def move(self, board):
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
# Check if any of the empty cells represents a winning move
for cell in empty_cells:
cell = tuple(cell)
new_board = board.copy()
new_board[cell] = self.side
if rules.winning_move(new_board):
return cell
# Check if any of the empty cells represents a winning move for the
# other player, if so block it
for cell in empty_cells:
cell = tuple(cell)
new_board = board.copy()
new_board[cell] = -self.side
if rules.winning_move(new_board):
if self.logger:
self.logger.debug("Blocked {0}".format(cell))
return cell
else:
# Otherwise pick a random cell
return tuple(empty_cells[random.randint(0, len(empty_cells) - 1)])
def test_empty_cells(self):
board = np.asarray([[1, -1, -1], [-1, 1, 1], [1, -1, 1]])
expected = []
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
self.assertEqual(list(empty_cells), expected)
board = np.asarray([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]])
expected = [[2, 0]]
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(empty_cells, expected)
board = np.asarray([[1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]])
expected = [[0, 1], [2, 0]]
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(empty_cells, expected)
board = np.asarray([[1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0], [-1, 1, 1]])
expected = [[1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2]]
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(empty_cells, expected)
def mcts(self, board):
max_time = time.time() + self.time_budget
root_node = TreeNode(board)
playout_count = 0
while time.time() < max_time and playout_count < self.max_playouts:
# Start at tree root (current actual state)
current_node = root_node
current_player = self.side
while True:
# Check for terminal state
winner = rules.winner(current_node.state)
if winner or rules.board_full(current_node.state):
break
# Pick a random move
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(current_node.state)
move = tuple(random.choice(empty_cells))
# Add to tree if not present
if move not in current_node.child_nodes.keys():
# If not, create a TreeNode for it
new_board = current_node.state.copy()
new_board[move] = current_player
current_node.child_nodes[move] = TreeNode(
new_board, current_node)
current_node = current_node.child_nodes[move]
# Swap players
current_player = -current_player
# Terminal state reached so backpropagate result
if winner == self.side:
result = 1.0
elif winner == -self.side:
result = 0.0
else:
result = 0.5
while current_node is not root_node:
current_node.visits += 1
current_node.wins += result
current_node = current_node.parent
playout_count += 1
print "Number of MCTS playouts:", playout_count
self.root_node = current_node
# Return move with highest score
best_move = root_node.best_move()
return best_move
def valid_move(board, move):
"""
Returns whether the move is valid for the given board, i.e. whether it is
one of the empty cells.
Args:
board (numpy.ndarray): two dimensional array representing the game board
move ((int, int)): tuple with the coordinates of the new move (x, y)
Returns:
bool: True if the move is valid, False otherwise
"""
return list(move) in rules.empty_cells(board).tolist()
def move(self, board):
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
# Check if any of the empty cells represents a winning move
for cell in empty_cells:
cell = tuple(cell)
new_board = board.copy()
new_board[cell] = self.side
if rules.winning_move(new_board):
return cell
else:
# Otherwise pick a random cell
return tuple(empty_cells[random.randint(0, len(empty_cells) - 1)])
def move(self, board):
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
# Check if any of the empty cells represents a winning move
for cell in empty_cells:
cell = tuple(cell)
new_board = board.copy()
new_board[cell] = self.side
if rules.winning_move(new_board, cell):
return cell
else:
# Otherwise pick a random cell
return tuple(empty_cells[random.randint(0, len(empty_cells) - 1)])
def valid_move(board, move):
"""
Returns whether the move is valid for the given board, i.e. whether it is
one of the empty cells.
Args:
board (numpy.ndarray): two dimensional array representing the game board
move ((int, int)): tuple with the coordinates of the new move (x, y)
Returns:
bool: True if the move is valid, False otherwise
"""
return list(move) in rules.empty_cells(board).tolist()
def move_values(self, board):
"""
Returns a list of the possible moves for the given board with the value
of each move.
Args:
board (numpy.ndarray): two dimensional array representing the board
Returns:
[[cell, value]]: a list of cell-value pairs
"""
values = []
for cell in rules.empty_cells(board):
values.append([cell, self.move_value(cell, board)])
return np.asarray(values)
def move_values(self, board):
"""
Returns a list of the possible moves for the given board with the value
of each move.
Args:
board (numpy.ndarray): two dimensional array representing the board
Returns:
[[cell, value]]: a list of cell-value pairs
"""
values = []
for cell in rules.empty_cells(board):
values.append([cell, self.move_value(cell, board)])
return np.asarray(values)
def __init__(self, board, side, parent=None):
"""
Constructor.
Args:
board (numpy.ndarray): two dimensional array representing the game
board
side (int): the player side, defined in the game rules
parent (int): id of the parent of this node or None
"""
self.id = UCTTreeNode.new_id(
) # get a unique number to identify the node
self.state = board
self.side = side
self.parent = parent
self.visits = 0
self.wins = 0
self.ucb1_score = None
self.untried_moves = rules.empty_cells(self.state).tolist()
self.child_nodes = {}
def move(self, board):
# Look up the possible moves in the state values list
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
possible_moves = [] # [[cell, value]]
for cell in empty_cells:
possible_moves.append([cell, self.move_value(cell, board)])
# Sort moves by value (last element has highest value)
possible_moves = np.asarray(possible_moves)
possible_moves = possible_moves[possible_moves[:, 1].argsort()]
# Choose move behaviour based on the bias probability
# TODO: adjust bias down over time
if random.random() < self.BIAS:
self.state = self.EXPLORING
else:
self.state = self.EXPLOITING
# Choose either highest value (exploit) or a random other cell (explore)
if self.state == self.EXPLOITING or len(possible_moves) == 1:
# Find the highest value and get all free cells with this value,
# then choose one at random
best_value = possible_moves[-1][1]
best_cells = [x[0] for x in possible_moves if x[1] == best_value]
i = random.randint(0, len(best_cells) - 1)
cell = tuple(best_cells[i])
elif self.state == self.EXPLORING:
# Choose a random cell that does not have the highest value
# TODO: weight other moves according to value?
i = random.randint(0, len(possible_moves) - 2)
cell = tuple(possible_moves[i][0])
else:
raise ValueError("State is unexpected value: {0}".format(
self.state))
# Record move state for later
move_state = board.copy()
move_state[cell] = self.side
self.move_states.append(move_state)
return cell
def move(self, board):
# Look up the possible moves in the state values list
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
possible_moves = [] # [[cell, value]]
for cell in empty_cells:
possible_moves.append([cell, self.move_value(cell, board)])
# Sort moves by value (last element has highest value)
possible_moves = np.asarray(possible_moves)
possible_moves = possible_moves[possible_moves[:, 1].argsort()]
# Choose move behaviour based on the bias probability
# TODO: adjust bias down over time
if random.random() < self.BIAS:
self.state = self.EXPLORING
else:
self.state = self.EXPLOITING
# Choose either highest value (exploit) or a random other cell (explore)
if self.state == self.EXPLOITING or len(possible_moves) == 1:
# Find the highest value and get all free cells with this value,
# then choose one at random
best_value = possible_moves[-1][1]
best_cells = [x[0] for x in possible_moves if x[1] == best_value]
i = random.randint(0, len(best_cells) - 1)
cell = tuple(best_cells[i])
elif self.state == self.EXPLORING:
# Choose a random cell that does not have the highest value
# TODO: weight other moves according to value?
i = random.randint(0, len(possible_moves) - 2)
cell = tuple(possible_moves[i][0])
else:
raise ValueError("State is unexpected value: {0}".format(self.state))
# Record move state for later
move_state = board.copy()
move_state[cell] = self.side
self.move_states.append(move_state)
return cell
def move(self, board):
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
# Check if any of the empty cells represents a winning move
for cell in empty_cells:
cell = tuple(cell)
new_board = board.copy()
new_board[cell] = self.side
if rules.winning_move(new_board, cell):
return cell
# Check if any of the empty cells represents a winning move for the
# other player, if so block it
for cell in empty_cells:
cell = tuple(cell)
new_board = board.copy()
new_board[cell] = -self.side
if rules.winning_move(new_board, cell):
if self.logger:
self.logger.debug("Blocked {0}".format(cell))
return cell
else:
# Otherwise pick a random cell
return tuple(empty_cells[random.randint(0, len(empty_cells) - 1)])
def minimax(self, board, player):
"""
Recursive method that returns the optimal next moves and their value.
The depth of the current move in the tree is recorded so that the agent
can favour moves that win quicker (or lose slower) when there are
multiple moves with the same expected game result.
Args:
state (numpy.ndarray): two dimensional array representing the
board state
player (int): the side of the current player
depth (int): the depth of the move
Returns:
result (int): the return value of the moves (100 - depth for a win,
0 for a draw or depth - 100 for a loss)
optimal_moves ([(int, int)]): a list of the optimal next moves
"""
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
# Choose default cell if board is empty to reduce processing time
# if len(empty_cells) == board.size:
# import numpy as np
# return None, np.asarray([(0, 0)])
# Check if this move resulted in a win or draw (base case)
winner = rules.winner(board)
if winner is not None:
if winner == self.side:
# Player won so return score for a win
return 1, None
else:
# Opponent won so return score for a loss
return -1, None
elif rules.board_full(board):
# Board is full so return score for a draw
return 0, None
# Test each child move recursively and add results to the list
results_list = []
for cell in empty_cells:
# Make the move
cell = tuple(cell)
board[cell] = player
# Get the value of this child move and add it to the results
result, _ = self.minimax(board, -player)
results_list.append(result)
# Reverse the move
board[cell] = rules.EMPTY
if player is self.side:
# Return best move for player from list of child moves
max_score = max(results_list)
max_inds = [
i for i, x in enumerate(results_list) if x == max_score
]
optimal_moves = empty_cells[max_inds]
return max_score, optimal_moves
else:
# Return worst move for opponent from list of child moves
min_element = min(results_list)
# move = tuple(empty_cells[results_list.index(min_element)])
# return min_element, move
return min_element, None # don't need the actual move
def move(self, board):
# Select an empty cell at random
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
return tuple(empty_cells[random.randint(0, len(empty_cells) - 1)])
def move(self, board):
# Select the first empty cell
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
return tuple(empty_cells[0])
def move(self, board):
# Select the first empty cell
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
return tuple(empty_cells[0])
def move(self, board):
# Select an empty cell at random
empty_cells = rules.empty_cells(board)
return tuple(empty_cells[random.randint(0, len(empty_cells) - 1)])