def build(self, hp, inputs=None):
input_node = nest.flatten(inputs)[0]
output_node = input_node
# Translate
translation_factor = utils.add_to_hp(self.translation_factor, hp)
if translation_factor not in [0, (0, 0)]:
height_factor, width_factor = self._get_fraction_value(
translation_factor
)
output_node = layers.RandomTranslation(height_factor, width_factor)(
output_node
)
# Flip
horizontal_flip = self.horizontal_flip
if horizontal_flip is None:
horizontal_flip = hp.Boolean("horizontal_flip", default=True)
vertical_flip = self.vertical_flip
if self.vertical_flip is None:
vertical_flip = hp.Boolean("vertical_flip", default=True)
if not horizontal_flip and not vertical_flip:
flip_mode = ""
elif horizontal_flip and vertical_flip:
flip_mode = "horizontal_and_vertical"
elif horizontal_flip and not vertical_flip:
flip_mode = "horizontal"
elif not horizontal_flip and vertical_flip:
flip_mode = "vertical"
if flip_mode != "":
output_node = layers.RandomFlip(mode=flip_mode)(output_node)
# Rotate
rotation_factor = utils.add_to_hp(self.rotation_factor, hp)
if rotation_factor != 0:
output_node = layers.RandomRotation(rotation_factor)(output_node)
# Zoom
zoom_factor = utils.add_to_hp(self.zoom_factor, hp)
if zoom_factor not in [0, (0, 0)]:
height_factor, width_factor = self._get_fraction_value(zoom_factor)
# TODO: Add back RandomZoom when it is ready.
# output_node = layers.RandomZoom(
# height_factor, width_factor)(output_node)
# Contrast
contrast_factor = utils.add_to_hp(self.contrast_factor, hp)
if contrast_factor not in [0, (0, 0)]:
output_node = layers.RandomContrast(contrast_factor)(output_node)
return output_node
def build_model_augment() -> keras.Sequential:
# build a sequential model
model = keras.Sequential()
# add a data augmentation layer
data_augmentation = keras.Sequential([ # random flip horizontally
layers.RandomFlip("horizontal"),
# random flip vertically
layers.RandomFlip("vertical"),
# random rotation at most 0.2 degrees
layers.RandomRotation(0.2),
# random zoom at most 0.2 times difference
layers.RandomZoom(0.2),
# random contrast at most 0.1 difference
layers.RandomContrast(0.1)
])
model.add(data_augmentation)
# add the first convolutional layer, with ReLU as activation funtion and same padding
model.add(
keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3),
activation="relu",
padding="same",
input_shape=(32, 32, 3))) # [32,32, 32]
# add a maxpooling layer to reduce the dimension
model.add(keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2, 2)) # [16, 16, 32]
# add the second convolutional layer, with ReLU as activation funtion and same padding
model.add(
keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation="relu",
padding="same")) # [16, 16, 64]
# add a maxpooling layer to reduce the dimension
model.add(keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2, 2)) # [8, 8, 64]
# add the third convolutional layer, with ReLU as activation funtion and same padding
model.add(
keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation="relu",
padding="same")) # [8, 8, 128]
# add a maxpooling layer to reduce the dimension
model.add(keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2, 2)) # [4, 4, 128]
# add a flatten layer to make the data into a 1-dimensional array
model.add(keras.layers.Flatten()) # [1024, ]
# add a fully connected layer, with ReLU as activation function
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(128, activation="relu"))
# add a fully connected layer, the output size is the same as the number of classes and
# softmax as activation function to do multiclass classification
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(10, activation="softmax"))
# compile the model, use SDG as the optimizer and categorical crossentropy as loss function
model.compile(optimizer=optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=1e-3, momentum=0.9),
loss="categorical_crossentropy",
metrics=["accuracy"])
# return the model
return model
plt.axis("off")
"""
### Data augmentation
We can use the preprocessing layers APIs for image augmentation.
"""
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras import layers
img_augmentation = Sequential(
[
layers.RandomRotation(factor=0.15),
layers.RandomTranslation(height_factor=0.1, width_factor=0.1),
layers.RandomFlip(),
layers.RandomContrast(factor=0.1),
],
name="img_augmentation",
)
"""
This `Sequential` model object can be used both as a part of
the model we later build, and as a function to preprocess
data before feeding into the model. Using them as function makes
it easy to visualize the augmented images. Here we plot 9 examples
of augmentation result of a given figure.
"""
for image, label in ds_train.take(1):
for i in range(9):
ax = plt.subplot(3, 3, i + 1)
aug_img = img_augmentation(tf.expand_dims(image, axis=0))
strip_chars = strip_chars.replace("<", "")
strip_chars = strip_chars.replace(">", "")
vectorization = TextVectorization(
max_tokens=VOCAB_SIZE,
output_mode="int",
output_sequence_length=SEQ_LENGTH,
standardize=custom_standardization,
)
vectorization.adapt(text_data)
# Data augmentation for image data
image_augmentation = keras.Sequential([
layers.RandomFlip("horizontal"),
layers.RandomRotation(0.2),
layers.RandomContrast(0.3),
])
"""
## Building a `tf.data.Dataset` pipeline for training
We will generate pairs of images and corresponding captions using a `tf.data.Dataset` object.
The pipeline consists of two steps:
1. Read the image from the disk
2. Tokenize all the five captions corresponding to the image
"""
def decode_and_resize(img_path, size=IMAGE_SIZE):
img = tf.io.read_file(img_path)
img = tf.image.decode_jpeg(img, channels=3)
# transformations (small random crop and contrast adjustment) to them # each time we are looping over them. This way, we "augment" our # training dataset to contain more data. # # The augmentation transformations are implemented as preprocessing # layers in Keras. There are various such layers readily available, # see https://keras.io/guides/preprocessing_layers/ for more # information. # # ### Initialization inputs = keras.Input(shape=INPUT_IMAGE_SIZE + [3]) x = layers.Rescaling(scale=1. / 255)(inputs) x = layers.RandomCrop(75, 75)(x) x = layers.RandomContrast(0.1)(x) x = layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu')(x) x = layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(x) x = layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu')(x) x = layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(x) x = layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu')(x) x = layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(x) x = layers.Flatten()(x) x = layers.Dense(128, activation='relu')(x) x = layers.Dropout(0.5)(x) outputs = layers.Dense(43, activation='softmax')(x)
def main():
# Download the dataset
# Using the Flickr8K dataset for this tutorial. This dataset
# comprises over 8,000 images, that are each paired with five
# different captions.
#!wget -q https://github.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/releases/download/Flickr8k/Flickr8k_Dataset.zip
#!wget -q https://github.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/releases/download/Flickr8k/Flickr8k_text.zip
#!unzip -qq Flickr8k_Dataset.zip
#!unzip -qq Flickr8k_text.zip
#!rm Flickr8k_Dataset.zip Flickr8k_text.zip
# Path to images.
IMAGES_PATH = "Flicker8k_Dataset"
# Desired image dimensions.
IMAGE_SIZE = (299, 299)
# Vocabulary size.
VOCAB_SIZE = 10000
# Fixed length allowed for any sequence.
SEQ_LENGTH = 25
# Dimension for the image embeddings and token embeddings.
EMBED_DIM = 512
# Pre-layer units in the feed-forward network.
FF_DIM = 512
# Other training parameters.
BATCH_SIZE = 64
EPOCHS = 30
AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE
# Preparing the dataset.
def load_captions_data(filename):
# Load captions (text) data and maps them to corresponding
# images.
# @param: filename, path to the text file containing caption
# data.
# @return: caption_mapping, dictionary mapping image names and
# the corresponding captions.
# @return: text_data, list containing all the available
# captions.
with open(filename) as caption_file:
caption_data = caption_file.readlines()
caption_mapping = {}
text_data = []
images_to_skip = set()
for line in caption_data:
line = line.rstrip("\n")
# IMage name and captions are separated using a tab.
img_name, caption = line.split("\t")
# Each image is repeated five times for the five
# different captions. Each image name has a suffix
# '#(caption_number)'.
img_name = img_name.split("#")[0]
img_name = os.path.join(IMAGES_PATH, img_name.strip())
# Remove captions that are either too short or too
# long.
tokens = caption.strip().split()
if len(tokens) < 5 or len(tokens) > SEQ_LENGTH:
images_to_skip.add(img_name)
continue
if img_name.endswith("jpg") and img_name not in images_to_skip:
# Add a start and end token to each caption.
caption = "<start>" + caption.strip() + "<end>"
text_data.append(caption)
if img_name in caption_mapping:
caption_mapping[img_name].append(caption)
else:
caption_mapping[img_name] = [caption]
for img_name in images_to_skip:
if img_name in caption_mapping:
del caption_mapping[img_name]
return caption_mapping, text_data
def train_val_split(caption_data, train_size=0.8, shuffle=True):
# Split the captioning dataset into train and validation sets.
# @param: caption_data (dict), dictionary containing the mapped
# data.
# @param: train_size (float), fraction of all the full dataset
# to use as training data.
# @param: shuffle (bool), whether to shuffle the dataset before
# splitting.
# @return: training and validation datasets as two separated
# dicts.
# 1) Get the list of all image names.
all_images = list(caption_data.keys())
# 2) Shuffle if necessary.
if shuffle:
np.random.shuffle(all_images)
# 3) Split into training and validation sets.
train_size = int(len(caption_data) * train_size)
training_data = {
img_name: caption_data[img_name]
for img_name in all_images[:train_size]
}
validation_data = {
img_name: caption_data[img_name]
for img_name in all_images[train_size:]
}
# 4) Return the splits.
return training_data, validation_data
# Load the dataset.
captions_mapping, text_data = load_captions_data("Flickr8k.token.txt")
# Split the dataset into training and validation sets.
train_data, valid_data = train_val_split(captions_mapping)
print("Number of training samples: ", len(train_data))
print("Number of validation samples: ", len(valid_data))
# Vectorizing the text data
# Use the TextVectorization layer to vectorize the text data, that
# is to say, to turn the original strings into integer sequences
# where each integer represents the index of a word in a
# vocabulary. Use a custom string standardization scheme (in this
# case, strip punctuation characters except < and >) and the
# default splitting scheme (split on whitespace).
def custom_standardization(input_string):
lowercase = tf.strings.lower(input_string)
return tf.strings.regex_replace(lowercase,
"[%s]" % re.escape(strip_chars), "")
strip_chars = "!\"#$%&'()*+,-./;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"
strip_chars = strip_chars.replace("<", "")
strip_chars = strip_chars.replace(">", "")
vectorization = TextVectorization(
max_tokens=VOCAB_SIZE,
output_mode="int",
output_sequence_length=SEQ_LENGTH,
standardize=custom_standardization,
)
vectorization.adapt(text_data)
# Data augmentation for image data.
image_augmentation = keras.Sequential([
layers.RandomFlip("horizontal"),
layers.RandomRotation(0.2),
layers.RandomContrast(0.3),
])
# Building a tf.data.Dataset pipeline for training
# Generate pairs of images and corresponding captions using a
# tf.data.Dataset object. The pipeline consists of two steps:
# 1) Read the image from the disk.
# 2) Tokenize all the five captions corresponding to the image.
def decode_and_resize(img_path):
img = tf.io.read_file(img_path)
img = tf.image.decode_jpeg(img, channels=3)
img = tf.image.resize(img, IMAGE_SIZE)
img = tf.image.convert_image_dtype(img, tf.float32)
return img
def process_input(img_path, captions):
return decode_and_resize(img_path), vectorization(captions)
def make_dataset(images, captions):
'''
if split == "train":
img_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(images).map(
read_train_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE
)
else:
img_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(images).map(
read_valid_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE
)
cap_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(captions).map(
vectorization, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE
)
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.zip((img_dataset, cap_dataset))
dataset = dataset.batch(BATCH_SIZE).shuffle(256).prefetch(AUTOTUNE)
return dataset
'''
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((images, captions))
dataset = dataset.shuffle(len(images))
dataset = dataset.map(process_input, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)
dataset = dataset.batch(BATCH_SIZE).prefetch(AUTOTUNE)
return dataset
# Pass the list of images and the list of corresponding captions.
train_dataset = make_dataset(list(train_data.keys()),
list(train_data.values()))
valid_dataset = make_dataset(list(valid_data.keys()),
list(valid_data.values()))
# Building the model
# The image captioning architecture consists of three models:
# 1) A CNN: Used to extract the image features.
# 2) A TransformerEncoder: The extracted image features are then
# passed to a Transformer based encoder that generates a new
# representation of the inputs.
# 3) A TransformerDecoder: This model takes the encoder output and
# the text data (sequences) as inputs and tries to learn to
# generate the caption.
def get_cnn_model():
base_model = efficientnet.EfficientNetB0(
input_shape=(*IMAGE_SIZE, 3),
include_top=False,
weights="imagenet",
)
# Freeze the feature extractor.
base_model.trainable = False
base_model_out = base_model.output
base_model_out = layers.Reshape(
(-1, base_model_out.shape[-1]))(base_model_out)
cnn_model = keras.models.Model(base_model.input, base_model_out)
return cnn_model
class TransformerEncoderBlock(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, embed_dim, dense_dim, num_heads, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.embed_dim = embed_dim
self.dense_dim = dense_dim
self.num_heads = num_heads
self.attention_1 = layers.MultiHeadAttention(num_heads=num_heads,
key_dim=embed_dim,
dropout=0.0)
self.layernorm1 = layers.LayerNormalization()
self.layernorm2 = layers.LayerNormalization()
self.dense_1 = layers.Dense(embed_dim, activation="relu")
def call(self, inputs, training, mask=None):
inputs = self.layernorm1(inputs)
inputs = self.dense_1(inputs)
attention_output_1 = self.attention_1(
query=inputs,
value=inputs,
key=inputs,
attention_mask=None,
training=training,
)
out_1 = self.layernorm2(inputs + attention_output_1)
return out_1
class PositionalEmbedding(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, sequence_length, vocab_size, embed_dim, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.token_embeddings = layers.Embedding(input_dim=vocab_size,
output_dim=embed_dim)
self.position_embeddings = layers.Embedding(
input_dim=sequence_length, output_dim=embed_dim)
self.sequence_length = sequence_length
self.vocab_size = vocab_size
self.embed_dim = embed_dim
self.embed_scale = tf.math.sqrt(tf.cast(embed_dim, tf.float32))
def call(self, inputs):
length = tf.shape(inputs)[-1]
positions = tf.range(start=0, limit=length, delta=1)
embedded_tokens = self.token_embeddings(inputs)
embedded_tokens = embedded_tokens * self.embed_scale
embedded_positions = self.position_embeddings(positions)
return embedded_tokens + embedded_positions
def compute_mask(self, inputs, mask=None):
return tf.math.not_equal(inputs, 0)
class TransformerDecoderBlock(layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, embed_dim, ff_dim, num_heads, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.embed_dim = embed_dim
self.ff_dim = ff_dim
self.num_heads = num_heads
self.attention_1 = layers.MultiHeadAttention(num_heads=num_heads,
key_dim=embed_dim,
dropout=0.1)
self.attention_2 = layers.MultiHeadAttention(num_heads=num_heads,
key_dim=embed_dim,
dropout=0.1)
self.ffn_layer_1 = layers.Dense(ff_dim, activation="relu")
self.ffn_layer_2 = layers.Dense(embed_dim)
self.layernorm_1 = layers.LayerNormalization()
self.layernorm_2 = layers.LayerNormalization()
self.layernorm_3 = layers.LayerNormalization()
self.embedding = PositionalEmbedding(embed_dim=EMBED_DIM,
sequence_length=SEQ_LENGTH,
vocab_size=VOCAB_SIZE)
self.out = layers.Dense(VOCAB_SIZE, activation="softmax")
self.dropout_1 = layers.Dropout(0.3)
self.dropout_2 = layers.Dropout(0.5)
self.supports_masking = True
def call(self, inputs, encoder_outputs, training, mask=None):
inputs = self.embedding(inputs)
causal_mask = self.get_causal_attention_mask(inputs)
if mask is not None:
padding_mask = tf.cast(mask[:, :, tf.newaxis], dtype=tf.int32)
combined_mask = tf.cast(mask[:, tf.newaxis, :], dtype=tf.int32)
combined_mask = tf.minimum(combined_mask, causal_mask)
attention_output_1 = self.attention_1(
query=inputs,
value=inputs,
key=inputs,
attention_mask=combined_mask,
training=training,
)
out_1 = self.layernorm_1(inputs + attention_output_1)
attention_output_2 = self.attention_2(
query=out_1,
value=encoder_outputs,
key=encoder_outputs,
attention_mask=padding_mask,
training=training,
)
out_2 = self.layernorm_2(out_1 + attention_output_2)
ffn_out = self.ffn_layer_1(out_2)
ffn_out = self.dropout_1(ffn_out, training=training)
ffn_out = self.ffn_layer_2(ffn_out)
ffn_out = self.layernorm_3(ffn_out + out_2, training=training)
ffn_out = self.dropout_2(ffn_out, training=training)
preds = self.out(ffn_out)
return preds
def get_causal_attention_mask(self, inputs):
input_shape = tf.shape(inputs)
batch_size, sequence_length = input_shape[0], input_shape[1]
i = tf.range(sequence_length)[:, tf.newaxis]
j = tf.range(sequence_length)
mask = tf.cast(i >= j, dtype="int32")
mask = tf.reshape(mask, (1, input_shape[1], input_shape[1]))
mult = tf.concat(
[
tf.expand_dims(batch_size, -1),
tf.constant([1, 1], dtype=tf.int32)
],
axis=0,
)
return tf.tile(mask, mult)
class ImageCaptioningModel(keras.Model):
def __init__(self,
cnn_model,
encoder,
decoder,
num_captions_per_image=5,
image_aug=None):
super().__init__()
self.cnn_model = cnn_model
self.encoder = encoder
self.decoder = decoder
self.loss_tracker = keras.metrics.Mean(name="loss")
self.acc_tracker = keras.metrics.Mean(name="accuracy")
self.num_captions_per_image = num_captions_per_image
self.image_aug = image_aug
def calculate_loss(self, y_true, y_pred, mask):
loss = self.loss(y_true, y_pred)
mask = tf.cast(mask, dtype=loss.dtype)
loss *= mask
return tf.reduce_sum(loss) / tf.reduce_sum(mask)
def calculate_accuracy(self, y_true, y_pred, mask):
accuracy = tf.equal(y_true, tf.argmax(y_pred, axis=2))
accuracy = tf.math.logical_and(mask, accuracy)
accuracy = tf.cast(accuracy, dtype=tf.float32)
mask = tf.cast(mask, dtype=tf.float32)
return tf.reduce_sum(accuracy) / tf.reduce_sum(mask)
def _compute_caption_loss_and_acc(self,
img_embed,
batch_seq,
training=True):
encoder_out = self.encoder(img_embed, training=training)
batch_seq_inp = batch_seq[:, :-1]
batch_seq_true = batch_seq[:, 1:]
mask = tf.math.not_equal(batch_seq_true, 0)
batch_seq_pred = self.decoder(batch_seq_inp,
encoder_out,
training=training,
mask=mask)
loss = self.calculate_loss(batch_seq_true, batch_seq_pred, mask)
acc = self.calculate_accuracy(batch_seq_true, batch_seq_pred, mask)
return loss, acc
def train_step(self, batch_data):
batch_img, batch_seq = batch_data
batch_loss = 0
batch_acc = 0
if self.image_aug:
batch_img = self.image_aug(batch_img)
# 1) Get image embeddings.
img_embed = self.cnn_model(batch_img)
# 2) Pass each of the five captions one by one to the
# decoder along with the encoder outputs and compute the
# loss as well as accuracy for each caption.
for i in range(self.num_captions_per_image):
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
loss, acc = self._compute_caption_loss_and_acc(
img_embed, batch_seq[:, i, :], training=True)
# 3) Update loss and accuracy.
batch_loss += loss
batch_acc += acc
# 4) Get the list of all the trainable weights.
train_vars = (self.encoder.trainable_variables +
self.decoder.trainable_variables)
# 5) Get the gradients.
grads = tape.gradient(loss, train_vars)
# 6) Update the trainable weights.
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, train_vars))
# 7) Update the trackers.
batch_acc /= float(self.num_captions_per_image)
self.loss_tracker.update_state(batch_loss)
self.acc_tracker.update_state(batch_acc)
# 8) Return the loss and accuracy values.
return {
"loss": self.loss_tracker.result(),
"acc": self.acc_tracker.result()
}
def test_step(self, batch_data):
batch_img, batch_seq = batch_data
batch_loss = 0
batch_acc = 0
# 1) Get image embeddings.
img_embed = self.cnn_model(batch_img)
# 2) Pass each of the five captions one by one to the
# decoder along with the encoder outputs and compute the
# loss as well as accuracy for each caption.
for i in range(self.num_captions_per_image):
loss, acc = self._compute_caption_loss_and_acc(img_embed,
batch_seq[:,
i, :],
training=False)
# 3) Update loss and accuracy.
batch_loss += loss
batch_acc += acc
batch_acc /= float(self.num_captions_per_image)
# 4) Update the trackers.
self.loss_tracker.update_state(batch_loss)
self.acc_tracker.update_state(batch_acc)
# 8) Return the loss and accuracy values.
return {
"loss": self.loss_tracker.result(),
"acc": self.acc_tracker.result()
}
@property
def metrics(self):
# List the metrics here so the 'reset_states()' can be
# called automatically.
return [self.loss_tracker, self.acc_tracker]
cnn_model = get_cnn_model()
encoder = TransformerEncoderBlock(embed_dim=EMBED_DIM,
dense_dim=FF_DIM,
num_heads=1)
decoder = TransformerDecoderBlock(embed_dim=EMBED_DIM,
ff_dim=FF_DIM,
num_heads=2)
caption_model = ImageCaptioningModel(
cnn_model=cnn_model,
encoder=encoder,
decoder=decoder,
image_aug=image_augmentation,
)
# Model training
# Define the loss function.
cross_entropy = keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(
from_logits=False, reduction="none")
# Early stopping criteria.
early_stopping = keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(patience=3,
restore_best_weights=True)
# Learning Rate Scheduler for the optimizer.
class LRSchedule(keras.optimizers.schedules.LearningRateSchedule):
def __init__(self, post_warmup_learning_rate, warmup_steps):
super().__init__()
self.post_warmup_learning_rate = post_warmup_learning_rate
self.warmup_steps = warmup_steps
def __call__(self, step):
global_step = tf.cast(step, tf.float32)
warmup_steps = tf.cast(self.warmup_steps, tf.float32)
warmup_progress = global_step / warmup_steps
warmup_learning_rate = self.post_warmup_learning_rate * warmup_progress
return tf.cond(
global_step < warmup_steps,
lambda: warmup_learning_rate,
lambda: self.post_warmup_learning_rate,
)
# Create a learning rate schedule.
num_train_steps = len(train_dataset) * EPOCHS
num_warmup_steps = num_train_steps // 15
lr_schedule = LRSchedule(post_warmup_learning_rate=1e-4,
warmup_steps=num_warmup_steps)
# Compile the model.
caption_model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(lr_schedule),
loss=cross_entropy)
# Fit the model.
caption_model.fit(
train_dataset,
epochs=EPOCHS,
validation_data=valid_dataset,
callbacks=[early_stopping],
)
# Check sample predictions
'''
vocab = vectorization.get_vocabulary()
index_lookup = dict(zip(range(len(vocab)), vocab))
max_decoded_sentence_length = SEQ_LENGTH - 1
valid_images = list(valid_data.keys())
def generate_caption():
# Select a random image from the validation dataset.
sample_img = np.random.choice(valid_images)
# Read the image from the disk.
sample_img = decode_and_resize(sample_img)
img = sample_img.numpy().clip(0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
plt.imshow(img)
plt.show()
# Pass the image to the CNN.
img = tf.expand_dims(sample_img, 0)
img = caption_model.cnn_model(img)
# Pass the image features to the Transformer encoder.
encoded_img = caption_model.encoder(img, training=False)
# Generate the caption using the Transformer decoder.
decoded_caption = "<start>"
for i in range(max_decoded_sentence_length):
tokenized_caption = vectorization([decoded_caption])[:, :-1]
mask = tf.math.not_equal(tokenized_caption, 0)
predictions = caption_model.decoder(
tokenized_caption, encoded_img, training=False, mask=mask
)
sampled_token_index = np.argmax(predictions[0, i, :])
sampled_token = index_lookup[sampled_token_index]
if sampled_token == " <end>":
break
decoded_caption += " " + sampled_token
decoded_caption = decoded_caption.replace("<start>", "")
decoded_caption = decoded_caption.replace("<end>", "").strip()
print("Predicted Caption: ", decoded_caption)
# Check predictions for a few samples.
generate_caption()
generate_caption()
generate_caption()
'''
# End Notes
# Notice that the model starts to generate reasonable captions
# after a few epochs. To keep this example easily runnable, it has
# been trained with a few constraints, like a minimal number of
# attention heads. To improve predictions, try changing these
# training settings and find a good model for your use case.
# Exit the program.
exit(0)