def fib2(n): # Write fibonacci series upto n
result = []
a, b = 0, 1
while a < n:
result.append(a)
a, b = b, a + b
return result
import fibo
fibo.fib(1000)
fibo.fib2(100)
fib = fibo.fib
def test26(): # module
import fibo # lookup file 'fibo.py'
print(fibo.fib(10))
print(fibo.fib2(10))
print(dir(fibo))
fibo._ver_ = 2.0
'''
print(fibo.__builtins__
, fibo.__cached__
, fibo.__doc__
, fibo.__file__
, fibo.__loader__
, fibo.__name__
, fibo.__package__
, fibo.__spec__
)
'''
print(fibo.__name__, fibo.__cached__, fibo.__doc__, fibo.__file__, fibo.__loader__, fibo.__package__)
print(fibo.__spec__, fibo._ver_)
import builtins
print(dir(builtins))
def test():
"""test"""
number = int(input("Please enter an integer: "))
if number < 0:
number = 0
print('Negative changed to zero')
elif number == 0:
print('Zero')
elif number == 1:
print('Single')
else:
print('More')
words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
for word in words:
print(word, len(word))
for number in range(2, 10):
for ximp in range(2, number):
if number % ximp == 0:
print(number, 'equals', ximp, '*', number / ximp)
break
else:
print(number, 'is a prime number')
fibo.fib(2000)
f100 = fibo.fib2(100)
print(f100)
def test_fib_type():
result_10 = fibo.fib2(10)
expected_result = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
assert type(result_10) == list
#test_fibo_10()
#test_fibo_0()
#test_fibo_10()
#result_10 = fibo.fib2(10)
#print(result_10)
#result_0 = fibo.fib2(0)
#print(result_0)
def mathStuff(self):
print(math.sqrt(25))
print(math.pi)
# 2 radians = 114.59 degrees
print(math.degrees(2))
# 60 degrees = 1.04 radians
print(math.radians(60))
# Sine of 2 radians, Cosine of 0.5 radians, Tangent of 0.23 radians
print(math.sin(2))
print(math.cos(.5))
print(math.tan(.23))
print(math.factorial(4))
# random int between 0 and 5
print(random.randint(0,5))
# random floating point number between 0 and 1
print(random.random())
# random number between 0 and 100
print(random.random() * 100)
List = [1,4,True,800,"python",27,"hello"]
# random element from a set such a list is chosen
print(random.choice(List))
# returns number of seconds since Unix Epoch, Jan 1st 1970
print(time.time())
# Converts a number of seconds to a date object
print(date.fromtimestamp(454554))
# Using modules to do fib sequence, first writing then returning a list.
fibo.fib(100)
print(fibo.fib2(100))
import fibo fibo.fib(1000) print fibo.fib2(100) print fibo.__name__
import fibo
print (fibo.fib(2000))
#enumerate returns each item as a tupell
for i, n in enumerate(fibo.fib2(1000)):
print("{0}: {1}".format(i,n,))
#The {0} and {1} are indexes of the enumerate values that i had place in the format method. {2} is going to print i
#take ninthe fibo number and divide it by the eigth
"""def nth_quot(n):
fibos = []
for i, x in enumerate(fibo.fib2(1000000000)):
fibos.append(x)
answer = fibos[n-1] / fibos[n-2]
return answer
print (nth_quot(9))"""
def nth_quot2(n):
# import fibo # # fibo.fib(100) # # print(fibo.fib2(100)) from fibo import fib,fib2 fib(100) print(fib2(200))
import sys
from fibo import fib, fib2
if __name__ == '__main__':
n = 50
print("Fibonacci numbers up to ", n)
fib(n)
m = 30
print("Fibonacci numbers up to ", m, " in a list")
print(fib2(m))
def test_fibo_3():
result_0 = fibo.fib2(0)
assert type(result_0) == list
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import builtins
import fibo
result1 = fibo.fib(1000)
result2 = fibo.fib2(100)
print(result1)
print(result2)
print(dir(fibo))
print(dir(builtins))
# rw file
#with open('workfile.txt') as f:
# read_data = f.read()
f = open('workfile.txt')
for line in f:
print(line, end='')
# Sobre modulos
print()
print(" Modulos")
print("-"*20)
print('\n'*2)
print("__name__: ", __name__)
import fibo
print("fib0.__name__ ", fibo.__name__)
print("fibo.fib(10000)", end='\t\t')
fibo.fib(10000)
print("fibo.fib2(10000) : ", fibo.fib2(10000))
# Se podria asigna un nombre local a la funcion
print()
myfib2 = fibo.fib2
print(myfib2(100))
# Cada modulo define su propio espacio de nombres
print("titulo:", fibo.titulo)
fibo.titulo= "Fibonnacci functions"
print("titulo:", fibo.titulo)
# Si importamos funciones concretas, se anyaden al espacio de nombres local.
from calcu import suma, resta, suma2
#!/usr/bin/python import fibo fibo.fib(1000); print fibo.fib2(1000); # The dir function is used to find out what symbols a module defines. print dir(fibo);
import fibo
fibo.fib(1000)
print 'done'
rFib100 = fibo.fib2(100)
print rFib100
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
from fibo import fib, fib2 ###################################### # # python modules # # # fibo 模块调用 # # ##################################### #fibo.fib(1000) fib(1000) # print "\n", fibo.fib2(1000) print "\n", fib2(1000) # fib = fibo.fib fib = fib fib(500) # print "\n", fibo.__author__ # 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts # python fibo.py <arguments> if __author__ == 'kyrin [email protected]': import fibo
#!/usr/bin/python import fibo if __name__ == '__main__': fibo.fib(10) ls = fibo.fib2(10) print print ls
import fibo def fib(n): a,b = 0,1 while b < n: print b a, b = b, a + b def fib2(n): result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while b < n: result.append(b) a, b = b, a + b return result # When you run this in terminal, at first import fibo module. # or import text editor fib = fibo.fib(20) print fibo.fib2(300) print fib
''' Created on 2020年2月22日 @author: Percy @summary: 测试导入斐波那契数列模块 ''' ''' import fibo fibo.fib(100) #fibo.fib2(100) ''' from fibo import fib2, fib fib(100) fib2(100) ''' import using_name ''' #print(fibo.__name__) print(__name__)
import fibo fibo.fib(5) print(fibo.fib2(4))
__author__ = 'fnxuser'
import fibo
import sys
import builtins
fibo.fib(1000)
k = fibo.fib2(int(sys.argv[1]))
print("k is", k)
print(sys.platform)
print("####################\nsys.path")
for p in sys.path:
print(p)
print("####################\ndir(sys)")
for d in dir(sys):
print(d)
print("####################\nbuiltins")
for b in dir(builtins):
print(b)
from fibo import fib, fib2
import fibo2
print('fib:', end=' ')
fib(100)
print('fib2:', fib2(100))
def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg): # What happens when bot gets a message
self.count = self.count + 1
swag = user.split('!')
user = user.split('!', 1)[0] # Turn user!ident@host into nickname
print("%s:<%s> %s" % (channel, user, msg)) # Show the message in console
capsIntact = msg
if channel == self.nickname: # Check if it's a private message
pm = 1
else:
pm = 0
# append(channel, user, msg)
msg = msg.lower()
if swag[1].lower() in self.opersh or channel.lower() == "#dino": # if the user is in the oper list
admin = 1
else:
admin = 0
if channel == "#thegrammarnaziboners":
tstchan = 1
else:
tstchan = 0
insult_ = True
fibo_ = True
choose_ = True
dict_ = True
wiki_ = True
tz_ = True
wz_ = True
rule_ = True
convert_ = True
flist = {'insult': insult_, 'fibo': fibo_, 'choose': choose_, 'dict': dict_, 'wiki': wiki_, 'wz': wz_, 'tz': tz_, 'rule': rule_, 'convert': convert_}
if msg.startswith("~die"):
try:
if admin == 1:
if user.lower() in self.azi:
print "Killed by %s" % user
reactor.stop()
else:
self.notice(user, "Not amused")
print("%s attempted to kill me!")
except:
self.notice(user, "You are not authorized to perform this command.")
print("%s attempted to kill me!" % user)
elif msg.startswith("~set ") and swag.lower() == "*****@*****.**":
# self.sendLine("MODE %s +B %s" % (self.nickname, self.nickname))
self.mode(self.nickname, True, 'B', limit=None, user=self.nickname, mask=None)
elif msg.startswith("~stop") and admin == 1:
self.quit()
elif msg.startswith("~id") and (admin == 1 or user.lower == "Kojiro"):
self.msg("Nickserv", "identify hamsterbot %s" % self.password)
elif msg.startswith("~ghost ") and admin == 1:
msg = msg.split()
self.msg("Nickserv", "ghost %s swagonball" % msg[1])
elif msg.startswith("~donut") and admin == 1:
msg = msg.split(' ')
try:
if msg[1].isdigit(): #hopefully if i use a number it'll join that chan
i = int(msg[1])
chan = self.chanlist[i]
self.join(chan) #why doesnt this work nvm it does
elif msg[1] == "joinall" or msg[1] == "all":
for item in self.chanlist:
self.join(item)
else:
self.join(msg[1])
except:
if admin != 1:
self.notice(user, "You are not authorized to perform this command.")
else:
self.say(channel, "-_-")
elif msg.startswith("~bye"):
try:
if admin == 1:
self.part(channel)
except:
self.notice(user, "You are not authorized to perform this command.")
print("%s attempted to use command ~bye." % user)
elif msg.startswith("~nick"):
try:
if admin == 1:
msg = msg.split(' ')
self.setNick(msg[1])
except:
self.notice(user, "You are not authorized to perform this command.")
print("%s tried to change my nick" % user)
elif msg.startswith("~toggle ") and admin == 1:
msg = msg.split()
if len(msg) == 3:
if flist.has_key(msg[1]):
funct = msg[1].strip()
if msg[2].strip() == "on" or msg[2] == '1':
flist[funct] = True
elif msg[2].strip() == 'off' or msg[2] == '0':
flist[funct] = False
elif msg[2] == 'not':
flist[funct] = not flist[funct]
else:
self.notice(user, "Values accepted: on/off or 1/0")
else:
self.notice(user, "No function found with that name or function may not be switched on/off")
elif len(msg) == 2:
if msg[1] == 'help':
self.notice(user, "The following functions may be switched on/off: insult, choose, convert, dict, fibo, rule, tz, wz, wiki")
elif msg[1] == 'is_on':
is_on = []
for key, value in flist.iteritems():
if value == True:
is_on.append(key)
self.notice(user, "The following functions are on: %r" % is_on)
else:
self.notice(user, "Toggle takes 2 arguments. Do ~toggle help for functions that may be toggled on/off")
elif msg.startswith("~say ") and admin == 1:
msg = msg[5:]
self.say(channel, msg)
elif msg.startswith("~note ") and (swag[1].lower()=="*****@*****.**"):
msg = msg[6:]
# bs.notes(str(msg))
self.notice(user, notes(str(msg)))
elif msg.startswith(":prefixes "):
msg = msg[10:]
self.say(channel, whattodo(msg, user))
elif msg.startswith(".insult ") and insult_ == True:
msg = msg.split(' ')
#nick = msg[1]
try:
if msg[1].lower() in self.azi:
self.say(channel, random.choice(azi_insults))
elif msg[1].lower() == "?roulette":
self.say(channel, "%s, %s" % (user, random.choice(insults)))
else:
insult = "%s, %s" % (msg[1], random.choice(insults))
self.say(channel, insult)
except IndexError:
self.say(channel, random.choice(insults))
elif msg.startswith(".inslut") and flist['insult'] == True:
msg = msg.split(' ')
insult = "%s, %s" % (user, random.choice(insults))
self.say(channel, insult)
elif msg.startswith(".halp") or msg.startswith(".help"):
try:
if admin == 1:
self.notice(user, "Commands: .help, .insult <user>, .fibo, .convert <conversion> <numbers>, .gay, .rule <1-47>, .choose <option1, option2,...>, .dict <query>")
self.notice(user, "Restricted commands: ~die, ~bye, ~donut <channel>, ~nick <newnick>")
except:
self.notice(user, "Commands: .help, .about, .insult <user>, .fibo, .convert <conversion> <numbers>")
# elif msg.startswith("~~"):
# msg = msg.strip("~~")
# exec(msg)
elif msg.startswith(".choose ") and flist['choose'] == True:
msg = msg[8:]
# re.sub("or*", '', msg)
msg = msg.split(",")
msg = random.choice(msg)
words = msg.split(' ')
if words[0] == 'or' and len(words) > 1:
msg = msg.replace('or ','')
self.msg(channel, "%s: %s" % (user, msg.strip()))
# elif msg.startswith(".last"):
# msg = msg[5:]
# list = last(channel, msg)
# for item in list:
# self.msg(user, item)
elif msg.startswith(".wiki ") and flist['wiki'] == True: #broken wikipedia feature
msg = msg[6:]
msg = msg.replace(' ', '_')
self.msg(channel, str(wiki(str(msg))))
elif msg.startswith(".dict ") and flist['dict'] == True: #dictionary feature
# msg = capsIntact
msg = msg[6:]
self.msg(channel, dict(msg))
elif msg.startswith(".tz ") and flist['tz'] == True: #timezone feature
msg = msg[4:]
self.msg(channel, tz(msg))
elif msg.startswith(".wz ") and flist['wz'] == True: #weatherbot feature
msg = msg[4:]
self.msg(channel, wz(msg))
elif msg.startswith(".gay"):
self.msg(channel, "%s: http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/gay-sex-vs-straight-sex" % user)
elif msg.startswith(".rule ") and flist['rule'] == True:
msg = msg.split()
self.msg(channel, rules((msg[1].strip())))
elif msg.startswith(".fibo") and flist['fibo'] == True:
msg = msg.split(' ')
num = msg[1]
i = fib2(int(num))
self.msg(channel, str(i))
elif msg.startswith(".convert") and flist['convert'] == True:
msg = msg.split(' ')
if convert(msg).startswith('S') or convert(msg).startswith('N'):
if '::' in convert(msg):
resp = convert(msg).split('::')
self.notice(user, resp[0])
self.notice(user, resp[1])
else:
self.notice(user, convert(msg))
elif pm == 1:
self.notice(user, convert(msg))
else:
self.msg(channel, convert(msg))
def test_fibo_0():
result_0 = fibo.fib2(0)
expected_result = []
assert result_0 == expected_result
def test_fibo_5():
result = fibo.fib2(5)
expected_result = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3]
assert result == expected_result
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sun Aug 19 15:36:58 2018
@author: shurastogi
"""
import fibo
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("inside main")
fibo.fib2(1000)
else:
print("not in main")
print(b)
a,b=b,a+b
def fib2(n): #return fibonacci series up to n
result = []
a,b = 0,1
while b<n:
result.append(b)
a,b=b,a+b
return result
"""
import fibo #Nhập module
fibo.fib(200)
fi = fibo.fib # Có thể gán vào một tên cục bộ
fi(500)
print(list(fibo.fib2(100)))
###6.1 Bàn thêm về module
# Module có thể nhập các module khác.Thông thường ta hay để tất cả các lệnh import ở đầu một module
# Cách khác: có thể lấy tùy chọn method từ một module.
print("-" * 50)
from fibo import fib, fib2
fib(50)
#hoặc nhập tất cả method trừ method bắt đầu bằng dấu gạch chân (_)
from fibo import *
fib(10)
###6.1.1 Đường dẫn tìm module
def test27(): # module 2
from fibo import fib, fib2
print(fib(10))
print(fib2(10))
pass
# utils.showMsg(os.uname())
print("System path:")
for p in sys.path:
print(p)
s1, s2, s3 = '', 'Trondheim', 'Hammer Dance'
non_null = s1 or s2 or s3
print(non_null)
a = 4
b = 5
c = 5
print(a < b == c)
print(a and (not b) and c)
print((1, 2, 3) < (1, 2, 4))
print([1, 4, 3] < [1, 2, 4])
print('Pascal' < 'Python')
fibo.fib(10)
x = fibo.fib2(10)
y = fibo.fib2(20)
print(x, y)
print(fibo.__name__)
# Show defined vars and modules members
# print(dir())
import fibo
fibo.fib(30)
fibo.fib2(60)
from fibo import fib, fib2
array = []
a = fib(100)
b = fib2(200)
print("array append list:", array.append(a))
import sys
import builtins
fibo_function = []
fibo_function.append(dir(builtins))
def Display_Array(Array_var):
for i in Array_var:
print("array[]:", i)
Display_Array(fibo_function)
print("dir functions:\n", fibo_function, end=" ")
print("\nfunctions of sys:\n", dir(sys), end=" ")
print("\nfunctions of builtins:\n", dir(builtins), end=" ")
#!/usr/bin/env python from fibo import fib print fib(1000) from fibo import fib2 print fib2(1000)
#! /usr/bin/python from fibo import fib, fib2 print (fib(100)) print (fib2(100))
def testFibo(self):
rFib100 = fibo.fib2(100)
self.assertEquals([1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89], rFib100)
# 导入一个模块
import support
support.print_func("Bob")
import fibo
fibo.fib(10)
print(fibo.fib2(10))
# 内置的函数 dir() 可以找到模块内定义的所有名称。
print(dir(fibo))
# 导入一个模块的所有名字(变量和方法)，但不包括由单一下划线(_)开头的名字
from fibo import *
fib(10)
print(fib2(10))
# 按需求导入一个模块的某几个名字(变量和方法)
from fibo import fib, fib2
fib(10)
print(fib2(10))
# 每个模块都有一个__name__属性，当其值是'__main__'时，表明该模块自身在运行，否则是被引入
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('程序本身在运行')
else:
print('我来自另一个模块')
# 导入一个包及其子包
import package
package.sub_package_a.module_a.func_a()
package.sub_package_b.module_b.func_b()
# coding: utf-8
import fibo
sum = 0
a = fibo.fib2(4000000)
for i in a:
if i % 2 == 0:
sum += i
sum
a # unique letters in a
a - b # letters in a but not in b
a | b # letters in either a or b
a & b # letters in both a and b
a ^ b # letters in a or b but not both
#%%
###############################################################################
# Chapter 6. Modules
#%%
# change the current working dir
# import os
# os.chdir("~/project-hg/python/phinarypython")
import fibo
fibo.fib2(100)
fibo.__name__
#%%
###
# 6.1. More on Modules
###
#%%
from fibo import fib
fib(500)
#%%
# Reload a module after changes
#%%
import imp; imp.reload(fibo)
#%%
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # import fibo: Python looks for fibo.py in every directory of sys.path # sys.path is initialised with these locations: # Current directory # PYTHONPATH # installation-dependent default import fibo print(dir(fibo)) fibo.fib(1000) x = fibo.fib2(400) print(x)
#Module in Python
#把定义放在文件中，为了一些脚本或者交互式的解释器实例使用，这个文件被称为模块
#模块是一个包含你自定义的函数和变量的文件，后缀名是.py
import sys
print("command line args is :");
for i in sys.argv:
print(i);
print("Python path is ", sys.path);
import fibo
fibo.fib(100);#fib(100) will lead to an error, using mudule name prefix
print(fibo.fib2(100));
#module name ===> fibo.__name__
print("fibo module name is ", fibo.__name__);
#if you use a module frequently, just assign a variable intead of fibo.fib
wtf = fibo.fib2;
print("wtf(100) is :", wtf(100));
#模块除了方法定义以外可以包括可执行的代码，这些代码一般用来初始化这个模块
#这些代码在第一次导入时才会被执行，每一个模块都有各自独立的符号表，在模块内部为所有的函数当做全局
#符号表来使用
from fibo import fib, fib2#这种方式把所有的名字都导入进来
print("from fibo import fib, fib2");
fib(100);
#__name__属性
import fibo
print("-----------------------")
fibo.fib(500)
print("-----------------------")
r = fibo.fib2(100)
print(r)
def main():
# 사용방법: 모듈명, 함수명
val = fibo.fib2(10)
print(val)
#!/usr/bin/python3
# Filename: test_fib.py
from fibo import fib, fib2
fib(10)
result = fib2(10)
print(result)
for num in result:
print(num)
for num in result:
print(num, end=' ')
import fibo fibo.fib(1000) fibList = fibo.fib2(100) print " " print fibList # can assign the function name to a variable to make it easier to call f = fibo.fib2 print f(100) # find out the names that a module defines print dir(fibo)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Mon Feb 5 13:57:49 2018 @author: AnthonyN """ import fibo # Import library fibo.fib(1000) # To access the fib function in the fibo module fibo.fib2(100) # To access the fib2 function in the fibo module fibo.__name__ fib = fibo.fib # assign a local name for a function fib(500)
import fibo list1 = [] fibo.fib(200) list1 = fibo.fib2(10) print list1
def test_fib_type():
result = fibo.fib2(0)
assert type(result) == list
def test_fibo_10():
result_10 = fibo.fib2(10)
expected_result = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
assert result_10 == expected_result
import fibo
print("#######################################")
fibo.fib(1000)
print(fibo.fib2(500))
print(fibo.__name__)
fib = fibo.fib
fib(100)
import fibo #fibo.fib(1000) print '' from fibo import fib, fib2 fib(500) print '' fib2(500)
''' Created on 2013/4/8 @author: kim.hsiao ''' # it's a file for fibo testing import fibo # import fibo which name is fibo.py print fibo.fib(1000) # import from fibo.py and execute the module within print fibo.fib2(100) # import from fibo.py and execute its module within print fibo.__name__ # show the module name
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # file name import import fibo # method import print(fibo.fib(1000)) # module name print(fibo.__name__) # method import from fibo import fib, fib2 # from fibo import * # from fibo import fib as fibonacci print(fib(1000)) print(fib2(1000))
def main():
print (fibo.fib2(10))
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sat Apr 11 13:00:56 2020
@author: demir
"""
import fibo
import sys
fibo.fib(5)
print(fibo.fib2(4))
print("filename:")
print(sys.argv[0])
print(
fibo.fib2(int(sys.argv[1]))
) # to give arg on Spyder, use Ctrl+F6 and select "Command Line Options". Fill the box next to it. !It takes as STRING!
#!/usr/bin/env python import fibo fibo.fib(5) print fibo.fib2(10)
import fibo fibo.fib(1000) print(fibo.fib2(100)) print(fibo.__name__) # 导入模块的其他方式 from fibo import * # * 导入模块的全部关键字 fib(500) print(fib2(1000)) import fibo as fib # 导入模块里的fib关键字 fib.fib(500) from fibo import fib as fibonacci # 导入fib关键字，用fibonacci代替 fibonacci(500)
def cheeseshop(kind, *arguments, **keywords): # *arg : tuple **arg : dict
cheeseshop("Limburger", "It's very runny, sir.",
"It's really very, VERY runny, sir.",
shopkeeper='Michael Palin',
client="John Cleese",
sketch="Cheese Shop Sketch")
arg1=[1,2,3]
arg2={1:2, 2:3, 3:4}
cheeseshop(1, *arg1, **arg2)
pairs = [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (4, 'four')]
pairs.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[1])
def my_function():
"""Do nothing, but document it.
No, really, it doesn't do anything.
"""
pass
print my_function.__doc__
#= input output ================================================
# print
str()
repr()
for x in range(1, 11):
print repr(x).rjust(2), repr(x*x).rjust(3),
# Note trailing comma on previous line
print repr(x*x*x).rjust(4)
for x in range(1,11):
print '{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x)
>>> '12'.zfill(5)
'00012'
>>> '-3.14'.zfill(7)
'-003.14'
print 'We are the {} who say "{}!"'.format('knights', 'Ni')
print 'The value of PI is approximately %5.3f.' % math.pi
# file
f = open('workfile', 'w')
f.read(size)
f.read()
f.readline()
for line in f:
print line,
list(f)
f.readlines()
f.write('This is a test\n')
value = ('the answer', 42)
s = str(value)
f.write(s)
f = open('workfile', 'r+')
f.write('0123456789abcdef')
f.seek(5) # Go to the 6th byte in the file
f.read(1)
f.seek(-3, 2) # Go to the 3rd byte before the end
f.read(1)
f.close()
with open('workfile', 'r') as f:
read_data = f.read()
f.closed
# json
>>> json.dumps([1, 'simple', 'list'])
'[1, "simple", "list"]'
#= exception ================================================
import sys
try:
f = open('myfile.txt')
s = f.readline()
i = int(s.strip())
except IOError as e:
print "I/O error({0}): {1}".format(e.errno, e.strerror)
except ValueError:
print "Could not convert data to an integer."
except:
print "Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0]
raise
else:
f.close()
try:
this_fails()
except ZeroDivisionError as detail:
print 'Handling run-time error:', detail
class MyError(Exception):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
try:
raise MyError(2*2)
except MyError as e:
print 'My exception occurred, value:', e.value
def divide(x, y):
try:
result = x / y
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "division by zero!"
else:
print "result is", result
finally:
print "executing finally clause"
#= statements ================================================
>>> x = int(raw_input("Please enter an integer: "))
sys.argv[1:]
#= module ================================================
import fibo
fibo.fib(1000)
fibo.fib2(100)
fibo.__name__
fib = fibo.fib
fib(500)
from fibo import fib, fib2
from fibo import *
fib(500)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
print sys.path
print dir(fibo)
print dir(sys)
print dir()
print dir(__builtin__)
#= package ================================================
sound/ Top-level package
__init__.py Initialize the sound package
formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions
__init__.py
wavread.py
wavwrite.py
aiffread.py
aiffwrite.py
auread.py
auwrite.py
...