def test_Not():
assert Not(Equality(x, y)) == Unequality(x, y)
assert Not(Unequality(x, y)) == Equality(x, y)
assert Not(StrictGreaterThan(x, y)) == LessThan(x, y)
assert Not(StrictLessThan(x, y)) == GreaterThan(x, y)
assert Not(GreaterThan(x, y)) == StrictLessThan(x, y)
assert Not(LessThan(x, y)) == StrictGreaterThan(x, y)
def eval(cls, n, m=None):
from sympy import zeta
if m is S.One:
return cls(n)
if m is None:
m = S.One
if m.is_zero:
return n
if n is S.Infinity and m.is_Number:
# TODO: Fix for symbolic values of m
if m.is_negative:
return S.NaN
elif LessThan(m, S.One):
return S.Infinity
elif StrictGreaterThan(m, S.One):
return zeta(m)
else:
return cls
if n.is_Integer and n.is_nonnegative and m.is_Integer:
if n == 0:
return S.Zero
if not m in cls._functions:
@recurrence_memo([0])
def f(n, prev):
return prev[-1] + S.One / n**m
cls._functions[m] = f
return cls._functions[m](int(n))
def test_interval_symbolic_end_points():
a = Symbol('a', real=True)
assert Union(Interval(0, a), Interval(0, 3)).sup == Max(a, 3)
assert Union(Interval(a, 0), Interval(-3, 0)).inf == Min(-3, a)
assert Interval(0, a).contains(1) == LessThan(1, a)
def test_core_relational():
x = Symbol("x")
y = Symbol("y")
for c in (Equality, Equality(x, y), GreaterThan, GreaterThan(x, y),
LessThan, LessThan(x, y), Relational, Relational(x, y),
StrictGreaterThan, StrictGreaterThan(x, y), StrictLessThan,
StrictLessThan(x, y), Unequality, Unequality(x, y)):
check(c)
def as_two_terms(self):
from sympy.sets.sets import Interval
if not isinstance(self.set, Interval):
return self
res = [None] * 2
kwargs = self.clauses()
kwargs['given'] = self if self.plausible else None
kwargs['evaluate'] = False
if self.set.left_open:
res[0] = StrictGreaterThan(self.element, self.set.start, **kwargs)
else:
res[0] = GreaterThan(self.element, self.set.start, **kwargs)
if self.set.right_open:
res[1] = StrictLessThan(self.element, self.set.stop, **kwargs)
else:
res[1] = LessThan(self.element, self.set.stop, **kwargs)
return res
def test_lt_gt():
S = sympify
x, y = Symbol('x'), Symbol('y')
assert (x >= y) == GreaterThan(x, y)
assert (x >= 0) == GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x <= y) == LessThan(x, y)
assert (x <= 0) == LessThan(x, 0)
assert (0 <= x) == GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (0 >= x) == LessThan(x, 0)
assert (S(0) >= x) == GreaterThan(0, x)
assert (S(0) <= x) == LessThan(0, x)
assert (x > y) == StrictGreaterThan(x, y)
assert (x > 0) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x < y) == StrictLessThan(x, y)
assert (x < 0) == StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert (0 < x) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (0 > x) == StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert (S(0) > x) == StrictGreaterThan(0, x)
assert (S(0) < x) == StrictLessThan(0, x)
e = x**2 + 4 * x + 1
assert (e >= 0) == GreaterThan(e, 0)
assert (0 <= e) == GreaterThan(e, 0)
assert (e > 0) == StrictGreaterThan(e, 0)
assert (0 < e) == StrictGreaterThan(e, 0)
assert (e <= 0) == LessThan(e, 0)
assert (0 >= e) == LessThan(e, 0)
assert (e < 0) == StrictLessThan(e, 0)
assert (0 > e) == StrictLessThan(e, 0)
assert (S(0) >= e) == GreaterThan(0, e)
assert (S(0) <= e) == LessThan(0, e)
assert (S(0) < e) == StrictLessThan(0, e)
assert (S(0) > e) == StrictGreaterThan(0, e)
def test_new_relational():
x = Symbol('x')
assert Eq(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '==')
assert Eq(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'eq')
assert Eq(x, 0) == Equality(x, 0)
assert Eq(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, '==')
assert Eq(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'eq')
assert Eq(x, 0) != Equality(x, 1)
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1, '==')
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1, 'eq')
assert Eq(x, -1) == Equality(x, -1)
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1, '==')
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1, 'eq')
assert Eq(x, -1) != Equality(x, 1)
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '!=')
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '<>')
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'ne')
assert Ne(x, 0) == Unequality(x, 0)
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, '!=')
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, '<>')
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'ne')
assert Ne(x, 0) != Unequality(x, 1)
assert Ge(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '>=')
assert Ge(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'ge')
assert Ge(x, 0) == GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert Ge(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '>=')
assert Ge(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'ge')
assert Ge(x, 1) != GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x >= 1) == Relational(x, 1, '>=')
assert (x >= 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'ge')
assert (x >= 1) == GreaterThan(x, 1)
assert (x >= 0) != Relational(x, 1, '>=')
assert (x >= 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'ge')
assert (x >= 0) != GreaterThan(x, 1)
assert Le(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '<=')
assert Le(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'le')
assert Le(x, 0) == LessThan(x, 0)
assert Le(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '<=')
assert Le(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'le')
assert Le(x, 1) != LessThan(x, 0)
assert (x <= 1) == Relational(x, 1, '<=')
assert (x <= 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'le')
assert (x <= 1) == LessThan(x, 1)
assert (x <= 0) != Relational(x, 1, '<=')
assert (x <= 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'le')
assert (x <= 0) != LessThan(x, 1)
assert Gt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '>')
assert Gt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'gt')
assert Gt(x, 0) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert Gt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '>')
assert Gt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'gt')
assert Gt(x, 1) != StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x > 1) == Relational(x, 1, '>')
assert (x > 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'gt')
assert (x > 1) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 1)
assert (x > 0) != Relational(x, 1, '>')
assert (x > 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'gt')
assert (x > 0) != StrictGreaterThan(x, 1)
assert Lt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '<')
assert Lt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'lt')
assert Lt(x, 0) == StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert Lt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '<')
assert Lt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'lt')
assert Lt(x, 1) != StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert (x < 1) == Relational(x, 1, '<')
assert (x < 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'lt')
assert (x < 1) == StrictLessThan(x, 1)
assert (x < 0) != Relational(x, 1, '<')
assert (x < 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'lt')
assert (x < 0) != StrictLessThan(x, 1)
# finally, some fuzz testing
from sympy.core.random import randint
for i in range(100):
while 1:
strtype, length = (chr, 65535) if randint(0, 1) else (chr, 255)
relation_type = strtype(randint(0, length))
if randint(0, 1):
relation_type += strtype(randint(0, length))
if relation_type not in ('==', 'eq', '!=', '<>', 'ne', '>=', 'ge',
'<=', 'le', '>', 'gt', '<', 'lt', ':=',
'+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '%='):
break
raises(ValueError, lambda: Relational(x, 1, relation_type))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == '==' for op in ('eq', '=='))
assert all(
Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == '!=' for op in ('ne', '<>', '!='))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == '>' for op in ('gt', '>'))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == '<' for op in ('lt', '<'))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == '>=' for op in ('ge', '>='))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == '<=' for op in ('le', '<='))
def test_Idx_inequalities():
i14 = Idx("i14", (1, 4))
i79 = Idx("i79", (7, 9))
i46 = Idx("i46", (4, 6))
i35 = Idx("i35", (3, 5))
assert i14 <= 5
assert i14 < 5
assert not (i14 >= 5)
assert not (i14 > 5)
assert 5 >= i14
assert 5 > i14
assert not (5 <= i14)
assert not (5 < i14)
assert LessThan(i14, 5)
assert StrictLessThan(i14, 5)
assert not GreaterThan(i14, 5)
assert not StrictGreaterThan(i14, 5)
assert i14 <= 4
assert isinstance(i14 < 4, StrictLessThan)
assert isinstance(i14 >= 4, GreaterThan)
assert not (i14 > 4)
assert isinstance(i14 <= 1, LessThan)
assert not (i14 < 1)
assert i14 >= 1
assert isinstance(i14 > 1, StrictGreaterThan)
assert not (i14 <= 0)
assert not (i14 < 0)
assert i14 >= 0
assert i14 > 0
from sympy.abc import x
assert isinstance(i14 < x, StrictLessThan)
assert isinstance(i14 > x, StrictGreaterThan)
assert isinstance(i14 <= x, LessThan)
assert isinstance(i14 >= x, GreaterThan)
assert i14 < i79
assert i14 <= i79
assert not (i14 > i79)
assert not (i14 >= i79)
assert i14 <= i46
assert isinstance(i14 < i46, StrictLessThan)
assert isinstance(i14 >= i46, GreaterThan)
assert not (i14 > i46)
assert isinstance(i14 < i35, StrictLessThan)
assert isinstance(i14 > i35, StrictGreaterThan)
assert isinstance(i14 <= i35, LessThan)
assert isinstance(i14 >= i35, GreaterThan)
iNone1 = Idx("iNone1")
iNone2 = Idx("iNone2")
assert isinstance(iNone1 < iNone2, StrictLessThan)
assert isinstance(iNone1 > iNone2, StrictGreaterThan)
assert isinstance(iNone1 <= iNone2, LessThan)
assert isinstance(iNone1 >= iNone2, GreaterThan)
def test_new_relational():
x = Symbol('x')
assert Eq(x) == Relational(x, 0) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x) == Relational(x, 0, '==')
assert Eq(x) == Relational(x, 0, 'eq')
assert Eq(x) == Equality(x, 0)
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1, '==')
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1, 'eq')
assert Eq(x, -1) == Equality(x, -1)
assert Eq(x) != Relational(x, 1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x) != Relational(x, 1, '==')
assert Eq(x) != Relational(x, 1, 'eq')
assert Eq(x) != Equality(x, 1)
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1, '==')
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1, 'eq')
assert Eq(x, -1) != Equality(x, 1)
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '!=')
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '<>')
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'ne')
assert Ne(x, 0) == Unequality(x, 0)
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, '!=')
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, '<>')
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'ne')
assert Ne(x, 0) != Unequality(x, 1)
assert Ge(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '>=')
assert Ge(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'ge')
assert Ge(x, 0) == GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert Ge(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '>=')
assert Ge(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'ge')
assert Ge(x, 1) != GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x >= 1) == Relational(x, 1, '>=')
assert (x >= 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'ge')
assert (x >= 1) == GreaterThan(x, 1)
assert (x >= 0) != Relational(x, 1, '>=')
assert (x >= 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'ge')
assert (x >= 0) != GreaterThan(x, 1)
assert Le(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '<=')
assert Le(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'le')
assert Le(x, 0) == LessThan(x, 0)
assert Le(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '<=')
assert Le(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'le')
assert Le(x, 1) != LessThan(x, 0)
assert (x <= 1) == Relational(x, 1, '<=')
assert (x <= 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'le')
assert (x <= 1) == LessThan(x, 1)
assert (x <= 0) != Relational(x, 1, '<=')
assert (x <= 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'le')
assert (x <= 0) != LessThan(x, 1)
assert Gt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '>')
assert Gt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'gt')
assert Gt(x, 0) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert Gt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '>')
assert Gt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'gt')
assert Gt(x, 1) != StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x > 1) == Relational(x, 1, '>')
assert (x > 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'gt')
assert (x > 1) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 1)
assert (x > 0) != Relational(x, 1, '>')
assert (x > 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'gt')
assert (x > 0) != StrictGreaterThan(x, 1)
assert Lt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, '<')
assert Lt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, 'lt')
assert Lt(x, 0) == StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert Lt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, '<')
assert Lt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, 'lt')
assert Lt(x, 1) != StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert (x < 1) == Relational(x, 1, '<')
assert (x < 1) == Relational(x, 1, 'lt')
assert (x < 1) == StrictLessThan(x, 1)
assert (x < 0) != Relational(x, 1, '<')
assert (x < 0) != Relational(x, 1, 'lt')
assert (x < 0) != StrictLessThan(x, 1)
# finally, some fuzz testing
from random import randint
for i in range(100):
while 1:
if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
strtype, length = (chr, 65535) if randint(0, 1) else (chr, 255)
else:
strtype, length = (unichr, 65535) if randint(0, 1) else (chr, 255)
relation_type = strtype( randint(0, length) )
if randint(0, 1):
relation_type += strtype( randint(0, length) )
if relation_type not in ('==', 'eq', '!=', '<>', 'ne', '>=', 'ge',
'<=', 'le', '>', 'gt', '<', 'lt'):
break
raises(ValueError, lambda: Relational(x, 1, relation_type))
(r"(x + 1)!", _factorial(_Add(x, 1))),
(r"(x!)!", _factorial(_factorial(x))),
(r"x!!!", _factorial(_factorial(_factorial(x)))),
(r"5!7!", _Mul(_factorial(5), _factorial(7))),
(r"\sqrt{x}", sqrt(x)),
(r"\sqrt{x + b}", sqrt(_Add(x, b))),
(r"\sqrt[3]{\sin x}", root(sin(x), 3)),
(r"\sqrt[y]{\sin x}", root(sin(x), y)),
(r"\sqrt[\theta]{\sin x}", root(sin(x), theta)),
(r"\sqrt{\frac{12}{6}}", _Sqrt(_Mul(12, _Pow(6, -1)))),
(r"\overline{z}", _Conjugate(z)),
(r"\overline{\overline{z}}", _Conjugate(_Conjugate(z))),
(r"\overline{x + y}", _Conjugate(_Add(x, y))),
(r"\overline{x} + \overline{y}", _Conjugate(x) + _Conjugate(y)),
(r"x < y", StrictLessThan(x, y)),
(r"x \leq y", LessThan(x, y)),
(r"x > y", StrictGreaterThan(x, y)),
(r"x \geq y", GreaterThan(x, y)),
(r"\mathit{x}", Symbol('x')),
(r"\mathit{test}", Symbol('test')),
(r"\mathit{TEST}", Symbol('TEST')),
(r"\mathit{HELLO world}", Symbol('HELLO world')),
(r"\sum_{k = 1}^{3} c", Sum(c, (k, 1, 3))),
(r"\sum_{k = 1}^3 c", Sum(c, (k, 1, 3))),
(r"\sum^{3}_{k = 1} c", Sum(c, (k, 1, 3))),
(r"\sum^3_{k = 1} c", Sum(c, (k, 1, 3))),
(r"\sum_{k = 1}^{10} k^2", Sum(k**2, (k, 1, 10))),
(r"\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n!}",
Sum(_Pow(_factorial(n), -1), (n, 0, oo))),
(r"\prod_{a = b}^{c} x", Product(x, (a, b, c))),
(r"\prod_{a = b}^c x", Product(x, (a, b, c))),
def apply(A, B):
return LessThan(abs(Union(A, B)), abs(A) + abs(B))
def apply(A, B):
return LessThan(abs(Intersection(A, B)), abs(A))
def test_new_relational():
x = Symbol("x")
assert Eq(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "==")
assert Eq(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "eq")
assert Eq(x, 0) == Equality(x, 0)
assert Eq(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, "==")
assert Eq(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, "eq")
assert Eq(x, 0) != Equality(x, 1)
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1, "==")
assert Eq(x, -1) == Relational(x, -1, "eq")
assert Eq(x, -1) == Equality(x, -1)
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1) # None ==> Equality
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1, "==")
assert Eq(x, -1) != Relational(x, 1, "eq")
assert Eq(x, -1) != Equality(x, 1)
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "!=")
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "<>")
assert Ne(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "ne")
assert Ne(x, 0) == Unequality(x, 0)
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, "!=")
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, "<>")
assert Ne(x, 0) != Relational(x, 1, "ne")
assert Ne(x, 0) != Unequality(x, 1)
assert Ge(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, ">=")
assert Ge(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "ge")
assert Ge(x, 0) == GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert Ge(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, ">=")
assert Ge(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, "ge")
assert Ge(x, 1) != GreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x >= 1) == Relational(x, 1, ">=")
assert (x >= 1) == Relational(x, 1, "ge")
assert (x >= 1) == GreaterThan(x, 1)
assert (x >= 0) != Relational(x, 1, ">=")
assert (x >= 0) != Relational(x, 1, "ge")
assert (x >= 0) != GreaterThan(x, 1)
assert Le(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "<=")
assert Le(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "le")
assert Le(x, 0) == LessThan(x, 0)
assert Le(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, "<=")
assert Le(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, "le")
assert Le(x, 1) != LessThan(x, 0)
assert (x <= 1) == Relational(x, 1, "<=")
assert (x <= 1) == Relational(x, 1, "le")
assert (x <= 1) == LessThan(x, 1)
assert (x <= 0) != Relational(x, 1, "<=")
assert (x <= 0) != Relational(x, 1, "le")
assert (x <= 0) != LessThan(x, 1)
assert Gt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, ">")
assert Gt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "gt")
assert Gt(x, 0) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert Gt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, ">")
assert Gt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, "gt")
assert Gt(x, 1) != StrictGreaterThan(x, 0)
assert (x > 1) == Relational(x, 1, ">")
assert (x > 1) == Relational(x, 1, "gt")
assert (x > 1) == StrictGreaterThan(x, 1)
assert (x > 0) != Relational(x, 1, ">")
assert (x > 0) != Relational(x, 1, "gt")
assert (x > 0) != StrictGreaterThan(x, 1)
assert Lt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "<")
assert Lt(x, 0) == Relational(x, 0, "lt")
assert Lt(x, 0) == StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert Lt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, "<")
assert Lt(x, 1) != Relational(x, 0, "lt")
assert Lt(x, 1) != StrictLessThan(x, 0)
assert (x < 1) == Relational(x, 1, "<")
assert (x < 1) == Relational(x, 1, "lt")
assert (x < 1) == StrictLessThan(x, 1)
assert (x < 0) != Relational(x, 1, "<")
assert (x < 0) != Relational(x, 1, "lt")
assert (x < 0) != StrictLessThan(x, 1)
# finally, some fuzz testing
from random import randint
from sympy.core.compatibility import unichr
for i in range(100):
while 1:
strtype, length = (unichr, 65535) if randint(0, 1) else (chr, 255)
relation_type = strtype(randint(0, length))
if randint(0, 1):
relation_type += strtype(randint(0, length))
if relation_type not in (
"==",
"eq",
"!=",
"<>",
"ne",
">=",
"ge",
"<=",
"le",
">",
"gt",
"<",
"lt",
":=",
"+=",
"-=",
"*=",
"/=",
"%=",
):
break
raises(ValueError, lambda: Relational(x, 1, relation_type))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == "==" for op in ("eq", "=="))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == "!=" for op in ("ne", "<>", "!="))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == ">" for op in ("gt", ">"))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == "<" for op in ("lt", "<"))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == ">=" for op in ("ge", ">="))
assert all(Relational(x, 0, op).rel_op == "<=" for op in ("le", "<="))
def apply(given):
assert given.is_Subset
A, B = given.args
return LessThan(abs(A), abs(B), given=given)
def apply(*given):
A, B, a, b, fa, gb = analyze(*given)
return LessThan(Abs(A), Abs(B), given=given)
def apply(expr, *limits):
return LessThan(abs(UNION(expr, *limits)),
Sum(abs(expr), *limits).simplify())