def dewpoint_to_vapour_pressure(dewpoints_kelvins, temperatures_kelvins,
total_pressures_pascals):
"""Converts each dewpoint to vapour pressure.
Source:
https://content.meteoblue.com/hu/specifications/weather-variables/humidity
:param dewpoints_kelvins: numpy array (any shape) of dewpoints.
:param temperatures_kelvins: numpy array (same shape) of temperatures.
:param total_pressures_pascals: numpy array (same shape) of total air
pressures.
:return: vapour_pressures_pascals: numpy array (same shape) of vapour
pressures.
"""
error_checking.assert_is_geq_numpy_array(
dewpoints_kelvins, 0., allow_nan=True
)
error_checking.assert_is_geq_numpy_array(
temperatures_kelvins, 0., allow_nan=True
)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array(
temperatures_kelvins,
exact_dimensions=numpy.array(dewpoints_kelvins.shape, dtype=int)
)
error_checking.assert_is_geq_numpy_array(
total_pressures_pascals, 0., allow_nan=True
)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array(
total_pressures_pascals,
exact_dimensions=numpy.array(dewpoints_kelvins.shape, dtype=int)
)
dewpoints_deg_c = temperature_conv.kelvins_to_celsius(dewpoints_kelvins)
temperatures_deg_c = temperature_conv.kelvins_to_celsius(
temperatures_kelvins
)
numerator_coeffs = numpy.full(
temperatures_deg_c.shape, MAGNUS_NUMERATOR_COEFF_WATER
)
numerator_coeffs[temperatures_deg_c < 0] = MAGNUS_NUMERATOR_COEFF_ICE
numerators = numerator_coeffs * dewpoints_deg_c
denominator_coeffs = numpy.full(
temperatures_deg_c.shape, MAGNUS_DENOMINATOR_COEFF_WATER
)
denominator_coeffs[temperatures_deg_c < 0] = MAGNUS_DENOMINATOR_COEFF_ICE
denominators = denominator_coeffs + dewpoints_deg_c
vapour_pressures_pascals = (
BASE_VAPOUR_PRESSURE_PASCALS * numpy.exp(numerators / denominators)
)
vapour_pressures_pascals[
numpy.invert(numpy.isfinite(vapour_pressures_pascals))
] = 0.
vapour_pressures_pascals[denominators <= 0] = 0.
return numpy.minimum(vapour_pressures_pascals, total_pressures_pascals)
def test_kelvins_to_celsius(self):
"""Ensures correct output from kelvins_to_celsius."""
these_temperatures_deg_c = temperature_conversions.kelvins_to_celsius(
TEMPERATURES_KELVINS)
self.assertTrue(
numpy.allclose(these_temperatures_deg_c,
TEMPERATURES_DEG_C,
atol=TOLERANCE))
def vapour_pressure_to_dewpoint(vapour_pressures_pascals, temperatures_kelvins):
"""Converts each vapour pressure to dewpoint.
Source:
https://content.meteoblue.com/hu/specifications/weather-variables/humidity
:param vapour_pressures_pascals: numpy array (any shape) of vapour
pressures.
:param temperatures_kelvins: numpy array (same shape) of temperatures.
:return: dewpoints_kelvins: numpy array (same shape) of dewpoints.
"""
error_checking.assert_is_geq_numpy_array(
vapour_pressures_pascals, 0., allow_nan=True
)
error_checking.assert_is_geq_numpy_array(
temperatures_kelvins, 0., allow_nan=True
)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array(
temperatures_kelvins,
exact_dimensions=numpy.array(vapour_pressures_pascals.shape, dtype=int)
)
logarithms = numpy.log(
vapour_pressures_pascals / BASE_VAPOUR_PRESSURE_PASCALS
)
temperatures_deg_c = temperature_conv.kelvins_to_celsius(
temperatures_kelvins
)
numerator_coeffs = numpy.full(
temperatures_deg_c.shape, MAGNUS_DENOMINATOR_COEFF_WATER
)
numerator_coeffs[temperatures_deg_c < 0] = MAGNUS_DENOMINATOR_COEFF_ICE
numerators = numerator_coeffs * logarithms
denominator_coeffs = numpy.full(
temperatures_deg_c.shape, MAGNUS_NUMERATOR_COEFF_WATER
)
denominator_coeffs[temperatures_deg_c < 0] = MAGNUS_NUMERATOR_COEFF_ICE
denominators = denominator_coeffs - logarithms
dewpoints_deg_c = numerators / denominators
dewpoints_kelvins = temperature_conv.celsius_to_kelvins(dewpoints_deg_c)
dewpoints_kelvins[numpy.invert(numpy.isfinite(dewpoints_kelvins))] = 0.
dewpoints_kelvins[dewpoints_deg_c + numerator_coeffs < 0] = 0.
return dewpoints_kelvins
def soundings_to_metpy_dictionaries(sounding_matrix,
field_names,
height_levels_m_agl=None,
storm_elevations_m_asl=None):
"""Converts soundings to format required by MetPy.
If `sounding_matrix` contains pressures, `height_levels_m_agl` and
`storm_elevations_m_asl` will not be used.
Otherwise, `height_levels_m_agl` and `storm_elevations_m_asl` will be used
to estimate the pressure levels for each sounding.
:param sounding_matrix: numpy array (E x H_s x F_s) of soundings.
:param field_names: list (length F_s) of field names, in the order that they
appear in `sounding_matrix`.
:param height_levels_m_agl: numpy array (length H_s) of height levels
(metres above ground level), in the order that they appear in
`sounding_matrix`.
:param storm_elevations_m_asl: length-E numpy array of storm elevations
(metres above sea level).
:return: list_of_metpy_dictionaries: length-E list of dictionaries. The
format of each dictionary is described in the input doc for
`sounding_plotting.plot_sounding`.
"""
error_checking.assert_is_string_list(field_names)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array(numpy.array(field_names),
num_dimensions=1)
check_soundings(sounding_matrix=sounding_matrix,
num_fields=len(field_names))
try:
pressure_index = field_names.index(soundings.PRESSURE_NAME)
pressure_matrix_pascals = sounding_matrix[..., pressure_index]
except ValueError:
error_checking.assert_is_geq_numpy_array(height_levels_m_agl, 0)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array(height_levels_m_agl,
num_dimensions=1)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array_without_nan(
storm_elevations_m_asl)
error_checking.assert_is_numpy_array(storm_elevations_m_asl,
num_dimensions=1)
num_height_levels = len(height_levels_m_agl)
num_examples = len(storm_elevations_m_asl)
check_soundings(sounding_matrix=sounding_matrix,
num_examples=num_examples,
num_height_levels=num_height_levels)
height_matrix_m_asl = numpy.full((num_examples, num_height_levels),
numpy.nan)
for i in range(num_examples):
height_matrix_m_asl[i, ...] = (height_levels_m_agl +
storm_elevations_m_asl[i])
pressure_matrix_pascals = standard_atmo.height_to_pressure(
height_matrix_m_asl)
try:
temperature_index = field_names.index(soundings.TEMPERATURE_NAME)
temperature_matrix_kelvins = sounding_matrix[..., temperature_index]
except ValueError:
virtual_pot_temp_index = field_names.index(
soundings.VIRTUAL_POTENTIAL_TEMPERATURE_NAME)
temperature_matrix_kelvins = (
temperature_conversions.temperatures_from_potential_temperatures(
potential_temperatures_kelvins=sounding_matrix[
..., virtual_pot_temp_index],
total_pressures_pascals=pressure_matrix_pascals))
try:
specific_humidity_index = field_names.index(
soundings.SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_NAME)
dewpoint_matrix_kelvins = (
moisture_conversions.specific_humidity_to_dewpoint(
specific_humidities_kg_kg01=sounding_matrix[
..., specific_humidity_index],
total_pressures_pascals=pressure_matrix_pascals))
except ValueError:
relative_humidity_index = field_names.index(
soundings.RELATIVE_HUMIDITY_NAME)
dewpoint_matrix_kelvins = (
moisture_conversions.relative_humidity_to_dewpoint(
relative_humidities=sounding_matrix[...,
relative_humidity_index],
temperatures_kelvins=temperature_matrix_kelvins,
total_pressures_pascals=pressure_matrix_pascals))
temperature_matrix_celsius = temperature_conversions.kelvins_to_celsius(
temperature_matrix_kelvins)
dewpoint_matrix_celsius = temperature_conversions.kelvins_to_celsius(
dewpoint_matrix_kelvins)
try:
u_wind_index = field_names.index(soundings.U_WIND_NAME)
v_wind_index = field_names.index(soundings.V_WIND_NAME)
include_wind = True
except ValueError:
include_wind = False
num_examples = sounding_matrix.shape[0]
list_of_metpy_dictionaries = [None] * num_examples
for i in range(num_examples):
list_of_metpy_dictionaries[i] = {
soundings.PRESSURE_COLUMN_METPY:
pressure_matrix_pascals[i, :] * PASCALS_TO_MB,
soundings.TEMPERATURE_COLUMN_METPY:
temperature_matrix_celsius[i, :],
soundings.DEWPOINT_COLUMN_METPY: dewpoint_matrix_celsius[i, :],
}
if include_wind:
list_of_metpy_dictionaries[i].update({
soundings.U_WIND_COLUMN_METPY:
(sounding_matrix[i, ..., u_wind_index] *
METRES_PER_SECOND_TO_KT),
soundings.V_WIND_COLUMN_METPY:
(sounding_matrix[i, ..., v_wind_index] *
METRES_PER_SECOND_TO_KT)
})
return list_of_metpy_dictionaries
def plot_predictors(
example_dict, example_index, predictor_names, predictor_colours,
predictor_line_widths, predictor_line_styles, use_log_scale,
include_units=True, handle_dict=None):
"""Plots several predictors on the same set of axes.
P = number of predictors to plot (must all be profiles)
:param example_dict: See doc for `example_io.read_file`.
:param example_index: Will plot the [i]th example, where
i = `example_index`.
:param predictor_names: length-P list with names of predictors to plot.
:param predictor_colours: length-P list of colours (each colour in any
format accepted by matplotlib).
:param predictor_line_widths: length-P numpy array of line widths.
:param predictor_line_styles: length-P list of line styles (each style in
any format accepted by matplotlib).
:param use_log_scale: Boolean flag. If True, will plot height (y-axis) in
logarithmic scale. If False, will plot height in linear scale.
:param include_units: Boolean flag. If True, axis titles will include units
and values will be converted from default to plotting units. If False,
axis titles will *not* include units and this method will *not* convert
units.
:param handle_dict: See output doc. If None, will create new figure on the
fly.
:return: handle_dict: Dictionary with the following keys.
handle_dict['figure_object']: Figure handle (instance of
`matplotlib.figure.Figure`).
handle_dict['axes_objects']: length-P list of axes handles (each an instance
of `matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot`).
"""
# Check input args.
error_checking.assert_is_integer(example_index)
error_checking.assert_is_geq(example_index, 0)
error_checking.assert_is_boolean(use_log_scale)
error_checking.assert_is_boolean(include_units)
error_checking.assert_is_string_list(predictor_names)
num_predictors = len(predictor_names)
error_checking.assert_is_leq(num_predictors, 4)
for k in range(num_predictors):
assert predictor_names[k] in example_utils.ALL_PREDICTOR_NAMES
# assert predictor_names[k] in example_utils.ALL_VECTOR_PREDICTOR_NAMES
assert len(predictor_colours) == num_predictors
assert len(predictor_line_widths) == num_predictors
assert len(predictor_line_styles) == num_predictors
# Housekeeping.
_set_font_size(FANCY_FONT_SIZE)
if handle_dict is None:
figure_object, first_axes_object = pyplot.subplots(
1, 1,
figsize=(FANCY_FIGURE_WIDTH_INCHES, FANCY_FIGURE_HEIGHT_INCHES)
)
axes_objects = [first_axes_object]
figure_object.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.75)
if use_log_scale:
pyplot.yscale('log')
for k in range(1, num_predictors):
axes_objects.append(axes_objects[0].twiny())
if k == 2:
axes_objects[k].spines['top'].set_position(('axes', 1.15))
_make_spines_invisible(axes_objects[k])
axes_objects[k].spines['top'].set_visible(True)
if k == 3:
axes_objects[k].xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
axes_objects[k].xaxis.set_label_position('bottom')
axes_objects[k].spines['bottom'].set_position(('axes', -0.15))
_make_spines_invisible(axes_objects[k])
axes_objects[k].spines['bottom'].set_visible(True)
else:
figure_object = handle_dict[FIGURE_HANDLE_KEY]
axes_objects = handle_dict[AXES_OBJECTS_KEY]
heights_km_agl = METRES_TO_KM * example_dict[example_utils.HEIGHTS_KEY]
tick_mark_dict = dict(size=4, width=1.5)
for k in range(num_predictors):
if predictor_names[k] in example_utils.ALL_SCALAR_PREDICTOR_NAMES:
# TODO(thunderhoser): This is a HACK to deal with saliency maps.
j = example_dict[example_utils.SCALAR_PREDICTOR_NAMES_KEY].index(
predictor_names[k]
)
these_predictor_values = (
example_dict[example_utils.SCALAR_PREDICTOR_VALS_KEY][
example_index, :, j
]
)
else:
these_predictor_values = example_utils.get_field_from_dict(
example_dict=example_dict, field_name=predictor_names[k]
)[example_index, ...]
if include_units:
if predictor_names[k] == example_utils.TEMPERATURE_NAME:
these_predictor_values = temperature_conv.kelvins_to_celsius(
these_predictor_values
)
else:
these_predictor_values = (
PREDICTOR_NAME_TO_CONV_FACTOR[predictor_names[k]] *
these_predictor_values
)
axes_objects[k].plot(
these_predictor_values, heights_km_agl, color=predictor_colours[k],
linewidth=predictor_line_widths[k],
linestyle=predictor_line_styles[k]
)
x_label_string = copy.deepcopy(
PREDICTOR_NAME_TO_VERBOSE[predictor_names[k]]
)
if not include_units:
x_label_string = x_label_string.split(' (')[0]
axes_objects[k].set_xlabel(x_label_string)
axes_objects[k].xaxis.label.set_color(predictor_colours[k])
axes_objects[k].tick_params(
axis='x', colors=predictor_colours[k], **tick_mark_dict
)
axes_objects[0].set_ylabel('Height (km AGL)')
axes_objects[0].set_ylim([
numpy.min(heights_km_agl), numpy.max(heights_km_agl)
])
height_strings = create_height_labels(
tick_values_km_agl=axes_objects[0].get_yticks(),
use_log_scale=use_log_scale
)
axes_objects[0].set_yticklabels(height_strings)
axes_objects[0].tick_params(axis='y', **tick_mark_dict)
return {
FIGURE_HANDLE_KEY: figure_object,
AXES_OBJECTS_KEY: axes_objects
}
STORM_ELEVATIONS_M_ASL[1] + HEIGHT_LEVELS_M_AGL)
SECOND_PRESSURES_PASCALS = numpy.reshape(SECOND_PRESSURES_PASCALS,
(len(SECOND_PRESSURES_PASCALS), 1))
THIS_SECOND_MATRIX = numpy.hstack(
(SECOND_PRESSURES_PASCALS, THIS_SECOND_MATRIX))
SOUNDING_MATRIX_UNNORMALIZED = numpy.stack(
(THIS_FIRST_MATRIX, THIS_SECOND_MATRIX), axis=0)
FIRST_DEWPOINTS_KELVINS = moisture_conversions.specific_humidity_to_dewpoint(
specific_humidities_kg_kg01=THIS_FIRST_MATRIX[:, 5],
total_pressures_pascals=THIS_FIRST_MATRIX[:, 0])
FIRST_METPY_DICT = {
soundings.TEMPERATURE_COLUMN_METPY:
temperature_conversions.kelvins_to_celsius(THIS_FIRST_MATRIX[:, 2]),
soundings.U_WIND_COLUMN_METPY:
METRES_PER_SECOND_TO_KT * THIS_FIRST_MATRIX[:, 3],
soundings.V_WIND_COLUMN_METPY:
METRES_PER_SECOND_TO_KT * THIS_FIRST_MATRIX[:, 4],
soundings.DEWPOINT_COLUMN_METPY:
temperature_conversions.kelvins_to_celsius(FIRST_DEWPOINTS_KELVINS),
soundings.PRESSURE_COLUMN_METPY:
THIS_FIRST_MATRIX[:, 0] * PASCALS_TO_MB
}
SECOND_DEWPOINTS_KELVINS = moisture_conversions.specific_humidity_to_dewpoint(
specific_humidities_kg_kg01=THIS_SECOND_MATRIX[:, 5],
total_pressures_pascals=THIS_SECOND_MATRIX[:, 0])
SECOND_METPY_DICT = {