : integer
            The exact size the output byte string must have.
            If zero, the string has the minimal length.
        :Returns:
          A byte string.
        :Raise ValueError:
          If the value is negative or if ``block_size`` is
          provided and the length of the byte string would exceed it.
        """

        if self < 0:
            raise ValueError("Conversion only valid for non-negative numbers")

        buf_len = (_gmp.mpz_sizeinbase(self._mpz_p, 2) + 7) // 8
        if buf_len > block_size > 0:
            raise ValueError("Number is too big to convert to byte string"
                             "of prescribed length")
        buf = create_string_buffer(buf_len)

        _gmp.mpz_export(
            buf,
            null_pointer,  # Ignore countp
            1,  # Big endian
            c_size_t(1),  # Each word is 1 byte long
            0,  # Endianess within a word - not relevant
            c_size_t(0),  # No nails
            self._mpz_p)

        return b'\x00' * max(0, block_size - buf_len) + get_raw_buffer(buf)

    @staticmethod
    def from_bytes(byte_string):
        """Convert a byte string into a number.

        :Parameters:
          byte_string : byte string
            The input number, encoded in network order.
            It can only be non-negative.
        :Return:
          The ``Integer`` object carrying the same value as the input.
        """
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        _gmp.mpz_import(
            result._mpz_p,
            c_size_t(len(byte_string)),  # Amount of words to read
            1,  # Big endian
            c_size_t(1),  # Each word is 1 byte long
            0,  # Endianess within a word - not relevant
            c_size_t(0),  # No nails
            byte_string)
        return result

    # Relations
    def _apply_and_return(self, func, term):
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        return func(self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)

    def __eq__(self, term):
        if not (isinstance(term, IntegerGMP) or is_native_int(term)):
            return False
        return self._apply_and_return(_gmp.mpz_cmp, term) == 0

    def __ne__(self, term):
        if not (isinstance(term, IntegerGMP) or is_native_int(term)):
            return True
        return self._apply_and_return(_gmp.mpz_cmp, term) != 0

    def __lt__(self, term):
        return self._apply_and_return(_gmp.mpz_cmp, term) < 0

    def __le__(self, term):
        return self._apply_and_return(_gmp.mpz_cmp, term) <= 0

    def __gt__(self, term):
        return self._apply_and_return(_gmp.mpz_cmp, term) > 0

    def __ge__(self, term):
        return self._apply_and_return(_gmp.mpz_cmp, term) >= 0

    def __nonzero__(self):
        return _gmp.mpz_cmp(self._mpz_p, self._zero_mpz_p) != 0

    __bool__ = __nonzero__

    def is_negative(self):
        return _gmp.mpz_cmp(self._mpz_p, self._zero_mpz_p) < 0

    # Arithmetic operations
    def __add__(self, term):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            try:
                term = IntegerGMP(term)
            except NotImplementedError:
                return NotImplemented
        _gmp.mpz_add(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    def __sub__(self, term):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            try:
                term = IntegerGMP(term)
            except NotImplementedError:
                return NotImplemented
        _gmp.mpz_sub(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    def __mul__(self, term):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            try:
                term = IntegerGMP(term)
            except NotImplementedError:
                return NotImplemented
        _gmp.mpz_mul(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    def __floordiv__(self, divisor):
        if not isinstance(divisor, IntegerGMP):
            divisor = IntegerGMP(divisor)
        if _gmp.mpz_cmp(divisor._mpz_p, self._zero_mpz_p) == 0:
            raise ZeroDivisionError("Division by zero")
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        _gmp.mpz_fdiv_q(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, divisor._mpz_p)
        return result

    def __mod__(self, divisor):
        if not isinstance(divisor, IntegerGMP):
            divisor = IntegerGMP(divisor)
        comp = _gmp.mpz_cmp(divisor._mpz_p, self._zero_mpz_p)
        if comp == 0:
            raise ZeroDivisionError("Division by zero")
        if comp < 0:
            raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        _gmp.mpz_mod(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, divisor._mpz_p)
        return result

    def inplace_pow(self, exponent, modulus=None):

        if modulus is None:
            if exponent < 0:
                raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")

            # Normal exponentiation
            if exponent > 256:
                raise ValueError("Exponent is too big")
            _gmp.mpz_pow_ui(
                self._mpz_p,
                self._mpz_p,  # Base
                c_ulong(int(exponent)))
        else:
            # Modular exponentiation
            if not isinstance(modulus, IntegerGMP):
                modulus = IntegerGMP(modulus)
            if not modulus:
                raise ZeroDivisionError("Division by zero")
            if modulus.is_negative():
                raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")
            if is_native_int(exponent):
                if exponent < 0:
                    raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")
                if exponent < 65536:
                    _gmp.mpz_powm_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p,
                                     c_ulong(exponent), modulus._mpz_p)
                    return self
                exponent = IntegerGMP(exponent)
            elif exponent.is_negative():
                raise ValueError("Exponent must not be negative")
            _gmp.mpz_powm(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, exponent._mpz_p,
                          modulus._mpz_p)
        return self

    def __pow__(self, exponent, modulus=None):
        result = IntegerGMP(self)
        return result.inplace_pow(exponent, modulus)

    def __abs__(self):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        _gmp.mpz_abs(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)
        return result

    def sqrt(self, modulus=None):
        """Return the largest Integer that does not
        exceed the square root"""

        if modulus is None:
            if self < 0:
                raise ValueError("Square root of negative value")
            result = IntegerGMP(0)
            _gmp.mpz_sqrt(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)
        else:
            if modulus <= 0:
                raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")
            modulus = int(modulus)
            result = IntegerGMP(
                self._tonelli_shanks(int(self) % modulus, modulus))

        return result

    def __iadd__(self, term):
        if is_native_int(term):
            if 0 <= term < 65536:
                _gmp.mpz_add_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
                return self
            if -65535 < term < 0:
                _gmp.mpz_sub_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
                return self
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_add(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return self

    def __isub__(self, term):
        if is_native_int(term):
            if 0 <= term < 65536:
                _gmp.mpz_sub_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
                return self
            if -65535 < term < 0:
                _gmp.mpz_add_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
                return self
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_sub(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return self

    def __imul__(self, term):
        if is_native_int(term):
            if 0 <= term < 65536:
                _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
                return self
            if -65535 < term < 0:
                _gmp.mpz_mul_ui(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(-term))
                _gmp.mpz_neg(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p)
                return self
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_mul(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return self

    def __imod__(self, divisor):
        if not isinstance(divisor, IntegerGMP):
            divisor = IntegerGMP(divisor)
        comp = _gmp.mpz_cmp(divisor._mpz_p, divisor._zero_mpz_p)
        if comp == 0:
            raise ZeroDivisionError("Division by zero")
        if comp < 0:
            raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")
        _gmp.mpz_mod(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, divisor._mpz_p)
        return self

    # Boolean/bit operations
    def __and__(self, term):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_and(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    def __or__(self, term):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_ior(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    def __rshift__(self, pos):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if pos < 0:
            raise ValueError("negative shift count")
        if pos > 65536:
            if self < 0:
                return -1
            else:
                return 0
        _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(pos)))
        return result

    def __irshift__(self, pos):
        if pos < 0:
            raise ValueError("negative shift count")
        if pos > 65536:
            if self < 0:
                return -1
            else:
                return 0
        _gmp.mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(pos)))
        return self

    def __lshift__(self, pos):
        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not 0 <= pos < 65536:
            raise ValueError("Incorrect shift count")
        _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(pos)))
        return result

    def __ilshift__(self, pos):
        if not 0 <= pos < 65536:
            raise ValueError("Incorrect shift count")
        _gmp.mpz_mul_2exp(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(pos)))
        return self

    def get_bit(self, n):
        """Return True if the n-th bit is set to 1.
        Bit 0 is the least significant."""

        if self < 0:
            raise ValueError("no bit representation for negative values")
        if n < 0:
            raise ValueError("negative bit count")
        if n > 65536:
            return 0
        return bool(_gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(int(n))))

    # Extra
    def is_odd(self):
        return _gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p, 0) == 1

    def is_even(self):
        return _gmp.mpz_tstbit(self._mpz_p, 0) == 0

    def size_in_bits(self):
        """Return the minimum number of bits that can encode the number."""

        if self < 0:
            raise ValueError("Conversion only valid for non-negative numbers")
        return _gmp.mpz_sizeinbase(self._mpz_p, 2)

    def size_in_bytes(self):
        """Return the minimum number of bytes that can encode the number."""
        return (self.size_in_bits() - 1) // 8 + 1

    def is_perfect_square(self):
        return _gmp.mpz_perfect_square_p(self._mpz_p) != 0

    def fail_if_divisible_by(self, small_prime):
        """Raise an exception if the small prime is a divisor."""

        if is_native_int(small_prime):
            if 0 < small_prime < 65536:
                if _gmp.mpz_divisible_ui_p(self._mpz_p, c_ulong(small_prime)):
                    raise ValueError("The value is composite")
                return
            small_prime = IntegerGMP(small_prime)
        if _gmp.mpz_divisible_p(self._mpz_p, small_prime._mpz_p):
            raise ValueError("The value is composite")

    def multiply_accumulate(self, a, b):
        """Increment the number by the product of a and b."""

        if not isinstance(a, IntegerGMP):
            a = IntegerGMP(a)
        if is_native_int(b):
            if 0 < b < 65536:
                _gmp.mpz_addmul_ui(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, c_ulong(b))
                return self
            if -65535 < b < 0:
                _gmp.mpz_submul_ui(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, c_ulong(-b))
                return self
            b = IntegerGMP(b)
        _gmp.mpz_addmul(self._mpz_p, a._mpz_p, b._mpz_p)
        return self

    def set(self, source):
        """Set the Integer to have the given value"""

        if not isinstance(source, IntegerGMP):
            source = IntegerGMP(source)
        _gmp.mpz_set(self._mpz_p, source._mpz_p)
        return self

    def inplace_inverse(self, modulus):
        """Compute the inverse of this number in the ring of
        modulo integers.

        Raise an exception if no inverse exists.
        """

        if not isinstance(modulus, IntegerGMP):
            modulus = IntegerGMP(modulus)

        comp = _gmp.mpz_cmp(modulus._mpz_p, self._zero_mpz_p)
        if comp == 0:
            raise ZeroDivisionError("Modulus cannot be zero")
        if comp < 0:
            raise ValueError("Modulus must be positive")

        result = _gmp.mpz_invert(self._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, modulus._mpz_p)
        if not result:
            raise ValueError("No inverse value can be computed")
        return self

    def inverse(self, modulus):
        result = IntegerGMP(self)
        result.inplace_inverse(modulus)
        return result

    def gcd(self, term):
        """Compute the greatest common denominator between this
        number and another term."""

        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if is_native_int(term):
            if 0 < term < 65535:
                _gmp.mpz_gcd_ui(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, c_ulong(term))
                return result
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_gcd(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    def lcm(self, term):
        """Compute the least common multiplier between this
        number and another term."""

        result = IntegerGMP(0)
        if not isinstance(term, IntegerGMP):
            term = IntegerGMP(term)
        _gmp.mpz_lcm(result._mpz_p, self._mpz_p, term._mpz_p)
        return result

    @staticmethod
    def jacobi_symbol(a, n):
        """Compute the Jacobi symbol"""

        if not isinstance(a, IntegerGMP):
            a = IntegerGMP(a)
        if not isinstance(n, IntegerGMP):
            n = IntegerGMP(n)
        if n <= 0 or n.is_even():
            raise ValueError("n must be positive even for the Jacobi symbol")
        return _gmp.mpz_jacobi(a._mpz_p, n._mpz_p)

    # Clean-up
    def __del__(self):

        try:
            if self._mpz_p is not None:
                if self._initialized:
                    _gmp.mpz_clear(self._mpz_p)

            self._mpz_p = None
        except AttributeError:
            pass