def _make(self, hp, global_step=None):
ts = NS()
ts.global_step = global_step
ts.x = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.int32, name="x")
ts.seq = self.model.make_training_graph(x=ts.x,
length=self.segment_length)
ts.final_state = ts.seq.final_state
ts.loss = ts.seq.loss
ts.error = ts.seq.error
ts.learning_rate = tf.Variable(hp.initial_learning_rate,
dtype=tf.float32,
trainable=False,
name="learning_rate")
ts.decay_op = tf.assign(ts.learning_rate,
ts.learning_rate * hp.decay_rate)
ts.optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(ts.learning_rate)
ts.params = tf.trainable_variables()
print[param.name for param in ts.params]
ts.gradients = tf.gradients(
ts.loss,
ts.params,
# secret memory-conserving sauce
aggregation_method=tf.AggregationMethod.EXPERIMENTAL_TREE)
loose_params = [
param for param, gradient in util.equizip(ts.params, ts.gradients)
if gradient is None
]
if loose_params:
raise ValueError("loose parameters: %s" %
" ".join(param.name for param in loose_params))
# tensorflow fails miserably to compute gradient for these
for reg_var in tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES):
ts.gradients[ts.params.index(reg_var)] += (
hp.weight_decay *
tf.gradients(tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(reg_var**2)), [reg_var])[0])
ts.clipped_gradients, _ = tf.clip_by_global_norm(
ts.gradients, hp.clip_norm)
ts.training_op = ts.optimizer.apply_gradients(
util.equizip(ts.clipped_gradients, ts.params),
global_step=ts.global_step)
ts.summaries = [
tf.summary.scalar("loss_train", ts.loss),
tf.summary.scalar("error_train", ts.error),
tf.summary.scalar("learning_rate", ts.learning_rate)
]
for parameter, gradient in util.equizip(ts.params, ts.gradients):
ts.summaries.append(
tf.summary.scalar("meanlogabs_%s" % parameter.name,
tfutil.meanlogabs(parameter)))
ts.summaries.append(
tf.summary.scalar("meanlogabsgrad_%s" % parameter.name,
tfutil.meanlogabs(gradient)))
return ts
def _make(self, unused_hp):
ts = NS()
ts.x = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.int32, name="x")
ts.seq = self.model.make_evaluation_graph(x=ts.x)
ts.final_state = ts.seq.final_state
ts.loss = ts.seq.loss
ts.error = ts.seq.error
return ts
def _make_sequence_graph(transition=None,
model_state=None,
x=None,
initial_xelt=None,
context=None,
length=None,
temperature=1.0,
hp=None,
back_prop=False):
"""Construct the graph to process a sequence of categorical integers.
If `x` is given, the graph processes the sequence `x` one element at a time. At step `i`, the
model receives the `i`th element as input, and its output is used to predict the `i + 1`th
element.
The last element is not processed, as there would be no further element available to compare
against and compute loss. To ensure all data is processed during TBPTT, segments `x` fed into
successive computations of the graph should overlap by 1.
If `x` is not given, `initial_xelt` must be given as the first input to the model. Further
elements are constructed from the model's predictions.
Args:
transition: model transition function mapping (xelt, model_state,
context) to (output, new_model_state).
model_state: initial state of the model.
x: Sequence of integer (categorical) inputs. Not needed if sampling.
Axes [time, batch].
initial_xelt: When sampling, x is not given; initial_xelt specifies
the input x[0] to the first timestep.
context: a `Tensor` denoting context, e.g. for conditioning.
length: Optional length of sequence. Inferred from `x` if possible.
temperature: Softmax temperature to use for sampling.
hp: Model hyperparameters.
back_prop: Whether the graph will be backpropagated through.
Returns:
Namespace containing relevant symbolic variables.
"""
with tf.variable_scope("seq") as scope:
# if the caching device is not set explicitly, set it such that the
# variables for the RNN are all cached locally.
if scope.caching_device is None:
scope.set_caching_device(lambda op: op.device)
if length is None:
length = tf.shape(x)[0]
def _make_ta(name, **kwargs):
# infer_shape=False because it is too strict; it considers unknown
# dimensions to be incompatible with anything else. Effectively that
# requires all shapes to be fully defined at graph construction time.
return tf.TensorArray(tensor_array_name=name,
infer_shape=False,
**kwargs)
state = NS(i=tf.constant(0), model=model_state)
state.xhats = _make_ta("xhats",
dtype=tf.int32,
size=length,
clear_after_read=False)
state.xhats = state.xhats.write(0,
initial_xelt if x is None else x[0, :])
state.exhats = _make_ta("exhats",
dtype=tf.float32,
size=length - LEFTOVER)
if x is not None:
state.losses = _make_ta("losses",
dtype=tf.float32,
size=length - LEFTOVER)
state.errors = _make_ta("errors",
dtype=tf.bool,
size=length - LEFTOVER)
state = tfutil.while_loop(
cond=lambda state: state.i < length - LEFTOVER,
body=ft.partial(make_transition_graph,
transition=transition,
x=x,
context=context,
temperature=temperature,
hp=hp),
loop_vars=state,
back_prop=back_prop)
# pack TensorArrays
for key in "exhats xhats losses errors".split():
if key in state:
state[key] = state[key].pack()
ts = NS()
ts.final_state = state
ts.xhat = state.xhats[1:, :]
ts.final_xhatelt = state.xhats[length - 1, :]
if x is not None:
ts.loss = tf.reduce_mean(state.losses)
ts.error = tf.reduce_mean(tf.to_float(state.errors))
ts.final_x = x
# expose the final, unprocessed element of x for convenience
ts.final_xelt = x[length - 1, :]
return ts
def _make_sequence_graph_with_unroll(self,
model_state=None,
x=None,
initial_xelt=None,
context=None,
length=None,
temperature=1.0,
hp=None,
back_prop=False):
"""Create a sequence graph by unrolling upper layers.
This method is similar to `_make_sequence_graph`, except that `length` must be provided. The
resulting graph behaves in the same way as that constructed by `_make_sequence_graph`, except
that the upper layers are outside of the while loop and so the gradient can actually be
truncated between runs of lower layers.
If `x` is given, the graph processes the sequence `x` one element at a time. At step `i`, the
model receives the `i`th element as input, and its output is used to predict the `i + 1`th
element.
The last element is not processed, as there would be no further element available to compare
against and compute loss. To ensure all data is processed during TBPTT, segments `x` fed into
successive computations of the graph should overlap by 1.
If `x` is not given, `initial_xelt` must be given as the first input to the model. Further
elements are constructed from the model's predictions.
Args:
model_state: initial state of the model.
x: Sequence of integer (categorical) inputs. Not needed if sampling.
Axes [time, batch].
initial_xelt: When sampling, x is not given; initial_xelt specifies
the input x[0] to the first timestep.
context: a `Tensor` denoting context, e.g. for conditioning.
Axes [batch, features].
length: Optional length of sequence. Inferred from `x` if possible.
temperature: Softmax temperature to use for sampling.
hp: Model hyperparameters.
back_prop: Whether the graph will be backpropagated through.
Raises:
ValueError: if `length` is not an int.
Returns:
Namespace containing relevant symbolic variables.
"""
if length is None or not isinstance(length, int):
raise ValueError(
"For partial unrolling, length must be known at graph construction time."
)
if model_state is None:
model_state = self.state_placeholders()
state = NS(model=model_state,
inner_initial_xelt=initial_xelt,
xhats=[],
losses=[],
errors=[])
# i suspect ugly gradient biases may occur if gradients are truncated
# somewhere halfway through the cycle. ensure we start at a cycle boundary.
state.model.time = tfutil.assertion(state.model.time,
tf.equal(state.model.time, 0),
[state.model.time],
name="outer_alignment_assertion")
# ensure we end at a cycle boundary too.
assert (length - LEFTOVER) % self.period == 0
inner_period = int(np.prod(hp.periods[:self.outer_indices[0] + 1]))
# hp.boundaries specifies truncation boundaries relative to the end of the sequence and in terms
# of each layer's own steps; translate this to be relative to the beginning of the sequence and
# in terms of sequence elements. note that due to the dynamic unrolling of the inner graph, the
# inner layers necessarily get truncated at the topmost inner layer's boundary.
boundaries = [
length - 1 - hp.boundaries[i] * int(np.prod(hp.periods[:i + 1]))
for i in range(len(hp.periods))
]
assert all(0 <= boundary and boundary < length - LEFTOVER
for boundary in boundaries)
assert boundaries == list(reversed(sorted(boundaries)))
print "length %s periods %s boundaries %s %s inner period %s" % (
length, hp.periods, hp.boundaries, boundaries, inner_period)
outer_step_count = length // inner_period
for outer_time in range(outer_step_count):
if outer_time > 0:
tf.get_variable_scope().reuse_variables()
# update outer layers (wrap in seq scope to be consistent with the fully
# symbolic version of this graph)
with tf.variable_scope("seq"):
# truncate gradient (only effective on outer layers)
for i in range(len(self.cells)):
if outer_time * inner_period <= boundaries[i]:
state.model.cells[i] = list(
map(tf.stop_gradient, state.model.cells[i]))
state.model.cells = Wayback.transition(
outer_time * inner_period,
state.model.cells,
self.cells,
below=None,
above=context,
subset=self.outer_indices,
hp=hp,
symbolic=False)
# run inner layers on subsequence
if x is None:
inner_x = None
else:
start = inner_period * outer_time
stop = inner_period * (outer_time + 1) + LEFTOVER
inner_x = x[start:stop, :]
# grab a copy of the outer states. they will not be updated in the inner
# loop, so we can put back the copy after the inner loop completes.
# this avoids the gradient truncation due to calling `while_loop` with
# `back_prop=False`.
outer_cell_states = NS.Copy(state.model.cells[self.outer_slice])
def _inner_transition(input_, state, context=None):
assert not context
state.cells = Wayback.transition(state.time,
state.cells,
self.cells,
below=input_,
above=None,
subset=self.inner_indices,
hp=hp,
symbolic=True)
state.time += 1
state.time %= self.period
h = self.get_output(state)
return h, state
inner_back_prop = back_prop and outer_time * inner_period >= boundaries[
self.inner_indices[-1]]
inner_ts = _make_sequence_graph(
transition=_inner_transition,
model_state=state.model,
x=inner_x,
initial_xelt=state.inner_initial_xelt,
temperature=temperature,
hp=hp,
back_prop=inner_back_prop)
state.model = inner_ts.final_state.model
state.inner_initial_xelt = inner_ts.final_xelt if x is not None else inner_ts.final_xhatelt
state.final_xhatelt = inner_ts.final_xhatelt
if x is not None:
state.final_x = inner_x
state.final_xelt = inner_ts.final_xelt
# track only losses and errors after the boundary to avoid bypassing the truncation boundary.
if inner_back_prop:
state.losses.append(inner_ts.loss)
state.errors.append(inner_ts.error)
state.xhats.append(inner_ts.xhat)
# restore static outer states
state.model.cells[self.outer_slice] = outer_cell_states
# double check alignment to be safe
state.model.time = tfutil.assertion(
state.model.time,
tf.equal(state.model.time % inner_period, 0),
[state.model.time, tf.shape(inner_x)],
name="inner_alignment_assertion")
ts = NS()
ts.xhat = tf.concat(0, state.xhats)
ts.final_xhatelt = state.final_xhatelt
ts.final_state = state
if x is not None:
ts.final_x = state.final_x
ts.final_xelt = state.final_xelt
# inner means are all on the same sample size, so taking their mean is valid
ts.loss = tf.reduce_mean(state.losses)
ts.error = tf.reduce_mean(state.errors)
return ts