def test_exceptions():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
data_dir = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data',
'evolutionary_IM_examples.xlsx')
df = pd.read_excel(data_dir)
time = df.iloc[:, 0].values
# input output is m/s/s
acc = df.iloc[:, 1].values / 100
delta = time[2] - time[1]
sr = 1 / delta
header = {
'delta': delta,
'sampling_rate': sr,
'npts': len(acc),
'units': 'm/s/s',
'channel': 'H1'
}
trace = Trace(data=acc, header=header)
stream = Stream([trace])
try:
StationSummary.from_stream(stream, ['gmrotd50'], ['arias'])
sucess = True
except:
sucess = False
assert sucess == False
try:
StationSummary.from_stream(stream, ['rotd50'], ['arias'])
sucess = True
except:
sucess = False
assert sucess == False
def setStationDictionary(self, imcs=None, imts=None):
"""
Calculate the station summaries and set the dictionary.
Args:
imcs (list): List of intensity measurement components (str). Default
is None. If none imclist from config is used.
imts (list): List of intensity measurement types (str). Default
is None. If None imtlist from config is used.
Notes:
Requires that corrected_streams is set.
Raises:
Exception: If corrected_streams is not set.
"""
# use defaults if imcs or imts are not specified
config = get_config()
if imcs is None:
imcs = config['imclist']
if imts is None:
imts = config['imtlist']
if self.corrected_streams is None:
raise Exception('Processed streams are required to create a '
'StationSummary object and create the dictionary.')
station_dict = OrderedDict()
for station in self.corrected_streams:
stream = self.corrected_streams[station]
station_dict[station] = StationSummary.from_stream(
stream, imcs, imts)
self._station_dict = station_dict
def test_gmrotd():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile_v2 = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
stream_v2 = read_geonet(datafile_v2)
station_summary = StationSummary.from_stream(
stream_v2, ['gmrotd0', 'gmrotd50', 'gmrotd100'], ['pga'])
def test_greater_of_two_horizontals():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile_v2 = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
stream_v2 = read_geonet(datafile_v2)
station_summary = StationSummary.from_stream(
stream_v2, ['greater_of_two_horizontals'], ['pga'])
station_dict = station_summary.pgms['PGA']
greater = station_dict['GREATER_OF_TWO_HORIZONTALS']
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(greater, 99.3173469387755, decimal=1)
def test_arias():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
data_dir = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data',
'evolutionary_IM_examples.xlsx')
df = pd.read_excel(data_dir)
time = df.iloc[:, 0].values
# input output is m/s/s
acc = df.iloc[:, 1].values / 100
target_IA = df.iloc[:, 4].values[0]
delta = time[2] - time[1]
sr = 1 / delta
header = {
'delta': delta,
'sampling_rate': sr,
'npts': len(acc),
'units': 'm/s/s',
'channel': 'H1'
}
trace = Trace(data=acc, header=header)
stream = Stream([trace])
Ia = calculate_arias(stream, ['channels'])['H1']
# the target has only one decimal place and is in cm/s/s
Ia = Ia * 100
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(Ia, target_IA, decimal=1)
# input is cm/s/s output is m/s/s
trace = Trace(data=acc * 100, header=header)
stream = Stream([trace])
station = StationSummary.from_stream(stream, ['channels'], ['arias'])
Ia = station.pgms['ARIAS']['H1']
# the target has only one decimal place and is in cm/s/s
Ia = Ia * 100
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(Ia, target_IA, decimal=1)
# Test other components
data_file = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'cwb', '2-ECU.dat')
stream = read_data(data_file)
station = StationSummary.from_stream(
stream, ['channels', 'gmrotd', 'rotd50', 'greater_of_two_horizontals'],
['arias'])
def test_exceptions():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile_v2 = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
stream_v2 = read_geonet(datafile_v2)
stream1 = stream_v2.select(channel="HN1")
try:
StationSummary.from_stream(stream1, ['gmrotd50'], ['pga'])
sucess = True
except PGMException:
sucess = False
assert sucess == False
for trace in stream_v2:
stream1.append(trace)
try:
StationSummary.from_stream(stream1, ['gmrotd50'], ['pga'])
sucess = True
except PGMException:
sucess = False
assert sucess == False
stream2 = Stream([
stream_v2.select(channel="HN1")[0],
Trace(data=np.asarray([]), header={"channel": "HN2"})
])
try:
StationSummary.from_stream(stream2, ['gmrotd50'], ['pga'])
sucess = True
except PGMException:
sucess = False
assert sucess == False
def test_sa():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile_v2 = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
stream_v2 = read_geonet(datafile_v2)
sa_target = {}
for trace in stream_v2:
vtrace = trace.copy()
vtrace.integrate()
sa_target[vtrace.stats['channel']] = np.abs(vtrace.max())
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
station_summary = StationSummary.from_stream(
stream_v2, ['greater_of_two_horizontals', 'gmrotd50', 'channels'],
['sa1.0', 'saincorrect'])
assert 'SA1.0' in station_summary.pgms
def test_channels():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile_v2 = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
stream_v2 = read_geonet(datafile_v2)
station_summary = StationSummary.from_stream(stream_v2, ['channels'],
['pga'])
station_dict = station_summary.pgms['PGA']
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(station_dict['HN2'],
81.28979591836733,
decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(station_dict['HN1'],
99.3173469387755,
decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(station_dict['HNZ'],
183.89693877551022,
decimal=1)
def test_pga():
homedir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(
__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile_v2 = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
stream_v2 = read_geonet(datafile_v2)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
station_summary = StationSummary.from_stream(stream_v2,
['channels', 'greater_of_two_horizontals', 'gmrotd50',
'gmrotd100', 'gmrotd0'],
['pga', 'sa1.0', 'saincorrect'])
station_dict = station_summary.pgms['PGA']
greater = station_dict['GREATER_OF_TWO_HORIZONTALS']
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(station_dict['HN2'], 81.28979591836733, decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(station_dict['HN1'], 99.3173469387755, decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(station_dict['HNZ'], 183.89693877551022, decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(greater, 99.3173469387755, decimal=1)
def test_rotd():
homedir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
datadir = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'process')
# Create a stream and station summary, convert from m/s^2 to cm/s^2 (GAL)
osc1_data = np.genfromtxt(datadir + '/ALCTENE.UW..sac.acc.final.txt')
osc2_data = np.genfromtxt(datadir + '/ALCTENN.UW..sac.acc.final.txt')
osc1_data = osc1_data.T[1] * 100
osc2_data = osc2_data.T[1] * 100
tr1 = Trace(data=osc1_data,
header={
'channel': 'H1',
'delta': 0.01,
'npts': 10400
})
tr2 = Trace(data=osc2_data,
header={
'channel': 'H2',
'delta': 0.01,
'npts': 10400
})
st = Stream([tr1, tr2])
target_pga50 = 4.12528265306
target_sa1050 = 10.7362857143
target_pgv50 = 6.239364
target_sa0350 = 10.1434159021
target_sa3050 = 1.12614169215
station = StationSummary.from_stream(
st, ['rotd50'], ['pga', 'pgv', 'sa0.3', 'sa1.0', 'sa3.0'])
pgms = station.pgms
np.testing.assert_allclose(pgms['PGA']['ROTD50.0'], target_pga50, atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(pgms['SA1.0']['ROTD50.0'],
target_sa1050,
atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(pgms['PGV']['ROTD50.0'], target_pgv50, atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(pgms['SA0.3']['ROTD50.0'],
target_sa0350,
atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(pgms['SA3.0']['ROTD50.0'],
target_sa3050,
atol=0.1)
def streams_to_dataframe(streams, lat=None, lon=None, imtlist=None):
"""Extract peak ground motions from list of Stream objects.
Note: The PGM columns underneath each channel will be variable
depending on the units of the Stream being passed in (velocity
sensors can only generate PGV) and on the imtlist passed in by
user. Spectral acceleration columns will be formatted as SA(0.3)
for 0.3 second spectral acceleration, for example.
Args:
streams (list): List of Stream objects.
lat (float): Epicentral latitude.
lon (float): Epicentral longitude
imtlist (list): Strings designating desired PGMs to create
in table.
Returns:
DataFrame: Pandas dataframe containing columns:
- STATION Station code.
- NAME Text description of station.
- LOCATION Two character location code.
- SOURCE Long form string containing source network.
- NETWORK Short network code.
- LAT Station latitude
- LON Station longitude
- DISTANCE Epicentral distance (km) (if epicentral lat/lon provided)
- HHE East-west channel (or H1) (multi-index with pgm columns):
- PGA Peak ground acceleration (%g).
- PGV Peak ground velocity (cm/s).
- SA(0.3) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 0.3 seconds (%g).
- SA(1.0) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 1.0 seconds (%g).
- SA(3.0) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 3.0 seconds (%g).
- HHN North-south channel (or H2) (multi-index with pgm columns):
- PGA Peak ground acceleration (%g).
- PGV Peak ground velocity (cm/s).
- SA(0.3) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 0.3 seconds (%g).
- SA(1.0) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 1.0 seconds (%g).
- SA(3.0) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 3.0 seconds (%g).
- HHZ Vertical channel (or HZ) (multi-index with pgm columns):
- PGA Peak ground acceleration (%g).
- PGV Peak ground velocity (cm/s).
- SA(0.3) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 0.3 seconds (%g).
- SA(1.0) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 1.0 seconds (%g).
- SA(3.0) Pseudo-spectral acceleration at 3.0 seconds (%g).
"""
# Validate imtlist, ensure everything is a valid IMT
if imtlist is None:
imtlist = DEFAULT_IMTS
else:
imtlist, invalid = _validate_imtlist(imtlist)
if len(invalid):
fmt = 'IMTs %s are invalid specifications. Skipping.'
warnings.warn(fmt % (str(invalid)), Warning)
# top level columns
columns = ['STATION', 'NAME', 'SOURCE', 'NETID', 'LAT', 'LON']
if lat is not None and lon is not None:
columns.append('DISTANCE')
# Check for common events and group channels
streams = group_channels(streams)
# Determine which channels should be created
channels = []
subchannels = []
for stream in streams:
for trace in stream:
if trace.stats['channel'] not in channels:
channels.append(trace.stats['channel'])
if not len(subchannels):
try:
units = trace.stats.standard['units']
except Exception:
units = trace.stats['units']
if units == 'acc':
subchannels = imtlist
elif units == 'vel':
subchannels = list(set(['pgv']).intersection(set(imtlist)))
else:
raise ValueError('Unknown units %s' % trace['units'])
# Create dictionary to hold columns of basic data
meta_dict = {}
for column in columns:
meta_dict[column] = []
subcolumns = [''] * len(columns)
subcolumns += subchannels * len(channels)
# It's complicated to create a dataframe with a multiindex.
# Create two arrays, one for top level columns, and another for "sub" columns.
newchannels = []
for channel in channels:
newchannels += [channel] * len(subchannels)
columns += newchannels
dfcolumns = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([columns, subcolumns])
dataframe = pd.DataFrame(columns=dfcolumns)
# make sure we set the data types of all of the columns
dtypes = {
'STATION': str,
'NAME': str,
'SOURCE': str,
'NETID': str,
'LAT': np.float64,
'LON': np.float64
}
if lat is not None:
dtypes.update({'DISTANCE': np.float64})
dataframe = dataframe.astype(dtypes)
# create a dictionary for pgm data. Because it is difficult to set columns
# in a multiindex, we're creating dictionaries to create the channel
# columns separately.
channel_dicts = {}
for channel in channels:
channel_dicts[channel] = {}
for subchannel in subchannels:
channel_dicts[channel][subchannel] = []
# loop over streams and extract data
for stream in streams:
for key in meta_dict.keys():
if key == 'NAME':
name_str = stream[0].stats['standard']['station_name']
meta_dict[key].append(name_str)
elif key == 'LAT':
latitude = stream[0].stats['coordinates']['latitude']
meta_dict[key].append(latitude)
elif key == 'LON':
longitude = stream[0].stats['coordinates']['longitude']
meta_dict[key].append(longitude)
elif key == 'STATION':
meta_dict[key].append(stream[0].stats['station'])
elif key == 'SOURCE':
source = stream[0].stats.standard['source']
meta_dict[key].append(source)
elif key == 'NETID':
meta_dict[key].append(stream[0].stats['network'])
else:
pass
if lat is not None:
dist, _, _ = gps2dist_azimuth(lat, lon, latitude, longitude)
meta_dict['DISTANCE'].append(dist / 1000)
# process acceleration and store velocity traces
for idx, trace in enumerate(stream):
channel = trace.stats['channel']
try:
units = trace.stats.standard['units']
except Exception:
units = trace.stats['units']
if units == 'acc':
# do some basic data processing - if this has already been
# done, it shouldn't hurt to repeat it.
#TODO Check if data was processed/use new process routine
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
stream[idx] = filter_detrend(trace,
taper_type='cosine',
taper_percentage=0.05,
filter_type='highpass',
filter_frequency=FILTER_FREQ,
filter_zerophase=True,
filter_corners=CORNERS)
elif trace.stats['units'] == 'vel':
# we only have a velocity channel
pgv = np.abs(trace.max())
channel_dicts[channel]['PGV'].append(pgv)
# get station summary and assign values
station = StationSummary.from_stream(stream, ['channels'], imtlist)
spectral_streams = []
tchannels = [t.stats.channel for t in stream]
for channel in channels:
if channel not in tchannels:
for station_imt in imtlist:
channel_dicts[channel][station_imt].append(np.nan)
else:
for station_imt in imtlist:
imt_value = station.pgms[station_imt.upper()][channel]
channel_dicts[channel][station_imt].append(imt_value)
osc = station.oscillators[station_imt.upper()]
if station_imt.startswith('SA'):
spectral_streams.append(
Stream(osc.select(channel=channel)[0]))
# assign the non-channel specific stuff to dataframe
for key, value in meta_dict.items():
dataframe[key] = value
# for each channel, assign peak values to dataframe
for channel, channel_dict in channel_dicts.items():
subdf = dataframe[channel].copy()
for key, value in channel_dict.items():
subdf[key] = value
dataframe[channel] = subdf
return (dataframe, spectral_streams)
def test_stationsummary():
homedir = os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(__file__)) # where is this script?
datafile = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110259_WTMC_20.V2A')
target_imcs = np.sort(
np.asarray([
'GREATER_OF_TWO_HORIZONTALS', 'HN1', 'HN2', 'HNZ', 'ROTD50.0',
'ROTD100.0'
]))
target_imts = np.sort(np.asarray(['SA1.0', 'PGA', 'PGV']))
stream = read_geonet(datafile)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
stream_summary = StationSummary.from_stream(stream, [
'greater_of_two_horizontals', 'channels', 'rotd50', 'rotd100',
'invalid'
], ['sa1.0', 'PGA', 'pgv', 'invalid'])
original_stream = stream_summary.stream
stream_summary.stream = []
final_stream = stream_summary.stream
assert original_stream == final_stream
original_code = stream_summary.station_code
stream_summary.station_code = ''
final_code = stream_summary.station_code
assert original_code == final_code
original_oscillators = stream_summary.oscillators
final_oscillators = stream_summary.oscillators
assert original_oscillators == final_oscillators
np.testing.assert_array_equal(np.sort(stream_summary.components),
target_imcs)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(np.sort(stream_summary.imts),
target_imts)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(stream_summary.get_pgm('PGA', 'HN1'),
99.3173469387755,
decimal=1)
target_available = np.sort(
np.asarray([
'calculate_greater_of_two_horizontals', 'calculate_channels',
'calculate_gmrotd', 'calculate_rotd'
]))
imcs = stream_summary.available_imcs
np.testing.assert_array_equal(np.sort(imcs), target_available)
target_available = np.sort(
np.asarray([
'calculate_pga', 'calculate_pgv', 'calculate_sa',
'calculate_arias'
]))
imts = stream_summary.available_imts
np.testing.assert_array_equal(np.sort(imts), target_available)
test_pgms = {
'PGV': {
'ROTD100.0': 114.24894584734818,
'ROTD50.0': 81.55436750525355,
'HNZ': 37.47740000000001,
'HN1': 100.81460000000004,
'HN2': 68.4354,
'GREATER_OF_TWO_HORIZONTALS': 100.81460000000004
},
'PGA': {
'ROTD100.0': 100.73875535385548,
'ROTD50.0': 91.40178541935455,
'HNZ': 183.7722361866693,
'HN1': 99.24999872535474,
'HN2': 81.23467239067368,
'GREATER_OF_TWO_HORIZONTALS': 99.24999872535474
},
'SA1.0': {
'ROTD100.0': 146.9023350124098,
'ROTD50.0': 106.03202302692158,
'HNZ': 27.74118995438756,
'HN1': 136.25041187387063,
'HN2': 84.69296738413021,
'GREATER_OF_TWO_HORIZONTALS': 136.25041187387063
}
}
datafile = os.path.join(homedir, '..', 'data', 'geonet',
'20161113_110313_THZ_20.V2A')
invalid_stream = read_geonet(datafile)
station_code = 'WTMC'
pgm_summary = StationSummary.from_pgms(station_code, test_pgms)
# assert pgm_summary.pgms == stream_summary.pgms
adict = pgm_summary.pgms
bdict = stream_summary.pgms
cmp_dicts(adict, bdict)
# oscillators cannot be calculated without a stream
try:
pgm_summary.generate_oscillators(pgm_summary.imts, 0.05)
success = True
except Exception:
success = False
assert success is False
# Invalid stream inputs should be rejected
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
pgm_summary.stream = []
assert pgm_summary.stream is None
pgm_summary.stream = invalid_stream
assert pgm_summary.stream is None
pgm_summary.stream = stream
assert pgm_summary.stream == stream
filepath = os.path.join('/Users/tnye/PROJECTS/Duration/data/events',
event, 'ground_motion', data_type)
if os.path.exists(filepath) == True:
filt_stns = os.path.join(
'/Users/tnye/PROJECTS/Duration/data/events', event,
'select_stations', data_type + '.csv')
# Read data.
stations, station_stats = read_seismic.get_station_data(
event, data_type)
for station in stations:
# Calculate imts.
data = StationSummary.from_stream(station, imcs, imts).pgms
if 'HN1' in data['PGA']:
h1 = 'HN1'
h2 = 'HN2'
elif 'BN1' in data['PGA']:
h1 = 'BN1'
h2 = 'BN2'
sa0_1_hn1.append(data['SA(0.1)'][h1])
sa0_2_hn1.append(data['SA(0.2)'][h1])
sa0_3_hn1.append(data['SA(0.3)'][h1])
sa0_5_hn1.append(data['SA(0.5)'][h1])
sa1_hn1.append(data['SA(1)'][h1])
sa2_hn1.append(data['SA(2)'][h1])
sa3_hn1.append(data['SA(3)'][h1])
sa5_hn1.append(data['SA(5)'][h1])
def test_rotation():
# Create a stream and station summary, convert from m/s^2 to cm/s^2 (GAL)
osc1_data = np.genfromtxt(datadir + '/ALCTENE.UW..sac.acc.final.txt')
osc2_data = np.genfromtxt(datadir + '/ALCTENN.UW..sac.acc.final.txt')
osc1_data = osc1_data.T[1]*100
osc2_data = osc2_data.T[1]*100
tr1 = Trace(data=osc1_data, header={'channel': 'H1', 'delta': 0.01,
'npts': 10400})
tr2 = Trace(data=osc2_data, header={'channel': 'H2', 'delta': 0.01,
'npts': 10400})
st = Stream([tr1, tr2])
imts = ['PGA', 'PGV', 'SA0.3', 'SA1.0', 'SA3.0']
station = StationSummary.from_stream(st, ['channels', 'rotd'], imts)
# Get PGA and spectral accelerations
st_PGA = station.oscillators['PGA']
pgv = station.oscillators['PGV']
st_SA10 = station.oscillators['SA1.0_ROT']
st_SA30 = station.oscillators['SA3.0_ROT']
st_SA03 = station.oscillators['SA0.3_ROT']
rot_st_PGA = rotate(st_PGA[0], st_PGA[1], combine=True)
rot_PGV = rotate(pgv[0], pgv[1], combine=True)
max50_pgv = (get_max(rot_PGV, 'max', percentiles=[50]))[1]
max50_pga = (get_max(rot_st_PGA, 'max', percentiles=[50]))[1]
max50_SA10 = (get_max(st_SA10[0], 'max', percentiles=[50]))[1]
max50_SA03 = (get_max(st_SA03[0], 'max', percentiles=[50]))[1]
max50_SA30 = (get_max(st_SA30[0], 'max', percentiles=[50]))[1]
# Check the calculations
np.testing.assert_allclose(max50_pga, 4.12528265306, atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max50_SA10, 10.7362857143, atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max50_pgv, 6.239364, atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max50_SA03, 10.1434159021, atol=0.1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max50_SA30, 1.12614169215, atol=0.1)
# Test that GM, AM, and MAX work as expected with simple 1D datasets
osc1 = np.asarray([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
osc2 = np.asarray([4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0])
max_gm = get_max(osc1, 'gm', osc2)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max_gm, 4.5826, atol=0.0001)
max_am = get_max(osc1, 'am', osc2)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max_am, 5.0, atol=0.0001)
max_max = get_max(osc1, 'max', osc2)
np.testing.assert_allclose(max_max, 7.0, atol=0.0001)
# Test max for 1 1d Array
osc1 = np.array([0.0, 1.0, 2.0])
max_val = get_max(osc1, 'max')
assert max_val == 2.0
# Test arithmetic mean with 2D input
osc1 = np.array([[0.0, 1.0], [2.0, 3.0]])
osc2 = np.array([[4.0, 5.0], [6.0, 7.0]])
means = get_max(osc1, 'am', osc2)[0]
assert (means[0] == 3.0 and means[1] == 5.0)
# Test greater of two horizontals
maxs = get_max(osc1, 'max', osc2)[0]
assert (maxs[0] == 5.0 and maxs[1] == 7.0)