Beispiel #1
0
 def setUp(self):
     """ The test runner will execute this method prior to each test.
     """
     self.case = Case.load(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name,
                                self.case_name + ".pkl"))
     self.case.sort_generators() # ext2int
     self.opf = OPF(self.case, dc=True)
     self.om = self.opf._construct_opf_model(self.case)
     self.solver = DCOPFSolver(self.om)
Beispiel #2
0
class DCOPFSolverTest(unittest.TestCase):
    """ Defines a test case for the DC OPF solver.
    """

    def __init__(self, methodName='runTest'):
        super(DCOPFSolverTest, self).__init__(methodName)

        self.case_name = "case6ww"
        self.case = None
        self.opf = None
        self.om = None
        self.solver = None


    def setUp(self):
        """ The test runner will execute this method prior to each test.
        """
        self.case = Case.load(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name,
                                   self.case_name + ".pkl"))
        self.case.sort_generators() # ext2int
        self.opf = OPF(self.case, dc=True)
        self.om = self.opf._construct_opf_model(self.case)
        self.solver = DCOPFSolver(self.om)


    def test_constraints(self):
        """ Test equality and inequality constraints.
        """
        AA, ll, uu = self.solver._linear_constraints(self.om)

        mpA = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "A_DC.mtx"))
        mpl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "l_DC.mtx"))
        mpu = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "u_DC.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(AA, mpA.tocsr()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(ll, mpl.flatten()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(uu, mpu.flatten()), self.case_name)


    def test_var_bounds(self):
        """ Test bounds on optimisation variables.
        """
        _, xmin, xmax = self.solver._var_bounds()

#        mpx0 = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "x0_DC.mtx"))
        mpxmin = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "xmin_DC.mtx"))
        mpxmax = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "xmax_DC.mtx"))

#        self.assertTrue(alltrue(x0 == mpx0.flatten()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(xmin, mpxmin.flatten()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(xmax, mpxmax.flatten()), self.case_name)


    def test_initial_point(self):
        """ Test selection of an initial interior point.
        """
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        _, LB, UB = self.solver._var_bounds()
        _, _, _, _, _, ny, _ = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        x0 = self.solver._initial_interior_point(b, g, LB, UB, ny)

        mpx0 = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "x0_DC.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(x0, mpx0.flatten(), 1e-9), self.case_name)


    def test_pwl_costs(self):
        """ Test piecewise linear costs.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        _, ipwl, _, _, _, ny, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, _ = \
            self.solver._pwl_costs(ny, nxyz, ipwl)

        if Npwl is not None:
            mpNpwl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Npwl.mtx"))
            mpHpwl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Hpwl.mtx"))
            mpCpwl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Cpwl.mtx"))
            mpfparm = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf","fparm_pwl.mtx"))

            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Npwl, mpNpwl.tocsr()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Hpwl.todense(), mpHpwl), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq1(Cpwl, mpCpwl.flatten()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq1(fparm_pwl.flatten(), mpfparm.flatten()), msg)


    def test_poly_costs(self):
        """ Test quadratic costs.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        base_mva = self.om.case.base_mva
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        ipol, _, _, _, _, _, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, _, _ = \
            self.solver._quadratic_costs(g, ipol, nxyz, base_mva)

        if Npol is not None:
            mpNpol = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Npol.mtx"))
            mpHpol = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Hpol.mtx"))
            mpCpol = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Cpol.mtx"))
            mpfparm = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf","fparm_pol.mtx"))

            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Npol, mpNpol.tocsr()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Hpol, mpHpol.tocsr()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq1(Cpol, mpCpol.flatten()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(fparm_pol, mpfparm), msg)


    def test_combine_costs(self):
        """ Test combination of pwl and poly costs.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        base_mva = self.om.case.base_mva
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        ipol, ipwl, _, _, nw, ny, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl = self.solver._pwl_costs(ny, nxyz,
                                                                      ipwl)
        Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, _, npol = \
            self.solver._quadratic_costs(g, ipol, nxyz, base_mva)
        NN, HHw, CCw, ffparm = \
            self.solver._combine_costs(Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl,
                                       Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, npol, nw)

        mpNN = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "NN.mtx"))
        mpHHw = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "HHw.mtx"))
        mpCCw = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "CCw.mtx"))
        mpffparm = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "ffparm.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(NN, mpNN.tocsr()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(HHw, mpHHw.tocsr()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(CCw, mpCCw.flatten()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(ffparm, mpffparm), msg)


    def test_coefficient_transformation(self):
        """ Test transformation of quadratic coefficients for w into
            coefficients for X.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        base_mva = self.om.case.base_mva
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        ipol, ipwl, _, _, nw, ny, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl = \
            self.solver._pwl_costs(ny, nxyz, ipwl)
        Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, polycf, npol = \
            self.solver._quadratic_costs(g, ipol, nxyz, base_mva)
        NN, HHw, CCw, ffparm = \
            self.solver._combine_costs(Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl,
                                       Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, npol, nw)
        HH, CC, _ = \
            self.solver._transform_coefficients(NN, HHw, CCw, ffparm, polycf,
                                                any_pwl, npol, nw)

        mpHH = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "HH.mtx"))
        mpCC = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "CC.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(HH, mpHH.tocsr()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(CC, mpCC.flatten()), msg)


    def test_solution(self):
        """ Test DC OPF solution.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        solution = self.solver.solve()
        lmbda = solution["lmbda"]

        mpf = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "f_DC.mtx"))
        mpx = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "x_DC.mtx"))
        mpmu_l = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "mu_l_DC.mtx"))
        mpmu_u = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "mu_u_DC.mtx"))
        mpmuLB = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "muLB_DC.mtx"))
        mpmuUB = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "muUB_DC.mtx"))

        diff = 1e-09

        self.assertAlmostEqual(solution["f"], mpf[0], places=6)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(solution["x"], mpx.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["mu_l"], mpmu_l.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["mu_u"], mpmu_u.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["lower"], mpmuLB.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["upper"], mpmuUB.flatten(), diff), msg)


    def test_integrate_solution(self):
        """ Test integration of DC OPF solution.
        """
        self.solver.solve()

        bus = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Bus_DC.mtx"))
        gen = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Gen_DC.mtx"))
        branch = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Branch_DC.mtx"))

        pl = 2

        # bus_i type Pd Qd Gs Bs area Vm Va baseKV zone Vmax Vmin lam_P lam_Q mu_Vmax mu_Vmin
        for i, bs in enumerate(self.case.buses):
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.v_magnitude, bus[i, 7], pl) # Vm
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.v_angle, bus[i, 8], pl) # Va
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.p_lmbda, bus[i, 13], pl) # lam_P
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.q_lmbda, bus[i, 14], pl) # lam_Q
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.mu_vmax, bus[i, 15], pl) # mu_Vmax
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.mu_vmin, bus[i, 16], pl) # mu_Vmin

        # bus Pg Qg Qmax Qmin Vg mBase status Pmax Pmin Pc1 Pc2 Qc1min Qc1max
        # Qc2min Qc2max ramp_agc ramp_10 ramp_30 ramp_q apf mu_Pmax mu_Pmin
        # mu_Qmax mu_Qmin
        for i, gn in enumerate(self.case.generators):
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.p, gen[i, 1], pl) # Pg
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.q, gen[i, 2], pl) # Qg
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.v_magnitude, gen[i, 5], pl) # Vg
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_pmax, gen[i, 21], pl) # mu_Pmax
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_pmin, gen[i, 22], pl) # mu_Pmin
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_qmax, gen[i, 23], pl) # mu_Qmax
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_qmin, gen[i, 24], pl) # mu_Qmin

        # fbus tbus r x b rateA rateB rateC ratio angle status angmin angmax
        # Pf Qf Pt Qt mu_Sf mu_St mu_angmin mu_angmax
        for i, ln in enumerate(self.case.branches):
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.p_from, branch[i, 13], pl) # Pf
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.q_from, branch[i, 14], pl) # Qf
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.p_to, branch[i, 15], pl) # Pt
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.q_to, branch[i, 16], pl) # Qt
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.mu_s_from, branch[i, 17], pl) # mu_Sf
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.mu_s_to, branch[i, 18], pl) # mu_St
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.mu_angmin, branch[i, 19], pl) # mu_angmin
            self.assertAlmostEqual(ln.mu_angmax, branch[i, 20], pl) # mu_angmax
Beispiel #3
0
class DCOPFSolverTest(unittest.TestCase):
    """ Defines a test case for the DC OPF solver.
    """

    def __init__(self, methodName='runTest'):
        super(DCOPFSolverTest, self).__init__(methodName)

        self.case_name = "case6ww"
        self.case = None
        self.opf = None
        self.om = None
        self.solver = None


    def setUp(self):
        """ The test runner will execute this method prior to each test.
        """
        self.case = Case.load(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name,
                                   self.case_name + ".pkl"))
        self.case.sort_generators() # ext2int
        self.opf = OPF(self.case, dc=True)
        self.om = self.opf._construct_opf_model(self.case)
        self.solver = DCOPFSolver(self.om)


    def test_constraints(self):
        """ Test equality and inequality constraints.
        """
        AA, ll, uu = self.solver._linear_constraints(self.om)

        mpA = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "A_DC.mtx"))
        mpl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "l_DC.mtx"))
        mpu = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "u_DC.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(AA, mpA.tocsr()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(ll, mpl.flatten()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(uu, mpu.flatten()), self.case_name)


    def test_var_bounds(self):
        """ Test bounds on optimisation variables.
        """
        _, xmin, xmax = self.solver._var_bounds()

#        mpx0 = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "x0_DC.mtx"))
        mpxmin = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "xmin_DC.mtx"))
        mpxmax = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "xmax_DC.mtx"))

#        self.assertTrue(alltrue(x0 == mpx0.flatten()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(xmin, mpxmin.flatten()), self.case_name)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(xmax, mpxmax.flatten()), self.case_name)


    def test_initial_point(self):
        """ Test selection of an initial interior point.
        """
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        _, LB, UB = self.solver._var_bounds()
        _, _, _, _, _, ny, _ = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        x0 = self.solver._initial_interior_point(b, g, LB, UB, ny)

        mpx0 = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "x0_DC.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(x0, mpx0.flatten(), 1e-9), self.case_name)


    def test_pwl_costs(self):
        """ Test piecewise linear costs.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        _, ipwl, _, _, _, ny, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, _ = \
            self.solver._pwl_costs(ny, nxyz, ipwl)

        if Npwl is not None:
            mpNpwl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Npwl.mtx"))
            mpHpwl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Hpwl.mtx"))
            mpCpwl = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Cpwl.mtx"))
            mpfparm = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf","fparm_pwl.mtx"))

            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Npwl, mpNpwl.tocsr()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Hpwl.todense(), mpHpwl), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq1(Cpwl, mpCpwl.flatten()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq1(fparm_pwl.flatten(), mpfparm.flatten()), msg)


    def test_poly_costs(self):
        """ Test quadratic costs.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        base_mva = self.om.case.base_mva
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        ipol, _, _, _, _, _, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, _, _ = \
            self.solver._quadratic_costs(g, ipol, nxyz, base_mva)

        if Npol is not None:
            mpNpol = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Npol.mtx"))
            mpHpol = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Hpol.mtx"))
            mpCpol = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Cpol.mtx"))
            mpfparm = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf","fparm_pol.mtx"))

            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Npol, mpNpol.tocsr()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(Hpol, mpHpol.tocsr()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq1(Cpol, mpCpol.flatten()), msg)
            self.assertTrue(mfeq2(fparm_pol, mpfparm), msg)


    def test_combine_costs(self):
        """ Test combination of pwl and poly costs.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        base_mva = self.om.case.base_mva
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        ipol, ipwl, _, _, nw, ny, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl = self.solver._pwl_costs(ny, nxyz,
                                                                      ipwl)
        Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, _, npol = \
            self.solver._quadratic_costs(g, ipol, nxyz, base_mva)
        NN, HHw, CCw, ffparm = \
            self.solver._combine_costs(Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl,
                                       Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, npol, nw)

        mpNN = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "NN.mtx"))
        mpHHw = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "HHw.mtx"))
        mpCCw = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "CCw.mtx"))
        mpffparm = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "ffparm.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(NN, mpNN.tocsr()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(HHw, mpHHw.tocsr()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(CCw, mpCCw.flatten()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(ffparm, mpffparm), msg)


    def test_coefficient_transformation(self):
        """ Test transformation of quadratic coefficients for w into
            coefficients for X.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        base_mva = self.om.case.base_mva
        b, l, g, _ = self.solver._unpack_model(self.om)
        ipol, ipwl, _, _, nw, ny, nxyz = self.solver._dimension_data(b, l, g)
        Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl = \
            self.solver._pwl_costs(ny, nxyz, ipwl)
        Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, polycf, npol = \
            self.solver._quadratic_costs(g, ipol, nxyz, base_mva)
        NN, HHw, CCw, ffparm = \
            self.solver._combine_costs(Npwl, Hpwl, Cpwl, fparm_pwl, any_pwl,
                                       Npol, Hpol, Cpol, fparm_pol, npol, nw)
        HH, CC, _ = \
            self.solver._transform_coefficients(NN, HHw, CCw, ffparm, polycf,
                                                any_pwl, npol, nw)

        mpHH = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "HH.mtx"))
        mpCC = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "CC.mtx"))

        self.assertTrue(mfeq2(HH, mpHH.tocsr()), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(CC, mpCC.flatten()), msg)


    def test_solution(self):
        """ Test DC OPF solution.
        """
        msg = self.case_name
        solution = self.solver.solve()
        lmbda = solution["lmbda"]

        mpf = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "f_DC.mtx"))
        mpx = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "x_DC.mtx"))
        mpmu_l = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "mu_l_DC.mtx"))
        mpmu_u = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "mu_u_DC.mtx"))
        mpmuLB = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "muLB_DC.mtx"))
        mpmuUB = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "muUB_DC.mtx"))

        diff = 1e-09

        self.assertAlmostEqual(solution["f"], mpf[0], places=6)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(solution["x"], mpx.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["mu_l"], mpmu_l.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["mu_u"], mpmu_u.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["lower"], mpmuLB.flatten(), diff), msg)
        self.assertTrue(mfeq1(lmbda["upper"], mpmuUB.flatten(), diff), msg)


    def test_integrate_solution(self):
        """ Test integration of DC OPF solution.
        """
        self.solver.solve()

        bus = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Bus_DC.mtx"))
        gen = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Gen_DC.mtx"))
        branch = mmread(join(DATA_DIR, self.case_name, "opf", "Branch_DC.mtx"))

        pl = 2

        # bus_i type Pd Qd Gs Bs area Vm Va baseKV zone Vmax Vmin lam_P lam_Q mu_Vmax mu_Vmin
        for i, bs in enumerate(self.case.buses):
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.v_magnitude, bus[i, 7], pl) # Vm
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.v_angle, bus[i, 8], pl) # Va
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.p_lmbda, bus[i, 13], pl) # lam_P
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.q_lmbda, bus[i, 14], pl) # lam_Q
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.mu_vmax, bus[i, 15], pl) # mu_Vmax
            self.assertAlmostEqual(bs.mu_vmin, bus[i, 16], pl) # mu_Vmin

        # bus Pg Qg Qmax Qmin Vg mBase status Pmax Pmin Pc1 Pc2 Qc1min Qc1max
        # Qc2min Qc2max ramp_agc ramp_10 ramp_30 ramp_q apf mu_Pmax mu_Pmin
        # mu_Qmax mu_Qmin
        for i, gn in enumerate(self.case.generators):
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.p, gen[i, 1], pl) # Pg
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.q, gen[i, 2], pl) # Qg
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.v_magnitude, gen[i, 5], pl) # Vg
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_pmax, gen[i, 21], pl) # mu_Pmax
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_pmin, gen[i, 22], pl) # mu_Pmin
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_qmax, gen[i, 23], pl) # mu_Qmax
            self.assertAlmostEqual(gn.mu_qmin, gen[i, 24], pl) # mu_Qmin