def circuit(state_vector):
qml.templates.MottonenStatePreparation(state_vector, wires=range(n_wires))
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=0))
def circuit():
qml.RY(theta, wires=[0])
qml.RY(phi, wires=[1])
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=1))
def circuit(a, b, c):
qml.RX(a, wires=0)
qml.RY(b, wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.PhaseShift(c, wires=1)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliX(1))
def circuit():
for w in range(4):
qml.PauliX(wires=w)
broadcast(unitary=unitary, pattern=pattern, wires=range(4), parameters=parameters)
return [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=w)) for w in range(4)]
def circuit(x):
qml.RZ(x, wires=[1]).inv()
qml.RZ(x, wires=[1]).inv().inv()
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(1))
def test_differentiable_expand(self, mocker, tol):
"""Test that operation and nested tapes expansion
is differentiable"""
mock = mocker.patch.object(qml.operation.Operation, "do_check_domain",
False)
class U3(qml.U3):
def expand(self):
tape = JacobianTape()
theta, phi, lam = self.data
wires = self.wires
tape._ops += [
qml.Rot(lam, theta, -lam, wires=wires),
qml.PhaseShift(phi + lam, wires=wires),
]
return tape
tape = JacobianTape()
dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=1)
a = np.array(0.1)
p_val = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]
p = torch.tensor(p_val, requires_grad=True)
with tape:
qml.RX(a, wires=0)
U3(p[0], p[1], p[2], wires=0)
qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
tape = TorchInterface.apply(tape.expand())
assert tape.trainable_params == {1, 2, 3, 4}
assert [i.name for i in tape.operations] == ["RX", "Rot", "PhaseShift"]
tape_params = [i.detach().numpy() for i in tape.get_parameters()]
assert np.allclose(
tape_params, [p_val[2], p_val[0], -p_val[2], p_val[1] + p_val[2]],
atol=tol,
rtol=0)
res = tape.execute(device=dev)
expected = np.cos(a) * np.cos(p_val[1]) * np.sin(p_val[0]) + np.sin(
a) * (np.cos(p_val[2]) * np.sin(p_val[1]) +
np.cos(p_val[0]) * np.cos(p_val[1]) * np.sin(p_val[2]))
assert np.allclose(res.detach().numpy(), expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
res.backward()
expected = np.array([
np.cos(p_val[1]) *
(np.cos(a) * np.cos(p_val[0]) -
np.sin(a) * np.sin(p_val[0]) * np.sin(p_val[2])),
np.cos(p_val[1]) * np.cos(p_val[2]) * np.sin(a) -
np.sin(p_val[1]) *
(np.cos(a) * np.sin(p_val[0]) +
np.cos(p_val[0]) * np.sin(a) * np.sin(p_val[2])),
np.sin(a) *
(np.cos(p_val[0]) * np.cos(p_val[1]) * np.cos(p_val[2]) -
np.sin(p_val[1]) * np.sin(p_val[2])),
])
assert np.allclose(p.grad, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def circuit():
qml.Hadamard(wires=[0])
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliX(1))
def circuit(x, y):
qml.RX(x, wires=0)
qml.RY(y, wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.PauliX(1)), qml.expval(
qml.PauliZ(0))
class TestExpval:
"""Tests for the expval function"""
@pytest.fixture(params=[np.complex64, np.complex128])
def dev(self, request):
return qml.device("lightning.qubit", wires=2, c_dtype=request.param)
def test_expval_dtype64(self, dev):
"""Test if expval changes the state dtype"""
dev._state = np.array([1, 0]).astype(dev.C_DTYPE)
e = dev.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
assert dev._state.dtype == dev.C_DTYPE
assert np.allclose(e, 0.0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"cases",
[
[qml.PauliX(0), -0.041892271271228736],
[qml.PauliX(1), 0.0],
[qml.PauliY(0), -0.5516350865364075],
[qml.PauliY(1), 0.0],
[qml.PauliZ(0), 0.8330328980789793],
[qml.PauliZ(1), 1.0],
],
)
def test_expval_qml_tape_wire0(self, cases, tol, dev):
"""Test expval with a circuit on wires=[0]"""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
return qml.expval(cases[0])
assert np.allclose(circuit(), cases[1], atol=tol, rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"cases",
[
[qml.PauliX(0), 0.0],
[qml.PauliX(1), -0.19866933079506122],
[qml.PauliY(0), -0.3894183423086505],
[qml.PauliY(1), 0.0],
[qml.PauliZ(0), 0.9210609940028852],
[qml.PauliZ(1), 0.9800665778412417],
],
)
def test_expval_wire01(self, cases, tol, dev):
"""Test expval with a circuit on wires=[0,1]"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[1])
return qml.expval(cases[0])
assert np.allclose(circuit(), cases[1], atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_value(self, dev, tol):
"""Test that the expval interface works"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(x):
qml.RX(x, wires=0)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliY(0))
x = 0.54
res = circuit(x)
expected = -np.sin(x)
assert np.allclose(res, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_not_an_observable(self, dev):
"""Test that a qml.QuantumFunctionError is raised if the provided
argument is not an observable"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
qml.RX(0.52, wires=0)
return qml.expval(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]))
with pytest.raises(qml.QuantumFunctionError, match="CNOT is not an observable"):
circuit()
def test_observable_return_type_is_expectation(self, dev):
"""Test that the return type of the observable is :attr:`ObservableReturnTypes.Expectation`"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
res = qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
assert res.return_type is Expectation
return res
circuit()
def circuit_3(x, y):
qml.RY(y, wires=[1])
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.PauliX(1))
class TestBatchExecution:
"""Tests for the batch_execute method."""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape1:
qml.PauliX(wires=0)
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=1))
with qml.tape.JacobianTape() as tape2:
qml.PauliX(wires=0)
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=0))
@pytest.mark.parametrize("n_tapes", [1, 2, 3])
def test_calls_to_execute(self, n_tapes, mocker,
mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods):
"""Tests that the device's execute method is called the correct number of times."""
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods(wires=2)
spy = mocker.spy(QubitDevice, "execute")
tapes = [self.tape1] * n_tapes
dev.batch_execute(tapes)
assert spy.call_count == n_tapes
@pytest.mark.parametrize("n_tapes", [1, 2, 3])
def test_calls_to_reset(self, n_tapes, mocker,
mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods):
"""Tests that the device's reset method is called the correct number of times."""
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods(wires=2)
spy = mocker.spy(QubitDevice, "reset")
tapes = [self.tape1] * n_tapes
dev.batch_execute(tapes)
assert spy.call_count == n_tapes
def test_result(self, mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods, tol):
"""Tests that the result has the correct shape and entry types."""
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods(wires=2)
tapes = [self.tape1, self.tape2]
res = dev.batch_execute(tapes)
assert len(res) == 2
assert np.allclose(res[0], dev.execute(self.tape1), rtol=tol, atol=0)
assert np.allclose(res[1], dev.execute(self.tape2), rtol=tol, atol=0)
def test_result_empty_tape(self, mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods,
tol):
"""Tests that the result has the correct shape and entry types for empty tapes."""
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods(wires=2)
empty_tape = qml.tape.QuantumTape()
tapes = [empty_tape] * 3
res = dev.batch_execute(tapes)
assert len(res) == 3
assert np.allclose(res[0], dev.execute(empty_tape), rtol=tol, atol=0)
def circuit_2(x, y):
qml.RX(x, wires=[0])
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.PauliX(1))
class TestOperations:
"""Tests the logic related to operations"""
def test_op_queue_accessed_outside_execution_context(
self, mock_qubit_device):
"""Tests that a call to op_queue outside the execution context raises the correct error"""
with pytest.raises(
ValueError,
match=
"Cannot access the operation queue outside of the execution context!"
):
dev = mock_qubit_device()
dev.op_queue
def test_op_queue_is_filled_during_execution(
self, mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods, monkeypatch):
"""Tests that the op_queue is correctly filled when apply is called and that accessing
op_queue raises no error"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
queue = [
qml.PauliX(wires=0),
qml.PauliY(wires=1),
qml.PauliZ(wires=2)
]
observables = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0)), qml.var(qml.PauliZ(1))]
call_history = []
with monkeypatch.context() as m:
m.setattr(
QubitDevice,
"apply",
lambda self, x, **kwargs: call_history.extend(x + kwargs.get(
"rotations", [])),
)
m.setattr(QubitDevice, "analytic_probability", lambda *args: None)
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods()
dev.execute(tape)
assert call_history == queue
assert len(call_history) == 3
assert isinstance(call_history[0], qml.PauliX)
assert call_history[0].wires == Wires([0])
assert isinstance(call_history[1], qml.PauliY)
assert call_history[1].wires == Wires([1])
assert isinstance(call_history[2], qml.PauliZ)
assert call_history[2].wires == Wires([2])
def test_unsupported_operations_raise_error(
self, mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods):
"""Tests that the operations are properly applied and queued"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
queue = [
qml.PauliX(wires=0),
qml.PauliY(wires=1),
qml.Hadamard(wires=2)
]
observables = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0)), qml.var(qml.PauliZ(1))]
with pytest.raises(DeviceError,
match="Gate Hadamard not supported on device"):
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_and_methods()
dev.execute(tape)
numeric_queues = [
[qml.RX(0.3, wires=[0])],
[
qml.RX(0.3, wires=[0]),
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[1]),
qml.RX(0.5, wires=[2]),
],
]
observables = [[qml.PauliZ(0)], [qml.PauliX(0)], [qml.PauliY(0)]]
@pytest.mark.parametrize("observables", observables)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("queue", numeric_queues)
def test_passing_keyword_arguments_to_execute(
self, mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_rotations_and_methods,
monkeypatch, queue, observables):
"""Tests that passing keyword arguments to execute propagates those kwargs to the apply()
method"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
for op in queue + observables:
op.queue()
call_history = {}
with monkeypatch.context() as m:
m.setattr(QubitDevice, "apply",
lambda self, x, **kwargs: call_history.update(kwargs))
dev = mock_qubit_device_with_paulis_rotations_and_methods()
dev.execute(tape, hash=tape.graph.hash)
len(call_history.items()) == 1
call_history["hash"] = tape.graph.hash
def circuit2(data, weights):
qml.templates.AngleEmbedding(data, wires=[0, 1])
qml.templates.StronglyEntanglingLayers(weights, wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
def qf(x):
qml.RX(x, wires=[0])
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0)), qml.expval(
qml.PauliZ(1)), qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
class TestVar:
"""Tests for the var function"""
@pytest.fixture(params=[np.complex64, np.complex128])
def dev(self, request):
return qml.device("lightning.qubit", wires=2, c_dtype=request.param)
def test_var_dtype64(self, dev):
"""Test if var changes the state dtype"""
dev._state = np.array([1, 0]).astype(np.complex64)
v = dev.var(qml.PauliX(0))
assert dev._state.dtype == np.complex64
assert np.allclose(v, 1.0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"cases",
[
[qml.PauliX(0), 0.9982450376077382],
[qml.PauliX(1), 1.0],
[qml.PauliY(0), 0.6956987716741251],
[qml.PauliY(1), 1.0],
[qml.PauliZ(0), 0.3060561907181374],
[qml.PauliZ(1), -4.440892098500626e-16],
],
)
def test_var_qml_tape_wire0(self, cases, tol, dev):
"""Test var with a circuit on wires=[0]"""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
return qml.var(cases[0])
assert np.allclose(circuit(), cases[1], atol=tol, rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"cases",
[
[qml.PauliX(0), 1.0],
[qml.PauliX(1), 0.9605304970014426],
[qml.PauliY(0), 0.8483533546735826],
[qml.PauliY(1), 1.0],
[qml.PauliZ(0), 0.15164664532641725],
[qml.PauliZ(1), 0.03946950299855745],
],
)
def test_var_qml_tape_wire01(self, cases, tol, dev):
"""Test var with a circuit on wires=[0,1]"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[1])
return qml.var(cases[0])
assert np.allclose(circuit(), cases[1], atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_value(self, dev, tol):
"""Test that the var function works"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(x):
qml.RX(x, wires=0)
return qml.var(qml.PauliZ(0))
x = 0.54
res = circuit(x)
expected = np.sin(x) ** 2
assert np.allclose(res, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_not_an_observable(self, dev):
"""Test that a qml.QuantumFunctionError is raised if the provided
argument is not an observable"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
qml.RX(0.52, wires=0)
return qml.var(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]))
with pytest.raises(qml.QuantumFunctionError, match="CNOT is not an observable"):
res = circuit()
def test_observable_return_type_is_variance(self, dev):
"""Test that the return type of the observable is :attr:`ObservableReturnTypes.Variance`"""
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit():
res = qml.var(qml.PauliZ(0))
assert res.return_type is Variance
return res
circuit()
class TestRepresentationResolver:
"""Test the RepresentationResolver class."""
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"list,element,index,list_after",
[
([1, 2, 3], 2, 1, [1, 2, 3]),
([1, 2, 2, 3], 2, 1, [1, 2, 2, 3]),
([1, 2, 3], 4, 3, [1, 2, 3, 4]),
],
)
def test_index_of_array_or_append(self, list, element, index, list_after):
"""Test the method index_of_array_or_append."""
assert RepresentationResolver.index_of_array_or_append(element,
list) == index
assert list == list_after
@pytest.mark.parametrize("par,expected", [
(3, "3"),
(5.236422, "5.236"),
])
def test_single_parameter_representation(self,
unicode_representation_resolver,
par, expected):
"""Test that single parameters are properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.single_parameter_representation(
par) == expected
def test_single_parameter_representation_variable(
self, unicode_representation_resolver, variable):
"""Test that variables are properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.single_parameter_representation(
variable) == "2"
def test_single_parameter_representation_kwarg_variable(
self, unicode_representation_resolver, kwarg_variable):
"""Test that kwarg variables are properly resolved."""
assert (unicode_representation_resolver.
single_parameter_representation(kwarg_variable) == "1")
@pytest.mark.parametrize("par,expected", [
(3, "3"),
(5.236422, "5.236"),
])
def test_single_parameter_representation_varnames(
self, unicode_representation_resolver_varnames, par, expected):
"""Test that single parameters are properly resolved when show_variable_names is True."""
assert (unicode_representation_resolver_varnames.
single_parameter_representation(par) == expected)
def test_single_parameter_representation_variable_varnames(
self, unicode_representation_resolver_varnames, variable):
"""Test that variables are properly resolved when show_variable_names is True."""
assert (unicode_representation_resolver_varnames.
single_parameter_representation(variable) == "test")
def test_single_parameter_representation_kwarg_variable_varnames(
self, unicode_representation_resolver_varnames, kwarg_variable):
"""Test that kwarg variables are properly resolved when show_variable_names is True."""
assert (
unicode_representation_resolver_varnames.
single_parameter_representation(kwarg_variable) == "kwarg_test")
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op,wire,target",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "C"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[1]), 1, "Y"),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Identity(wires=[1]), 1, "I"),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1]), 1, "H"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1
]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PhaseShift(3.14, wires=[0]), 0, "Rϕ(3.14)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Squeezing(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.Displacement(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "D(1, 2)"),
(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1]), 1, "n"),
(qml.Rotation(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "R(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ThermalState(3, wires=[1]), 1, "Thermal(3)"),
(
qml.GaussianState(
np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]]), wires=[1]),
1,
"Gaussian(M0,M1)",
),
(qml.QuadraticPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "P(3.14)"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.S(wires=[2]), 2, "S"),
(qml.T(wires=[2]), 2, "T"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.RY(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.RZ(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.U1(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U1(3.14)"),
(qml.U2(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U2(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|0⟩"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|1⟩"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|0⟩"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 1, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 2, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=[1]), 1, "U0"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "U0"),
(qml.Kerr(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Kerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 1, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 2, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CubicPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "V(3.14)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 1, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 3, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1,
wires=[1]), 1, "CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1)"),
(qml.CoherentState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "CoherentState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
1,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
2,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14, wires=[1]),
1,
"DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14)",
),
(qml.FockState(7, wires=[1]), 1, "|7⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 1, "|4⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 2, "|5⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 3, "|7⟩"),
(qml.SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "H0"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "H0"),
(qml.X(wires=[1]), 1, "x"),
(qml.P(wires=[1]), 1, "p"),
(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4,5,7╳4,5,7|"),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1]),
2,
"1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1]),
1,
"1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([
[1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 0, 0],
[-1.2, 1.2, -1.5, 0, 0],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3, 0, 0],
[0, 2.6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -4.7, -1.0],
]),
wires=[1],
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀+2.6x₀x₁-p₁²-4.7x₁p₁",
),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
],
)
def test_operator_representation_unicode(self,
unicode_representation_resolver,
op, wire, target):
"""Test that an Operator instance is properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation(
op, wire) == target
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op,wire,target",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "C"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[1]), 1, "Y"),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Identity(wires=[1]), 1, "I"),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1]), 1, "H"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1
]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PhaseShift(3.14, wires=[0]), 0, "Rϕ(3.14)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Squeezing(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.Displacement(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "D(1, 2)"),
(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1]), 1, "n"),
(qml.Rotation(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "R(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ThermalState(3, wires=[1]), 1, "Thermal(3)"),
(
qml.GaussianState(
np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]]), wires=[1]),
1,
"Gaussian(M0,M1)",
),
(qml.QuadraticPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "P(3.14)"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.S(wires=[2]), 2, "S"),
(qml.T(wires=[2]), 2, "T"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.RY(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.RZ(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.U1(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U1(3.14)"),
(qml.U2(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U2(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|0>"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|1>"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|0>"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 1, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 2, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=[1]), 1, "U0"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "U0"),
(qml.Kerr(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Kerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 1, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 2, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CubicPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "V(3.14)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 1, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 3, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1,
wires=[1]), 1, "CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1)"),
(qml.CoherentState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "CoherentState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
1,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
2,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14, wires=[1]),
1,
"DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14)",
),
(qml.FockState(7, wires=[1]), 1, "|7>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 1, "|4>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 2, "|5>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 3, "|7>"),
(qml.SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "H0"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "H0"),
(qml.X(wires=[1]), 1, "x"),
(qml.P(wires=[1]), 1, "p"),
(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4,5,7X4,5,7|"),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1]),
2,
"1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1]),
1,
"1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([
[1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 0, 0],
[-1.2, 1.2, -1.5, 0, 0],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3, 0, 0],
[0, 2.6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -4.7, 0],
]),
wires=[1],
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0+2.6x_0x_1-4.7x_1p_1",
),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
],
)
def test_operator_representation_ascii(self, ascii_representation_resolver,
op, wire, target):
"""Test that an Operator instance is properly resolved."""
assert ascii_representation_resolver.operator_representation(
op, wire) == target
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"obs,wire,target",
[
(qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨X⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨Y⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨Z⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨H⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "⟨H0⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "⟨H0⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨n⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨x⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨p⟩"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7|⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"⟨1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"⟨1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀⟩",
),
(qml.expval(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "⟨cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p⟩"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[X]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Y]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Z]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[H]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[n]"),
(qml.var(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[x]"),
(qml.var(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[p]"),
(
qml.var(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Var[|4,5,7╳4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.var(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Var[1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁]",
),
(
qml.var(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Var[1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀]",
),
(qml.var(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Var[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[X]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Y]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Z]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[H]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 1, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 2, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[n]"),
(qml.sample(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[x]"),
(qml.sample(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[p]"),
(
qml.sample(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Sample[|4,5,7╳4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.sample(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"Sample[1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Sample[1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀]",
),
(qml.sample(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PauliX(wires=[1]) @ qml.PauliY(wires=[2])
@ qml.PauliZ(wires=[3])),
1,
"⟨X ⊗ Y ⊗ Z⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
1,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
2,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
3,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
4,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 ⊗ H0]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
2 * np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 ⊗ H1]",
),
],
)
def test_output_representation_unicode(self,
unicode_representation_resolver,
obs, wire, target):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation(
obs, wire) == target
def test_fallback_output_representation_unicode(
self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
obs = qml.PauliZ(0)
obs.return_type = "TestReturnType"
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation(
obs, 0) == "TestReturnType[Z]"
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"obs,wire,target",
[
(qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "<X>"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "<Y>"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "<Z>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "<H>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "<H0>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "<H0>"),
(qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "<n>"),
(qml.expval(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "<x>"),
(qml.expval(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "<p>"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7|>",
),
(
qml.expval(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"<1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"<1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0>",
),
(qml.expval(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "<cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p>"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[X]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Y]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Z]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[H]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[n]"),
(qml.var(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[x]"),
(qml.var(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[p]"),
(
qml.var(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Var[|4,5,7X4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.var(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Var[1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1]",
),
(
qml.var(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Var[1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0]",
),
(qml.var(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Var[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[X]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Y]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Z]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[H]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 1, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 2, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[n]"),
(qml.sample(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[x]"),
(qml.sample(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[p]"),
(
qml.sample(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Sample[|4,5,7X4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.sample(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"Sample[1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Sample[1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0]",
),
(qml.sample(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PauliX(wires=[1]) @ qml.PauliY(wires=[2])
@ qml.PauliZ(wires=[3])),
1,
"<X @ Y @ Z>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
1,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
2,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
3,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
4,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 @ H0]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
2 * np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 @ H1]",
),
],
)
def test_output_representation_ascii(self, ascii_representation_resolver,
obs, wire, target):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
assert ascii_representation_resolver.output_representation(
obs, wire) == target
def test_element_representation_none(self,
unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation properly handles None."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(None,
0) == ""
def test_element_representation_str(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation properly handles strings."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(
"Test", 0) == "Test"
def test_element_representation_calls_output(
self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation calls output_representation for returned observables."""
unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation = Mock()
obs = qml.sample(qml.PauliX(3))
wire = 3
unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(obs, wire)
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation.call_args[
0] == (obs, wire)
def test_element_representation_calls_operator(
self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation calls operator_representation for all operators that are not returned."""
unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation = Mock()
op = qml.PauliX(3)
wire = 3
unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(op, wire)
assert unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation.call_args[
0] == (op, wire)
class TestTensor:
"""Unit tests for the Tensor class"""
def test_construct(self):
"""Test construction of a tensor product"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.PauliY(2)
T = Tensor(X, Y)
assert T.obs == [X, Y]
T = Tensor(T, Y)
assert T.obs == [X, Y, Y]
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Can only perform tensor products between observables"):
Tensor(T, qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]))
def test_name(self):
"""Test that the names of the observables are
returned as expected"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.PauliY(2)
t = Tensor(X, Y)
assert t.name == [X.name, Y.name]
def test_num_wires(self):
"""Test that the correct number of wires is returned"""
p = np.array([0.5])
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hermitian(p, wires=[1, 2])
t = Tensor(X, Y)
assert t.num_wires == 3
def test_wires(self):
"""Test that the correct nested list of wires is returned"""
p = np.array([0.5])
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hermitian(p, wires=[1, 2])
t = Tensor(X, Y)
assert t.wires == list([0, 1, 2])
def test_params(self):
"""Test that the correct flattened list of parameters is returned"""
p = np.array([0.5])
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hermitian(p, wires=[1, 2])
t = Tensor(X, Y)
assert t.params == [p]
def test_num_params(self):
"""Test that the correct number of parameters is returned"""
p = np.array([0.5])
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hermitian(p, wires=[1, 2])
Z = qml.Hermitian(p, wires=[1, 2])
t = Tensor(X, Y, Z)
assert t.num_params == 2
def test_parameters(self):
"""Test that the correct nested list of parameters is returned"""
p = np.array([0.5])
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hermitian(p, wires=[1, 2])
t = Tensor(X, Y)
assert t.parameters == [[], [p]]
def test_multiply_obs(self):
"""Test that multiplying two observables
produces a tensor"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hadamard(2)
t = X @ Y
assert isinstance(t, Tensor)
assert t.obs == [X, Y]
def test_multiply_obs_tensor(self):
"""Test that multiplying an observable by a tensor
produces a tensor"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hadamard(2)
Z = qml.PauliZ(1)
t = X @ Y
t = Z @ t
assert isinstance(t, Tensor)
assert t.obs == [Z, X, Y]
def test_multiply_tensor_obs(self):
"""Test that multiplying a tensor by an observable
produces a tensor"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.Hadamard(2)
Z = qml.PauliZ(1)
t = X @ Y
t = t @ Z
assert isinstance(t, Tensor)
assert t.obs == [X, Y, Z]
def test_multiply_tensor_tensor(self):
"""Test that multiplying a tensor by a tensor
produces a tensor"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.PauliY(2)
Z = qml.PauliZ(1)
H = qml.Hadamard(3)
t1 = X @ Y
t2 = Z @ H
t = t2 @ t1
assert isinstance(t, Tensor)
assert t.obs == [Z, H, X, Y]
def test_multiply_tensor_in_place(self):
"""Test that multiplying a tensor in-place
produces a tensor"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.PauliY(2)
Z = qml.PauliZ(1)
H = qml.Hadamard(3)
t = X
t @= Y
t @= Z @ H
assert isinstance(t, Tensor)
assert t.obs == [X, Y, Z, H]
def test_operation_multiply_invalid(self):
"""Test that an exception is raised if an observable
is multiplied by an operation"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
Z = qml.PauliZ(0)
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Can only perform tensor products between observables"):
X @ Y
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Can only perform tensor products between observables"):
T = X @ Z
T @ Y
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Can only perform tensor products between observables"):
T = X @ Z
Y @ T
def test_eigvals(self):
"""Test that the correct eigenvalues are returned for the Tensor"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Y = qml.PauliY(2)
t = Tensor(X, Y)
assert np.array_equal(t.eigvals, np.kron([1, -1], [1, -1]))
# test that the eigvals are now cached and not recalculated
assert np.array_equal(t._eigvals_cache, t.eigvals)
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("tear_down_hermitian")
def test_eigvals_hermitian(self, tol):
"""Test that the correct eigenvalues are returned for the Tensor containing an Hermitian observable"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
hamiltonian = np.array([[1,0,0,0], [0,1,0,0], [0,0,0,1], [0,0,1,0]])
Herm = qml.Hermitian(hamiltonian, wires=[1, 2])
t = Tensor(X, Herm)
d = np.kron(np.array([1., -1.]), np.array([-1., 1., 1., 1.]))
t = t.eigvals
assert np.allclose(t, d, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_eigvals_identity(self, tol):
"""Test that the correct eigenvalues are returned for the Tensor containing an Identity"""
X = qml.PauliX(0)
Iden = qml.Identity(1)
t = Tensor(X, Iden)
d = np.kron(np.array([1., -1.]), np.array([1., 1.]))
t = t.eigvals
assert np.allclose(t, d, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_eigvals_identity_and_hermitian(self, tol):
"""Test that the correct eigenvalues are returned for the Tensor containing
multiple types of observables"""
H = np.diag([1, 2, 3, 4])
O = qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.Identity(2) @ qml.Hermitian(H, wires=[4,5])
res = O.eigvals
expected = np.kron(np.array([1., -1.]), np.kron(np.array([1., 1.]), np.arange(1, 5)))
assert np.allclose(res, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_diagonalizing_gates(self, tol):
"""Test that the correct diagonalizing gate set is returned for a Tensor of observables"""
H = np.diag([1, 2, 3, 4])
O = qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.Identity(2) @ qml.PauliY(1) @ qml.Hermitian(H, [5, 6])
res = O.diagonalizing_gates()
# diagonalize the PauliX on wire 0 (H.X.H = Z)
assert isinstance(res[0], qml.Hadamard)
assert res[0].wires == list([0])
# diagonalize the PauliY on wire 1 (U.Y.U^\dagger = Z
# where U = HSZ).
assert isinstance(res[1], qml.PauliZ)
assert res[1].wires == list([1])
assert isinstance(res[2], qml.S)
assert res[2].wires == list([1])
assert isinstance(res[3], qml.Hadamard)
assert res[3].wires == list([1])
# diagonalize the Hermitian observable on wires 5, 6
assert isinstance(res[4], qml.QubitUnitary)
assert res[4].wires == list([5, 6])
O = O @ qml.Hadamard(4)
res = O.diagonalizing_gates()
# diagonalize the Hadamard observable on wire 4
# (RY(-pi/4).H.RY(pi/4) = Z)
assert isinstance(res[-1], qml.RY)
assert res[-1].wires == list([4])
assert np.allclose(res[-1].parameters, -np.pi/4, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_diagonalizing_gates_numerically_diagonalizes(self, tol):
"""Test that the diagonalizing gate set numerically
diagonalizes the tensor observable"""
# create a tensor observable acting on consecutive wires
H = np.diag([1, 2, 3, 4])
O = qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.PauliY(1) @ qml.Hermitian(H, [2, 3])
O_mat = O.matrix
diag_gates = O.diagonalizing_gates()
# group the diagonalizing gates based on what wires they act on
U_list = []
for _, g in itertools.groupby(diag_gates, lambda x: x.wires):
# extract the matrices of each diagonalizing gate
mats = [i.matrix for i in g]
# Need to revert the order in which the matrices are applied such that they adhere to the order
# of matrix multiplication
# E.g. for PauliY: [PauliZ(wires=self.wires), S(wires=self.wires), Hadamard(wires=self.wires)]
# becomes Hadamard @ S @ PauliZ, where @ stands for matrix multiplication
mats = mats[::-1]
if len(mats) > 1:
# multiply all unitaries together before appending
mats = [multi_dot(mats)]
# append diagonalizing unitary for specific wire to U_list
U_list.append(mats[0])
# since the test is assuming consecutive wires for each observable
# in the tensor product, it is sufficient to Kronecker product
# the entire list.
U = functools.reduce(np.kron, U_list)
res = U @ O_mat @ U.conj().T
expected = np.diag(O.eigvals)
# once diagonalized by U, the result should be a diagonal
# matrix of the eigenvalues.
assert np.allclose(res, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_tensor_matrix(self, tol):
"""Test that the tensor product matrix method returns
the correct result"""
H = np.diag([1, 2, 3, 4])
O = qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.PauliY(1) @ qml.Hermitian(H, [2, 3])
res = O.matrix
expected = np.kron(qml.PauliY._matrix(), H)
expected = np.kron(qml.PauliX._matrix(), expected)
assert np.allclose(res, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_multiplication_matrix(self, tol):
"""If using the ``@`` operator on two observables acting on the
same wire, the tensor class should treat this as matrix multiplication."""
O = qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.PauliX(0)
res = O.matrix
expected = qml.PauliX._matrix() @ qml.PauliX._matrix()
assert np.allclose(res, expected, atol=tol, rtol=0)
herm_matrix = np.array([
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1]
])
tensor_obs = [
(
qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.Identity(1) @ qml.PauliZ(2),
[qml.PauliZ(0), qml.PauliZ(2)]
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.PauliX(1) @ qml.Identity(2) @ qml.PauliZ(3) @ qml.PauliZ(4) @ qml.Identity(5),
[qml.PauliX(1), qml.PauliZ(3), qml.PauliZ(4)]
),
# List containing single observable is returned
(
qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.Identity(1),
[qml.PauliZ(0)]
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.PauliX(1) @ qml.Identity(2),
[qml.PauliX(1)]
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.Identity(1),
[qml.Identity(0)]
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.Identity(1) @ qml.Hermitian(herm_matrix, wires=[2,3]),
[qml.Hermitian(herm_matrix, wires=[2,3])]
)
]
@pytest.mark.parametrize("tensor_observable, expected", tensor_obs)
def test_non_identity_obs(self, tensor_observable, expected):
"""Tests that the non_identity_obs property returns a list that contains no Identity instances."""
O = tensor_observable
for idx, obs in enumerate(O.non_identity_obs):
assert type(obs) == type(expected[idx])
assert obs.wires == expected[idx].wires
tensor_obs_pruning = [
(
qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.Identity(1) @ qml.PauliZ(2),
qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.PauliZ(2)
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.PauliX(1) @ qml.Identity(2) @ qml.PauliZ(3) @ qml.PauliZ(4) @ qml.Identity(5),
qml.PauliX(1) @ qml.PauliZ(3) @ qml.PauliZ(4)
),
# Single observable is returned
(
qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.Identity(1),
qml.PauliZ(0)
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.PauliX(1) @ qml.Identity(2),
qml.PauliX(1)
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.Identity(1),
qml.Identity(0)
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.Identity(1),
qml.Identity(0)
),
(
qml.Identity(0) @ qml.Identity(1) @ qml.Hermitian(herm_matrix, wires=[2,3]),
qml.Hermitian(herm_matrix, wires=[2,3])
)
]
@pytest.mark.parametrize("tensor_observable, expected", tensor_obs_pruning)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("statistics", [qml.expval, qml.var, qml.sample])
def test_prune(self, tensor_observable, expected, statistics):
"""Tests that the prune method returns the expected Tensor or single non-Tensor Observable."""
O = statistics(tensor_observable)
O_expected = statistics(expected)
O_pruned = O.prune()
assert type(O_pruned) == type(expected)
assert O_pruned.wires == expected.wires
assert O_pruned.return_type == O_expected.return_type
def circuit(a, p):
qml.RX(a, wires=0)
U3(p[0], p[1], p[2], wires=0)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
def ansatz():
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=1))
def circ(x):
qml.RX(x[0], wires=0)
qml.RY(x[1], wires=1)
qml.CNOT(wires=(0, 1))
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliX(1))
def circuit(dummy1, array, dummy2):
qml.RY(0.5 * array[0, 1], wires=0)
qml.RY(-0.5 * array[1, 1], wires=0)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0)) # returns a scalar
def circuit(x):
qml.RX(x, wires=[0])
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1], do_queue=False)
qml.RY(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.RZ(-0.2, wires=[1], do_queue=False)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0)), qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(1))
def circuit(dummy1, array, dummy2):
qml.RY(0.5 * array[0, 1], wires=0)
qml.RY(-0.5 * array[1, 1], wires=0)
return qml.expval(
qml.PauliX(0)), # note the comma, returns a 1-vector
import pytest
from flaky import flaky
import pennylane as qml
pytestmark = pytest.mark.skip_unsupported
# ==========================================================
# Some useful global variables
# observables for which device support is tested
obs = {
"Identity": qml.Identity(wires=[0]),
"Hadamard": qml.Hadamard(wires=[0]),
"Hermitian": qml.Hermitian(np.eye(2), wires=[0]),
"PauliX": qml.PauliX(wires=[0]),
"PauliY": qml.PauliY(wires=[0]),
"PauliZ": qml.PauliZ(wires=[0]),
"Projector": qml.Projector(np.array([1]), wires=[0]),
}
all_obs = obs.keys()
# single qubit Hermitian observable
A = np.array([[1.02789352, 1.61296440 - 0.3498192j], [1.61296440 + 0.3498192j, 1.23920938 + 0j]])
class TestSupportedObservables:
"""Test that the device can implement all observables that it supports."""
@pytest.mark.parametrize("observable", all_obs)
def circuit(dummy1, array, dummy2):
qml.RY(0.5 * array[0, 1], wires=0)
qml.RY(-0.5 * array[1, 1], wires=0)
qml.RY(array[1, 0], wires=1)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0)), qml.expval(
qml.PauliX(1)) # returns a 2-vector
def circuit(a):
qml.RX(a, wires=0)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
def g(y):
qml.RY(y, wires=0)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
def circuit2(params):
ansatz(params)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
def circuit_2(
params,
generators=None): # generators will be passed as a keyword arg
ansatz(params, generators)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
