def convolve(self, first, second):
shape = first.shape[0] + second.shape[0] - 1
best_shape = int(2**cp.ceil(cp.log2(shape)))
first_f = cp.fft.rfft(first, best_shape)
second_f = cp.fft.rfft(second, best_shape)
return cp.fft.irfft(first_f * second_f, best_shape)[:shape]
def cupy_place(arr, mask, vals):
n = mask.sum()
vals = vals.flatten()
if len(vals) < n:
reps = cupy.ceil(n / len(vals))
vals = cupy.repeat(vals, int(reps), axis=0)
arr[mask] = vals[:n]
def sample(self, epochs=1, burnin=1, batch_size=1, rng=None, **args):
if rng == None:
rng = cp.random.RandomState()
X = args['X_train']
y = args['y_train']
if 'verbose' in args:
verbose = args['verbose']
else:
verbose = None
epochs = int(epochs)
num_batches = cp.ceil(y[:].shape[0] / float(batch_size))
q, p = self.start, {
var: cp.zeros_like(self.start[var])
for var in self.start.keys()
}
print('start burnin')
for i in tqdm(range(int(burnin))):
j = 0
for X_batch, y_batch in self.iterate_minibatches(X, y, batch_size):
kwargs = {
'X_train': X_batch,
'y_train': y_batch,
'verbose': verbose
}
q, p = self.step(q, p, rng, **kwargs)
if verbose and (j % 100) == 0:
ll = cp.asnumpy(
self.model.negative_log_posterior(q, **kwargs))
print('burnin {0}, loss: {1:.4f}, mini-batch update : {2}'.
format(i, ll, j))
j = j + 1
logp_samples = np.zeros(epochs)
posterior = {var: [] for var in self.start.keys()}
print('start sampling')
initial_step_size = self.step_size
for i in tqdm(range(epochs)):
j = 0
for X_batch, y_batch in self.iterate_minibatches(X, y, batch_size):
kwargs = {
'X_train': X_batch,
'y_train': y_batch,
'verbose': verbose
}
q, p = self.step(q, p, rng, **kwargs)
self.step_size = self.lr_schedule(initial_step_size, j,
num_batches)
if verbose and (j % 100) == 0:
ll = cp.asnumpy(
self.model.negative_log_posterior(q, **kwargs))
print('epoch {0}, loss: {1:.4f}, mini-batch update : {2}'.
format(i, ll, j))
j = j + 1
#initial_step_size=self.step_size
ll = cp.asnumpy(self.model.negative_log_posterior(q, **kwargs))
logp_samples[i] = ll
for var in self.start.keys():
posterior[var].append(q[var])
for var in self.start.keys():
posterior[var] = cp.asarray(posterior[var])
return posterior, logp_samples
def step(self, state, momentum, rng, **args):
q = state.copy()
p = self.draw_momentum(rng)
q_new = deepcopy(q)
p_new = deepcopy(p)
positions, momentums = [cp.asnumpy(q)], [cp.asnumpy(p)]
epsilon = self.step_size
path_length = cp.ceil(2 * cp.random.rand() * self.path_length /
epsilon)
grad_q = self.model.grad(q, **args)
# leapfrog step
for _ in cp.arange(path_length - 1):
for var in self.start.keys():
p_new[var] -= (0.5 * epsilon) * grad_q[var]
q_new[var] += epsilon * p_new[var]
grad_q = self.model.grad(q_new, **args)
p_new[var] -= epsilon * grad_q[var]
#positions.append(deepcopy(q_new))
#momentums.append(deepcopy(p_new))
# negate momentum
for var in self.start.keys():
p_new[var] = -p_new[var]
acceptprob = self.accept(q, q_new, p, p_new, **args)
if cp.isfinite(acceptprob) and (cp.random.rand() < acceptprob):
q = q_new.copy()
p = p_new.copy()
return q, p, positions, momentums, acceptprob
def quantile_bin_array(data, bins=6):
"""Returns symbolified array with equal-quantile binning.
Parameters
----------
data : array
Data array of shape (time, variables).
bins : int, optional (default: 6)
Number of bins.
Returns
-------
symb_array : array
Converted data of integer type.
"""
T, N = data.shape
# get the bin quantile steps
bin_edge = int(np.ceil(T / float(bins)))
symb_array = np.zeros((T, N), dtype='int32')
# get the lower edges of the bins for every time series
edges = np.sort(data, axis=0)[::bin_edge, :].T
bins = edges.shape[1]
# This gives the symbolic time series
symb_array = (data.reshape(T, N, 1) >= edges.reshape(1, N, bins)).sum(
axis=2) - 1
return symb_array.astype('int32')
def exactFilter(tilt_angles, tiltAngle, sX, sY, sliceWidth, arr=[]):
"""
exactFilter: Generates the exact weighting function required for weighted backprojection - y-axis is tilt axis
Reference : Optik, Exact filters for general geometry three dimensional reconstuction, vol.73,146,1986.
@param tilt_angles: list of all the tilt angles in one tilt series
@param titlAngle: tilt angle for which the exact weighting function is calculated
@param sizeX: size of weighted image in X
@param sizeY: size of weighted image in Y
@return: filter volume
"""
from cupy import array, matrix, sin, pi, arange, float32, column_stack, argmin, clip, ones, ceil
# Using Friedel Symmetry in Fourier space.
# sY = sY // 2 + 1
# Calculate the relative angles in radians.
diffAngles = (array(tilt_angles) - tiltAngle) * pi / 180.
# Closest angle to tiltAngle (but not tiltAngle) sets the maximal frequency of overlap (Crowther's frequency).
# Weights only need to be calculated up to this frequency.
sampling = min(abs(diffAngles)[abs(diffAngles) > 0.001])
crowtherFreq = min(sX // 2, int(ceil(1 / sin(sampling))))
arrCrowther = matrix(abs(arange(-crowtherFreq, min(sX // 2, crowtherFreq + 1))))
# Calculate weights
wfuncCrowther = 1. / (clip(1 - array(matrix(abs(sin(diffAngles))).T * arrCrowther) ** 2, 0, 2)).sum(axis=0)
# Create full with weightFunc
wfunc = ones((sX, sY, 1), dtype=float32)
wfunc[sX // 2 - crowtherFreq:sX // 2 + min(sX // 2, crowtherFreq + 1), :, 0] = column_stack(
([(wfuncCrowther), ] * (sY))).astype(float32)
return wfunc
def ceil(inp) -> 'Tensor':
_check_tensors(inp)
engine = _get_engine(inp)
return _create_tensor(
inp,
data=engine.ceil(inp.data),
func=wrapped_partial(ceil_backward, inp=inp)
)
def ceil(x: Array, /) -> Array:
"""
Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.ceil <numpy.ceil>`.
See its docstring for more information.
"""
if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in ceil")
if x.dtype in _integer_dtypes:
# Note: The return dtype of ceil is the same as the input
return x
return Array._new(np.ceil(x._array))
def _pyczt_cupy(self, x, k=None, w=None, a=None):
olddim = x.ndim
if olddim == 1:
x = x[:, cp.newaxis]
(m, n) = x.shape
oldm = m
if m == 1:
x = x.transpose()
(m, n) = x.shape
if k is None:
k = len(x)
if w is None:
w = cp.exp(-1j * 2 * pi / k)
if a is None:
a = 1.
# %------- Length for power-of-two fft.
nfft = int(2**cp.ceil(cp.log2(abs(m + k - 1))))
# %------- Premultiply data.
kk = cp.arange(-m + 1, max(k, m))[:, cp.newaxis]
kk2 = (kk**2) / 2
ww = w**kk2 # <----- Chirp filter is 1./ww
nn = cp.arange(0, m)[:, cp.newaxis]
aa = a**(-nn)
aa = aa * ww[m + nn - 1, 0]
y = (x * aa).astype(np.complex64)
# %------- Fast convolution via FFT.
fy = cp.fft.fft(y, nfft, axis=0)
fv = cp.fft.fft(1 / ww[0:k - 1 + m], nfft,
axis=0) # <----- Chirp filter.
fy = fy * fv
g = cp.fft.ifft(fy, axis=0)
# %------- Final multiply.
g = g[m - 1:m + k - 1, :] * ww[m - 1:m + k - 1]
if oldm == 1:
g = g.transpose()
if olddim == 1:
g = g.squeeze()
return g
def main(tEnd):
""" N-body simulation """
# Simulation parameters
N = 3 # Number of particles
t = 0 # current time of the simulation
tEnd = tEnd # time at which simulation ends
dt = 0.0005 # timestep
softening = 0.1 # softening length
G = 1.0 # Newton's Gravitational Constant
# Generate Initial Conditions
cp.random.seed(17) # set the random number generator seed
mass = 20.0 * cp.ones((N, 1)) / N # total mass of particles is 20
pos = cp.random.randn(N, 3) # randomly selected positions and velocities
vel = cp.random.randn(N, 3)
# Convert to Center-of-Mass frame
vel -= cp.mean(mass * vel, 0) / cp.mean(mass)
# calculate initial gravitational accelerations
acc = get_acc(pos, mass, G, softening)
# number of timesteps
Nt = int(cp.ceil(tEnd / dt))
# Simulation Main Loop
for i in range(Nt):
# (1/2) kick
vel += acc * dt / 2.0
# drift
pos += vel * dt
# update accelerations
acc = get_acc(pos, mass, G, softening)
# (1/2) kick
vel += acc * dt / 2.0
# update time
t += dt
dt = tEnd - Nt
vel += acc * dt / 2.0
pos += vel * dt
acc = get_acc(pos, mass, G, softening)
vel += acc * dt / 2.0
cp.cuda.Stream.null.synchronize()
return 0
def deskew(image, angle, dz, pixel_size):
deskewed = deskewGPU(image, angle, dz, pixel_size)
image_cp = cp.array(image)
deskewed_cp = cp.array(deskewed)
pages, col, row = image_cp.shape
noise_size = cp.ceil(cp.max(cp.array([row, col])) * 0.1)
image_noise_patch = image_cp[0:noise_size,
col - (noise_size + 1):col - 1, :]
image_noise_patch = image_noise_patch.flatten()
fill_length = deskewed_cp.size - cp.count_nonzero(deskewed_cp)
repeat_frequency = cp.ceil(fill_length / image_noise_patch.size)
repeat_frequency = cp.asnumpy(repeat_frequency).flatten().astype(
dtype=np.uint16)[0]
noise = cp.tile(image_noise_patch, repeat_frequency + 1)
noise = noise[0:fill_length]
deskewed_cp[deskewed_cp == 0] = noise
return cp.asnumpy(deskewed_cp)
def fit(self, X, w_init=None):
"""Fit the model to the data X, with parameters initialized at w_init
Parameters
----------
X : {numpy array, integer matrix} shape (n_samples, n_features)
Training data.
w_init : {numpy array, float or complex} shape (m_parameters,) (optional)
Initial value of the parameters
Returns
-------
self : TN
The fitted model.
"""
# Some initial checks of the data, initialize random number generator
X = check_array(X, dtype=np.int64)
rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
# Initialize parameters of MPS
self.n_samples = X.shape[0]
self.n_features = X.shape[1]
self.d = np.max(X) + 1
self.m_parameters = self.n_features * self.d * self.D * self.D
if w_init is None:
self._weightinitialization(rng)
else:
self.w = w_init
self.norm = self._computenorm()
self.history = []
n_batches = int(np.ceil(float(self.n_samples) / self.batch_size))
begin = time.time()
for iteration in xrange(1, self.n_iter + 1):
batch_slices = list(
self._gen_even_slices(self.batch_size, n_batches,
self.n_samples, rng))
for batch_slice in batch_slices:
self._fit(X[batch_slice])
end = time.time()
if self.verbose:
train_likelihood = self.likelihood(X)
print("Iteration %d, likelihood = %.3f,"
" time = %.2fs" %
(iteration, train_likelihood, end - begin))
self.history.append(train_likelihood)
begin = end
return self
def inter8_mat_flow5K(LF=None,
P_r=None,
P_1=None,
P_2=None,
U_r=None,
U_1=None,
U_2=None,
H_r=None,
H_1=None,
H_2=None):
print("inter8_mat_flow5K")
height = Params.HEIGHT
width = Params.WIDTH
P_1[P_r == 1] = 0
P_2[P_r == 0] = 0 #print P_2
U_1[U_r == 1] = 0
U_2[U_r == 0] = 0 #print U_2
H_1[H_r == 1] = 0
H_2[H_r == 0] = 0 #print H_2
#데이터 타입 에러 수정위함
P_1 = cp.array(P_1, dtype=cp.int64)
P_2 = cp.array(P_2, dtype=cp.int64)
U_1 = cp.array(U_1, dtype=cp.int64)
U_2 = cp.array(U_2, dtype=cp.int64)
H_1 = cp.array(H_1, dtype=cp.int64)
H_2 = cp.array(H_2, dtype=cp.int64)
FLOW_MAT = ((1.0 - P_r) * \
((1.0 - U_r) * ((1.0 - H_r) * LF[(P_1) * (height * width) + U_1 * height + H_1 + 1 -1] + \
H_r * LF[(P_1) * (height * width) + U_1 * height + H_2 + 1 -1]) + \
((U_r) * ((1.0 - H_r) * LF[(P_1) * (height * width) + U_2 * height + H_1 + 1 -1] + \
H_r * LF[(P_1) * (height * width) + U_2 * height + H_2 + 1 -1])))) + \
((P_r) * \
((1.0 - U_r) * ((1.0 - H_r) * LF[(P_2) * (height * width) + U_1 * height + H_1 + 1 -1] + \
H_r * LF[(P_2) * (height * width) + U_1 * height + H_2 + 1 -1]) + \
((U_r) * ((1.0 - H_r) * LF[(P_2) * (height * width) + U_2 * height + H_1 + 1 -1] + \
H_r * LF[(P_2) * (height * width) + U_2 * height + H_2 + 1 -1]))))
FLOW_MAT = cp.ceil((FLOW_MAT * 10000))
FLOW_MAT = FLOW_MAT / 10000
return FLOW_MAT
def step(self, model, step_num):
alpha = self.get_alpha(model, step_num)
# multiplication
det_num = model.detector_signal.shape[0]
for i in range(self.n_slices):
# get slice
# ############## may be speeded up if all slices are calc. once out of for cycle
i1 = int(i * cp.ceil(det_num / self.n_slices))
i2 = int(min((i + 1) * cp.ceil(det_num / self.n_slices), det_num))
w_slice = model.detector_geometry[i1:i2]
wi_slice = self.wi[i1:i2]
y_slice = model.detector_signal[i1:i2]
# calculating correction
p = signal.get_signal_gpu(model.solution, w_slice)
dp = y_slice - p
a = cp.divide(dp, wi_slice)
a = cp.where(cp.isnan(a), 0, a)
if self.iter_type == 1: # SMART
y_slice = cp.where(y_slice < 1E-20, 0, y_slice)
a = cp.divide(a, np.abs(y_slice))
a = cp.where(cp.isnan(a), 0, a)
correction = alpha / (i2 - i1) * cp.sum(cp.multiply(cp.moveaxis(w_slice, 0, -1), a), axis=-1)
model._solution = model.solution + correction
def getProj(self, obs, center_pixel, rz, z, ry, rx):
patch = self.getPatch(obs, center_pixel, torch.zeros_like(rz))
patch = np.round(patch.cpu().numpy(), 5)
patch = cp.array(patch)
projections = []
size = self.patch_size
zs = cp.array(z.numpy()) + cp.array(
[(-size / 2 + j) * self.heightmap_resolution for j in range(size)])
zs = zs.reshape((zs.shape[0], 1, 1, zs.shape[1]))
zs = zs.repeat(size, 1).repeat(size, 2)
c = patch.reshape(patch.shape[0], self.patch_size, self.patch_size,
1).repeat(size, 3)
ori_occupancy = c > zs
# transform into points
point_w_d = cp.argwhere(ori_occupancy)
rz_id = (rz.expand(-1, self.num_rz) - self.rzs).abs().argmin(1)
ry_id = (ry.expand(-1, self.num_ry) - self.rys).abs().argmin(1)
rx_id = (rx.expand(-1, self.num_rx) - self.rxs).abs().argmin(1)
dimension = point_w_d[:, 0]
point = point_w_d[:, 1:4]
rz_id = cp.array(rz_id)
ry_id = cp.array(ry_id)
rx_id = cp.array(rx_id)
mapped_point = self.map[rz_id[dimension], ry_id[dimension],
rx_id[dimension], point[:, 0], point[:, 1],
point[:, 2]].T
rotated_point = mapped_point.T[(cp.logical_and(
0 < mapped_point.T, mapped_point.T < size)).all(1)]
d = dimension[(cp.logical_and(
0 < mapped_point.T, mapped_point.T < size)).all(1)].T.astype(int)
for i in range(patch.shape[0]):
point = rotated_point[d == i].T
occupancy = cp.zeros((size, size, size))
if point.shape[0] > 0:
occupancy[point[0], point[1], point[2]] = 1
occupancy = median_filter(occupancy, size=2)
occupancy = cp.ceil(occupancy)
projection = cp.stack(
(occupancy.sum(0), occupancy.sum(1), occupancy.sum(2)))
projections.append(projection)
return torch.tensor(cp.stack(projections)).float().to(self.device)
def bars(x, y, z, t):
w = 1
h = 1
R = 3
f = .125
r = (x % R < w) & (y % 4 > R - h) & (z / 2 + 1 < cp.sin(
f * cp.ceil(x / R) * cp.ceil(y / R) * t / 100))
g = (x % R < w) & (y % 4 > R - h) & (z / 2 + 1 < cp.sin(
f * cp.ceil(x / R) * cp.ceil(y / R) * t / 100))
b = (x % R < w) & (y % 4 > R - h) & (z / 2 + 1 < cp.sin(
f * cp.ceil(x / R) * cp.ceil(y / R) * t / 100))
return r * 20, g * 3 - z / 10, b * 20
def tournament_selection(population, optim):
# initialize random sequence
SEQUENCE = cupy.random.uniform(0, 1, population.shape[0])
# get pearsons
pearsons = cupy.zeros((population.shape[0]), dtype=cupy.int64)
pearsons = cupy.fromiter((evaluate_chromosome(population[i], optim)
for i in range(population.shape[0])),
pearsons.dtype)
# get parents
parents = cupy.zeros(population.shape[0], dtype=cupy.int64)
for i in range(population.shape[0]):
k = cupy.ceil(SEQUENCE[i] * 10).astype(cupy.int64)
chromosome_pointers = cupy.random.choice(
cupy.arange(population.shape[0]), k)
evaluation = pearsons[chromosome_pointers].max()
if len(cupy.where(pearsons == evaluation)[0]) > 1:
parents[i] = cupy.where(pearsons == evaluation)[0][0]
else:
parents[i] = cupy.where(pearsons == evaluation)[0]
return index_to_chromosome_decode(parents, population)
def create_gl(N0, Nproj, Nslices, cor, interp_type):
Nspan = 3
beta = cp.pi / Nspan
# size after zero padding in radial direction
N = int(cp.ceil((N0 + abs(N0 / 2 - cor) * 2.0) / 16.0) * 16)
# size after zero padding in the angle direction (for nondense sampling rate)
osangles = int(max(round(3.0 * N / 2.0 / Nproj), 1))
Nproj = osangles * Nproj
# polar space
proj = cp.arange(0, Nproj) * cp.pi / Nproj - beta / 2
s = cp.linspace(-1, 1, N)
# log-polar parameters
(Nrho, Ntheta, dtheta, drho, aR, am,
g) = getparameters(beta, proj[1] - proj[0], 2.0 / (N - 1), N, Nproj)
# log-polar space
thsp = (cp.arange(-Ntheta / 2, Ntheta / 2) *
cp.float32(dtheta)).astype('float32')
rhosp = (cp.arange(-Nrho, 0) * drho).astype('float32')
erho = cp.tile(cp.exp(rhosp)[..., cp.newaxis], [1, Ntheta])
# compensation for cubic interpolation
B3th = splineB3(thsp, 1)
B3th = cp.fft.fft(cp.fft.ifftshift(B3th))
B3rho = splineB3(rhosp, 1)
B3rho = (cp.fft.fft(cp.fft.ifftshift(B3rho)))
B3com = cp.outer(B3rho, B3th)
# struct with global parameters
P = Pgl(Nspan, N, N0, Nproj, Nslices, Ntheta, Nrho, proj, s, thsp, rhosp,
aR, beta, B3com, am, g, cor, osangles, interp_type)
# represent as array
parsi = cp.array([
P.N, P.N0, P.Ntheta, P.Nrho, P.Nspan, P.Nproj, P.Nslices, P.cor,
P.osangles, P.interp_type == 'cubic'
],
dtype='float32')
params = cp.concatenate((parsi, erho.flatten())).get()
return (P, params)
def bilateral(img_in, sigma_s, sigma_v, eps=1e-8):
# gaussian
gsi = lambda r2, sigma: cup.exp(-0.5 * r2 / sigma**2)
win_width = int(cup.ceil(3 * sigma_s))
wgt_sum = cup.ones(img_in.shape) * eps
result = img_in * eps
off = np.empty_like(img_in, dtype=np.float32)
assert off.dtype == img_in.dtype
assert off.shape == img_in.shape
for shft_x in range(-win_width, win_width + 1):
for shft_y in range(-win_width, win_width + 1):
aroll0(off, img_in, shft_y)
aroll1(off, off, shft_x)
w = gsi(shft_x**2 + shft_y**2, sigma_s)
tw = w * gsi((off - img_in)**2, sigma_v)
result += off * tw
wgt_sum += tw
# normalize the result and return
return result / wgt_sum
def step(self, state, momentum, rng, **args):
q = state.copy()
p = self.draw_momentum(rng)
q_new = deepcopy(q)
p_new = deepcopy(p)
epsilon = self.step_size
path_length = cp.ceil(2 * cp.random.rand() * self.path_length /
epsilon)
grad_q = self.model.grad(q, **args)
# SG-HMC leapfrog step
for _ in cp.arange(path_length - 1):
for var in self.start.keys():
dim = (cp.array(q_new[var])).size
rvar = rng.normal(0, 2 * epsilon, dim).reshape(q[var].shape)
q_new[var] += epsilon * p_new[var]
grad_q = self.model.grad(q_new, **args)
p_new[var] = (
1 - epsilon) * p_new[var] + epsilon * grad_q[var] + rvar
acceptprob = self.accept(q, q_new, p, p_new, **args)
if cp.isfinite(acceptprob) and (cp.random.rand() < acceptprob):
q = q_new.copy()
p = p_new.copy()
return q, p, acceptprob
def __init__(self, params):
self.params = params
if self.params.hiddenRatio is not None:
self.params.n_hidden = int(
cupy.ceil(self.params.n_visible * self.params.hiddenRatio))
# for 0-1 normlaization
self.norm_max = cupy.ones((self.params.n_visible, )) * -cupy.Inf
self.norm_min = cupy.ones((self.params.n_visible, )) * cupy.Inf
self.n = 0
self.rng = cupy.random.RandomState(1234)
a = 1. / self.params.n_visible
self.W = cupy.array(
self.rng.uniform( # initialize W uniformly
low=-a,
high=a,
size=(self.params.n_visible, self.params.n_hidden)))
self.hbias = cupy.zeros(self.params.n_hidden) # initialize h bias 0
self.vbias = cupy.zeros(self.params.n_visible) # initialize v bias 0
self.W_prime = self.W.T
def splineB3(x2, r):
sizex = len(x2)
x2 = x2 - (x2[-1] + x2[0]) / 2
stepx = x2[1] - x2[0]
ri = int(cp.ceil(2 * r))
r = r * stepx
x2c = x2[int(cp.ceil((sizex + 1) / 2.0)) - 1]
x = x2[int(cp.ceil((sizex + 1) / 2.0) - ri -
1):int(cp.ceil((sizex + 1) / 2.0) + ri)]
d = cp.abs(x - x2c) / r
B3 = x * 0
for ix in range(-ri, ri + 1):
id = ix + ri
if d[id] < 1: # use the first polynomial
B3[id] = (3 * d[id]**3 - 6 * d[id]**2 + 4) / 6
else:
if (d[id] < 2):
B3[id] = (-d[id]**3 + 6 * d[id]**2 - 12 * d[id] + 8) / 6
B3f = x2 * 0
B3f[int(cp.ceil((sizex + 1) / 2.0) - ri -
1):int(cp.ceil((sizex + 1) / 2.0) + ri)] = B3
return B3f
def _quantile_unchecked(a, q, axis=None, out=None, interpolation='linear',
keepdims=False):
if q.ndim == 0:
q = q[None]
zerod = True
else:
zerod = False
if q.ndim > 1:
raise ValueError('Expected q to have a dimension of 1.\n'
'Actual: {0} != 1'.format(q.ndim))
if keepdims:
if axis is None:
keepdim = (1,) * a.ndim
else:
keepdim = list(a.shape)
for ax in axis:
keepdim[ax % a.ndim] = 1
keepdim = tuple(keepdim)
# Copy a since we need it sorted but without modifying the original array
if isinstance(axis, int):
axis = axis,
if axis is None:
ap = a.flatten()
nkeep = 0
else:
# Reduce axes from a and put them last
axis = tuple(ax % a.ndim for ax in axis)
keep = set(range(a.ndim)) - set(axis)
nkeep = len(keep)
for i, s in enumerate(sorted(keep)):
a = a.swapaxes(i, s)
ap = a.reshape(a.shape[:nkeep] + (-1,)).copy()
axis = -1
ap.sort(axis=axis)
Nx = ap.shape[axis]
indices = q * (Nx - 1.)
if interpolation == 'lower':
indices = cupy.floor(indices).astype(cupy.int32)
elif interpolation == 'higher':
indices = cupy.ceil(indices).astype(cupy.int32)
elif interpolation == 'midpoint':
indices = 0.5 * (cupy.floor(indices) + cupy.ceil(indices))
elif interpolation == 'nearest':
# TODO(hvy): Implement nearest using around
raise ValueError('\'nearest\' interpolation is not yet supported. '
'Please use any other interpolation method.')
elif interpolation == 'linear':
pass
else:
raise ValueError('Unexpected interpolation method.\n'
'Actual: \'{0}\' not in (\'linear\', \'lower\', '
'\'higher\', \'midpoint\')'.format(interpolation))
if indices.dtype == cupy.int32:
ret = cupy.rollaxis(ap, axis)
ret = ret.take(indices, axis=0, out=out)
else:
if out is None:
ret = cupy.empty(ap.shape[:-1] + q.shape, dtype=cupy.float64)
else:
ret = cupy.rollaxis(out, 0, out.ndim)
cupy.ElementwiseKernel(
'S idx, raw T a, raw int32 offset, raw int32 size', 'U ret',
'''
ptrdiff_t idx_below = floor(idx);
U weight_above = idx - idx_below;
ptrdiff_t max_idx = size - 1;
ptrdiff_t offset_bottom = _ind.get()[0] * offset + idx_below;
ptrdiff_t offset_top = min(offset_bottom + 1, max_idx);
U diff = a[offset_top] - a[offset_bottom];
if (weight_above < 0.5) {
ret = a[offset_bottom] + diff * weight_above;
} else {
ret = a[offset_top] - diff * (1 - weight_above);
}
''',
'percentile_weightnening'
)(indices, ap, ap.shape[-1] if ap.ndim > 1 else 0, ap.size, ret)
ret = cupy.rollaxis(ret, -1) # Roll q dimension back to first axis
if zerod:
ret = ret.squeeze(0)
if keepdims:
if q.size > 1:
keepdim = (-1,) + keepdim
ret = ret.reshape(keepdim)
return _core._internal_ascontiguousarray(ret)
def percentile(a, q, axis=None, out=None, interpolation='linear',
keepdims=False):
"""Computes the q-th percentile of the data along the specified axis.
Args:
a (cupy.ndarray): Array for which to compute percentiles.
q (float, tuple of floats or cupy.ndarray): Percentiles to compute
in the range between 0 and 100 inclusive.
axis (int or tuple of ints): Along which axis or axes to compute the
percentiles. The flattened array is used by default.
out (cupy.ndarray): Output array.
interpolation (str): Interpolation method when a quantile lies between
two data points. ``linear`` interpolation is used by default.
Supported interpolations are``lower``, ``higher``, ``midpoint``,
``nearest`` and ``linear``.
keepdims (bool): If ``True``, the axis is remained as an axis of
size one.
Returns:
cupy.ndarray: The percentiles of ``a``, along the axis if specified.
.. seealso:: :func:`numpy.percentile`
"""
q = cupy.asarray(q, dtype=a.dtype)
if q.ndim == 0:
q = q[None]
zerod = True
else:
zerod = False
if q.ndim > 1:
raise ValueError('Expected q to have a dimension of 1.\n'
'Actual: {0} != 1'.format(q.ndim))
if keepdims:
if axis is None:
keepdim = (1,) * a.ndim
else:
keepdim = list(a.shape)
for ax in axis:
keepdim[ax % a.ndim] = 1
keepdim = tuple(keepdim)
# Copy a since we need it sorted but without modifying the original array
if isinstance(axis, int):
axis = axis,
if axis is None:
ap = a.flatten()
nkeep = 0
else:
# Reduce axes from a and put them last
axis = tuple(ax % a.ndim for ax in axis)
keep = set(range(a.ndim)) - set(axis)
nkeep = len(keep)
for i, s in enumerate(sorted(keep)):
a = a.swapaxes(i, s)
ap = a.reshape(a.shape[:nkeep] + (-1,)).copy()
axis = -1
ap.sort(axis=axis)
Nx = ap.shape[axis]
indices = q * 0.01 * (Nx - 1.) # percents to decimals
if interpolation == 'lower':
indices = cupy.floor(indices).astype(cupy.int32)
elif interpolation == 'higher':
indices = cupy.ceil(indices).astype(cupy.int32)
elif interpolation == 'midpoint':
indices = 0.5 * (cupy.floor(indices) + cupy.ceil(indices))
elif interpolation == 'nearest':
# TODO(hvy): Implement nearest using around
raise ValueError("'nearest' interpolation is not yet supported. "
'Please use any other interpolation method.')
elif interpolation == 'linear':
pass
else:
raise ValueError('Unexpected interpolation method.\n'
"Actual: '{0}' not in ('linear', 'lower', 'higher', "
"'midpoint')".format(interpolation))
if indices.dtype == cupy.int32:
ret = cupy.rollaxis(ap, axis)
ret = ret.take(indices, axis=0, out=out)
else:
if out is None:
ret = cupy.empty(ap.shape[:-1] + q.shape, dtype=cupy.float64)
else:
ret = cupy.rollaxis(out, 0, out.ndim)
cupy.ElementwiseKernel(
'S idx, raw T a, raw int32 offset', 'U ret',
'''
ptrdiff_t idx_below = floor(idx);
U weight_above = idx - idx_below;
ptrdiff_t offset_i = _ind.get()[0] * offset;
ret = a[offset_i + idx_below] * (1.0 - weight_above)
+ a[offset_i + idx_below + 1] * weight_above;
''',
'percentile_weightnening'
)(indices, ap, ap.shape[-1] if ap.ndim > 1 else 0, ret)
ret = cupy.rollaxis(ret, -1) # Roll q dimension back to first axis
if zerod:
ret = ret.squeeze(0)
if keepdims:
if q.size > 1:
keepdim = (-1,) + keepdim
ret = ret.reshape(keepdim)
return cupy.ascontiguousarray(ret)
def fit(self, X, y):
"""
This should fit classifier.
"""
assert (type(self.C) == float), "C parameter must be float"
assert (type(self.eta) == float), "eta parameter must be float"
assert (type(self.max_iter) == int and (self.max_iter >= 1 or self.max_iter == -1)), "max_iter parameter must be positive integer. -1 for no limit"
assert (type(self.batch_size) == int and self.batch_size >= 1 and self.batch_size <= len(X)), "batch_size parameter must be positive integer"
self.history_score = list() # for saving score of each epoch
X = cp.asarray(X)
y = cp.asarray(y)
n = X.shape[0] # number of data points
s = cp.arange(n)
self.n_features = X.shape[1] # number of features
self.classes, y_ = cp.unique(y, return_inverse=True)
self.n_classes = len(self.classes) # number of classes
y = self.one_hot(y_)
# init parameter
self.rgen = cp.random.RandomState(self.random_state)
W = self.rgen.normal(loc=0.0, scale=0.01, size=(self.n_features, self.n_classes)) # (784, 10)
b = cp.ones((1, self.n_classes)) # (1, 10)
W_ = W[:,:]
b_ = b[:,:]
# the best W and b that have the best accuracy
self.best_W = W_[:]
self.best_b = b_[:]
mi = self.max_iter
# SGD Algorithm with Weight Averaging
for it in range(1, mi+1):
n_batches = int(cp.ceil(len(y) / self.batch_size)) # number of batches
# random sampling without replacement
self.rgen.shuffle(s) # {0, 1, ... , n}
valid_batch_idx = s[self.batch_size * (n_batches - 1) :]
X_valid = X[valid_batch_idx]
y_valid = y_[valid_batch_idx]
# X_valid = cp.array(X_valid)
for i in range(n_batches-1):
# mini-batch
batch_idx = s[self.batch_size * i : self.batch_size * (i + 1)]
# gradient
dw , db = self._SGD(X[batch_idx], y[batch_idx], W, b)
# update (weight averaging)
W = cp.subtract(W, cp.multiply(self.eta, dw)) # (784, 10)
b = cp.subtract(b, cp.multiply(self.eta, db)) # (1, 10)
W_ = cp.add(cp.multiply((it/(it+1)), W_), cp.multiply((it/(it+1)), W))
b_ = cp.add(cp.multiply((it/(it+1)), b_), cp.multiply((it/(it+1)), b))
# keep the best weight
if self._check_score(X_valid, y_valid, self.best_W, self.best_b) < self._check_score(X_valid, y_valid, W_, b_):
self.best_W = W_[:]
self.best_b = b_[:]
# if it % 100 == 0:
# print(f"Iteration {it} / {self.max_iter} \t", end='')
# print(f"train_accuracy {accuracy_score(cp.asnumpy(self.predict(X_valid)), cp.asnumpy(y_valid))}")
# save acc socre of each epoch
self.history_score.append(self._score(X, y_))
def smooth(data, smooth_width, kernel='gaussian', mask=None, residuals=False):
"""Returns either smoothed time series or its residuals.
the difference between the original and the smoothed time series
(=residuals) of a kernel smoothing with gaussian (smoothing kernel width =
twice the sigma!) or heaviside window, equivalent to a running mean.
Assumes data of shape (T, N) or (T,)
:rtype: array
:returns: smoothed/residual data
Parameters
----------
data : array
Data array of shape (time, variables).
smooth_width : float
Window width of smoothing, 2*sigma for a gaussian.
kernel : str, optional (default: 'gaussian')
Smoothing kernel, 'gaussian' or 'heaviside' for a running mean.
mask : bool array, optional (default: None)
Data mask where True labels masked samples.
residuals : bool, optional (default: False)
True if residuals should be returned instead of smoothed data.
Returns
-------
data : array-like
Smoothed/residual data.
"""
print("%s %s smoothing with " % ({
True: "Take residuals of a ",
False: ""
}[residuals], kernel) + "window width %.2f (2*sigma for a gaussian!)" %
(smooth_width))
totaltime = len(data)
if kernel == 'gaussian':
window = np.exp(-(np.arange(totaltime).reshape(
(1, totaltime)) - np.arange(totaltime).reshape(
(totaltime, 1)))**2 / ((2. * smooth_width / 2.)**2))
elif kernel == 'heaviside':
import scipy.linalg
wtmp = np.zeros(totaltime)
wtmp[:np.ceil(smooth_width / 2.)] = 1
window = scipy.linalg.toeplitz(wtmp)
if mask is None:
if np.ndim(data) == 1:
smoothed_data = (data * window).sum(axis=1) / window.sum(axis=1)
else:
smoothed_data = np.zeros(data.shape)
for i in range(data.shape[1]):
smoothed_data[:, i] = (data[:, i] *
window).sum(axis=1) / window.sum(axis=1)
else:
if np.ndim(data) == 1:
smoothed_data = ((data * window * (mask == False)).sum(axis=1) /
(window * (mask == False)).sum(axis=1))
else:
smoothed_data = np.zeros(data.shape)
for i in range(data.shape[1]):
smoothed_data[:, i] = ((data[:, i] * window *
(mask == False)[:, i]).sum(axis=1) /
(window *
(mask == False)[:, i]).sum(axis=1))
if residuals:
return data - smoothed_data
else:
return smoothed_data
def frac__(z):
return z+1-cp.ceil(z)
def subfactorial__(n):
return cp.ceil(cp.round_(factorial__(n)/cp.exp(1))) - 1.0
def random_noise(image, mode='gaussian', seed=None, clip=True, **kwargs):
"""
Function to add random noise of various types to a floating-point image.
Parameters
----------
image : ndarray
Input image data. Will be converted to float.
mode : str, optional
One of the following strings, selecting the type of noise to add:
- 'gaussian' Gaussian-distributed additive noise.
- 'localvar' Gaussian-distributed additive noise, with specified
local variance at each point of `image`.
- 'poisson' Poisson-distributed noise generated from the data.
- 'salt' Replaces random pixels with 1.
- 'pepper' Replaces random pixels with 0 (for unsigned images) or
-1 (for signed images).
- 's&p' Replaces random pixels with either 1 or `low_val`, where
`low_val` is 0 for unsigned images or -1 for signed
images.
- 'speckle' Multiplicative noise using out = image + n*image, where
n is Gaussian noise with specified mean & variance.
seed : int, optional
If provided, this will set the random seed before generating noise,
for valid pseudo-random comparisons.
clip : bool, optional
If True (default), the output will be clipped after noise applied
for modes `'speckle'`, `'poisson'`, and `'gaussian'`. This is
needed to maintain the proper image data range. If False, clipping
is not applied, and the output may extend beyond the range [-1, 1].
mean : float, optional
Mean of random distribution. Used in 'gaussian' and 'speckle'.
Default : 0.
var : float, optional
Variance of random distribution. Used in 'gaussian' and 'speckle'.
Note: variance = (standard deviation) ** 2. Default : 0.01
local_vars : ndarray, optional
Array of positive floats, same shape as `image`, defining the local
variance at every image point. Used in 'localvar'.
amount : float, optional
Proportion of image pixels to replace with noise on range [0, 1].
Used in 'salt', 'pepper', and 'salt & pepper'. Default : 0.05
salt_vs_pepper : float, optional
Proportion of salt vs. pepper noise for 's&p' on range [0, 1].
Higher values represent more salt. Default : 0.5 (equal amounts)
Returns
-------
out : ndarray
Output floating-point image data on range [0, 1] or [-1, 1] if the
input `image` was unsigned or signed, respectively.
Notes
-----
Speckle, Poisson, Localvar, and Gaussian noise may generate noise outside
the valid image range. The default is to clip (not alias) these values,
but they may be preserved by setting `clip=False`. Note that in this case
the output may contain values outside the ranges [0, 1] or [-1, 1].
Use this option with care.
Because of the prevalence of exclusively positive floating-point images in
intermediate calculations, it is not possible to intuit if an input is
signed based on dtype alone. Instead, negative values are explicitly
searched for. Only if found does this function assume signed input.
Unexpected results only occur in rare, poorly exposes cases (e.g. if all
values are above 50 percent gray in a signed `image`). In this event,
manually scaling the input to the positive domain will solve the problem.
The Poisson distribution is only defined for positive integers. To apply
this noise type, the number of unique values in the image is found and
the next round power of two is used to scale up the floating-point result,
after which it is scaled back down to the floating-point image range.
To generate Poisson noise against a signed image, the signed image is
temporarily converted to an unsigned image in the floating point domain,
Poisson noise is generated, then it is returned to the original range.
"""
mode = mode.lower()
# Detect if a signed image was input
if image.min() < 0:
low_clip = -1.0
else:
low_clip = 0.0
image = img_as_float(image)
if seed is not None:
cp.random.seed(seed=seed)
allowedtypes = {
'gaussian': 'gaussian_values',
'localvar': 'localvar_values',
'poisson': 'poisson_values',
'salt': 'sp_values',
'pepper': 'sp_values',
's&p': 's&p_values',
'speckle': 'gaussian_values'
}
kwdefaults = {
'mean': 0.0,
'var': 0.01,
'amount': 0.05,
'salt_vs_pepper': 0.5,
'local_vars': cp.zeros_like(image) + 0.01
}
allowedkwargs = {
'gaussian_values': ['mean', 'var'],
'localvar_values': ['local_vars'],
'sp_values': ['amount'],
's&p_values': ['amount', 'salt_vs_pepper'],
'poisson_values': []
}
for key in kwargs:
if key not in allowedkwargs[allowedtypes[mode]]:
raise ValueError('%s keyword not in allowed keywords %s' %
(key, allowedkwargs[allowedtypes[mode]]))
# Set kwarg defaults
for kw in allowedkwargs[allowedtypes[mode]]:
kwargs.setdefault(kw, kwdefaults[kw])
if mode == 'gaussian':
noise = cp.random.normal(kwargs['mean'], kwargs['var']**0.5,
image.shape)
out = image + noise
elif mode == 'localvar':
# Ensure local variance input is correct
if (kwargs['local_vars'] <= 0).any():
raise ValueError('All values of `local_vars` must be > 0.')
# Safe shortcut usage broadcasts kwargs['local_vars'] as a ufunc
# CuPy Backend: Must supply size argument to get around a CuPy bug
# https://github.com/cupy/cupy/pull/4457
out = image + cp.random.normal(0, kwargs["local_vars"]**0.5,
kwargs["local_vars"].shape)
elif mode == 'poisson':
# Determine unique values in image & calculate the next power of two
vals = len(cp.unique(image))
vals = 2**cp.ceil(cp.log2(vals))
# Ensure image is exclusively positive
if low_clip == -1.0:
old_max = image.max()
image = (image + 1.0) / (old_max + 1.0)
# Generating noise for each unique value in image.
out = cp.random.poisson(image * vals) / float(vals)
# Return image to original range if input was signed
if low_clip == -1.0:
out = out * (old_max + 1.0) - 1.0
elif mode == 'salt':
# Re-call function with mode='s&p' and p=1 (all salt noise)
out = random_noise(image,
mode='s&p',
seed=seed,
amount=kwargs['amount'],
salt_vs_pepper=1.)
elif mode == 'pepper':
# Re-call function with mode='s&p' and p=1 (all pepper noise)
out = random_noise(image,
mode='s&p',
seed=seed,
amount=kwargs['amount'],
salt_vs_pepper=0.)
elif mode == 's&p':
out = image.copy()
p = kwargs['amount']
q = kwargs['salt_vs_pepper']
flipped = cp.random.choice([True, False],
size=image.shape,
p=[p, 1 - p])
salted = cp.random.choice([True, False],
size=image.shape,
p=[q, 1 - q])
peppered = ~salted
out[flipped & salted] = 1
out[flipped & peppered] = low_clip
elif mode == 'speckle':
noise = cp.random.normal(kwargs['mean'], kwargs['var']**0.5,
image.shape)
out = image + image * noise
# Clip back to original range, if necessary
if clip:
out = cp.clip(out, low_clip, 1.0)
return out
def soft_mask(v, voxel_size, num_subunit_residues,
helical_repeat_distance=None, repeats_to_include=0,
filter_resolution=20, expansion_factor=1.2,
expansion_radius=0, print_progress=True, return_mask=False):
full_expansion_radius = expansion_radius + filter_resolution/2
# avg AA mol wt. in g/mol, density in g/cm3
avg_aa_molwt = 110
protein_density = 1.4
# 2
print helical_repeat_distance
v_thresh = np.zeros(v.shape)
v_thresh[:] = v[:]
sz = np.array(v.shape).astype(int)
total_molwt = num_subunit_residues*avg_aa_molwt/6.023e23
if helical_repeat_distance != None:
total_molwt = total_molwt * sz[2]*voxel_size / helical_repeat_distance
total_vol = np.prod(sz) * voxel_size**3 # vol in A3
mol_vol = total_molwt/protein_density / (1.0e-24) # vol in A3
mol_vol_frac = mol_vol/total_vol
target_vol_frac = mol_vol_frac*expansion_factor
thresh = find_binary_threshold(v_thresh, target_vol_frac)
true_frac = (0.0 + np.sum(v_thresh >= thresh)) / v_thresh.size
if repeats_to_include != 0:
zdim = np.round(repeats_to_include * helical_repeat_distance/voxel_size)
else:
zdim = sz[2]
if zdim > sz[2] - 4*np.ceil(filter_resolution/voxel_size):
zdim = sz[2] - 4*np.ceil(filter_resolution/voxel_size)
zdim = zdim.astype(int)
v_thresh[:,:,0:np.floor(sz[2]/2).astype(int) - np.floor(zdim/2).astype(int)] = 0
v_thresh[:,:,np.floor(sz[2]/2).astype(int) - np.floor(zdim/2).astype(int) + 1 + zdim - 1:] = 0
v_thresh[v_thresh < thresh] = 0
if print_progress:
print 'Target volume fraction: {}'.format(target_vol_frac)
print 'Achieved volume fraction: {}'.format(true_frac)
print 'Designated threshold: {}'.format(thresh)
progress_bar = tqdm(total=5)
v_thresh = fftpack.fftn(v_thresh)
progress_bar.update(1)
# 3
cosmask_filter = np.fft.fftshift(spherical_cosmask(sz, 0, np.ceil(filter_resolution/voxel_size)))
cosmask_filter = fftpack.fftn(cosmask_filter) / np.sum(cosmask_filter)
progress_bar.update(1)
v_thresh = v_thresh * cosmask_filter
v_thresh = fftpack.ifftn(v_thresh)
progress_bar.update(1)
v_thresh = np.real(v_thresh)
v_thresh[np.abs(v_thresh) < 10*np.finfo(type(v_thresh.ravel()[0])).eps] = 0
v_thresh[v_thresh != 0] = 1
# The extent of blurring is equal to the diameter of the cosmask sphere;
# if we want this to equal the expected falloff for filter_resolution,
# we therefore need to divide filter_res by 4 to get the
# desired radius for spherical_cosmask.
v_thresh = fftpack.fftn(v_thresh)
progress_bar.update(1)
v_thresh = v_thresh * cosmask_filter
v_thresh = fftpack.ifftn(v_thresh)
progress_bar.update(1)
v_thresh = np.real(v_thresh)
v_thresh[np.abs(v_thresh) < 10*np.finfo(type(v_thresh.ravel()[0])).eps] = 0
if return_mask:
v[:,:,:] = v_thresh
else:
v *= v_thresh
return v_thresh
