def add_polygons(self):
a = self.i_hat.get_end()[0]*RIGHT
b = self.j_hat.get_end()[0]*RIGHT
c = self.i_hat.get_end()[1]*UP
d = self.j_hat.get_end()[1]*UP
shapes_colors_and_tex = [
(Polygon(ORIGIN, a, a+c), TEAL, "bd/2"),
(Polygon(ORIGIN, d+b, d), TEAL, "\\dfrac{bd}{2}"),
(Polygon(a+c, a+b+c, a+b+c+d), MAROON, "\\dfrac{ac}{2}"),
(Polygon(b+d, a+b+c+d, b+c+d), MAROON, "ac/2"),
(Polygon(a, a+b, a+b+c, a+c), PINK, "bc"),
(Polygon(d, d+b, d+b+c, d+c), PINK, "bc"),
]
everyone = VMobject()
for shape, color, tex in shapes_colors_and_tex:
shape.set_stroke(width = 0)
shape.set_fill(color = color, opacity = 0.7)
tex_mob = TexMobject(tex)
tex_mob.scale(0.7)
tex_mob.move_to(shape.get_center_of_mass())
everyone.add(shape, tex_mob)
self.play(FadeIn(
everyone,
submobject_mode = "lagged_start",
run_time = 1
))
def move_matrix_parentheses(self, morty, matrices):
m1, m2, m3 = matrices
parens = TexMobject(["(", ")"])
parens.scale_to_fit_height(1.2*m1.get_height())
lp, rp = parens.split()
state1 = VMobject(
VectorizedPoint(m1.get_left()),
m1, m2,
VectorizedPoint(m2.get_right()),
m3
)
state2 = VMobject(*[
m.copy() for m in lp, m1, m2, rp, m3
])
state3 = VMobject(*[
m.copy() for m in m1, lp, m2, m3, rp
])
for state in state2, state3:
state.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff = 0.1)
m1, lp, m2, m3, rp = state3.split()
state3 = VMobject(lp, m1, m2, rp, m3)
self.play(morty.change_mode, "angry")
for state in state2, state3:
self.play(Transform(state1, state))
self.dither()
self.play(morty.change_mode, "confused")
self.dither()
def show_dependencies(self):
linalg = TextMobject("Linear Algebra")
subjects = map(TextMobject, [
"Computer science",
"Physics",
"Electrical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Statistics",
"\\vdots"
])
prev = subjects[0]
for subject in subjects[1:]:
subject.next_to(prev, DOWN, aligned_edge = LEFT)
prev = subject
all_subs = VMobject(*subjects)
linalg.to_edge(LEFT)
all_subs.next_to(linalg, RIGHT, buff = 2)
arrows = VMobject(*[
Arrow(linalg, sub)
for sub in subjects
])
self.play(Write(linalg, run_time = 1))
self.dither()
self.play(
ShowCreation(arrows, submobject_mode = "lagged_start"),
FadeIn(all_subs),
run_time = 2
)
self.dither()
self.linalg = linalg
def construct(self):
t_axis = NumberLine(
numbers_with_elongated_ticks = [],
x_min = 0,
x_max = 10,
color = WHITE,
)
det_axis = NumberLine(
numbers_with_elongated_ticks = [],
x_min = -2,
x_max = 2,
color = WHITE
)
det_axis.rotate(np.pi/2)
t_axis.next_to(ORIGIN, RIGHT, buff = 0)
det_axis.move_to(t_axis.get_left())
axes = VMobject(det_axis, t_axis)
graph = FunctionGraph(np.cos, x_min = 0, x_max = np.pi)
graph.next_to(det_axis, RIGHT, buff = 0)
graph.highlight(YELLOW)
det_word = TextMobject("Det")
det_word.next_to(det_axis, RIGHT, aligned_edge = UP)
time_word = TextMobject("time")
time_word.next_to(t_axis, UP)
time_word.to_edge(RIGHT)
everything = VMobject(axes, det_word, time_word, graph)
everything.scale(1.5)
self.add(axes, det_word, time_word)
self.play(ShowCreation(
graph, rate_func = None, run_time = 10
))
def construct(self):
matrix = Matrix([
[2, 0],
[-1, 1],
[-2, 1],
])
matrix.highlight_columns(X_COLOR, Y_COLOR)
brace = Brace(matrix)
words = VMobject(
TextMobject("Span", "of columns"),
TexMobject("\\Updownarrow"),
TextMobject("``Column space''")
)
words.arrange_submobjects(DOWN, buff = 0.1)
words.next_to(brace, DOWN)
words[0][0].highlight(PINK)
words[2].highlight(TEAL)
words[0].add_background_rectangle()
words[2].add_background_rectangle()
VMobject(matrix, brace, words).center()
self.add(matrix)
self.play(
GrowFromCenter(brace),
Write(words, run_time = 2)
)
self.dither()
def show_overall_effect(self, matrix):
everything = self.get_mobjects()
everything = list_difference_update(
everything, matrix.submobject_family()
)
self.play(*map(FadeOut, everything) + [Animation(matrix)])
new_matrix = matrix.copy()
new_matrix.center().to_edge(UP)
self.play(Transform(matrix, new_matrix))
self.dither()
self.remove(matrix)
self.setup()
everything = self.get_mobjects()
self.play(*map(FadeIn, everything) + [Animation(matrix)])
func = self.get_matrix_transformation([[1, 1], [-1, 0]])
bases = VMobject(self.i_hat, self.j_hat)
new_bases = VMobject(*[
Vector(func(v.get_end()), color = v.get_color())
for v in bases.split()
])
self.play(
ApplyPointwiseFunction(func, self.plane),
Transform(bases, new_bases),
Animation(matrix),
run_time = 3
)
self.dither()
def get_matrix_multiplication_question(self):
why = TextMobject("Why?").highlight(BLUE)
mult = self.get_matrix_multiplication()
why.next_to(mult, UP)
result = VMobject(why, mult)
result.get_center = lambda : mult.get_center()
return result
def show_scaled_vectors(self, vect_array, vect_coords, i_label, j_label):
x, y = vect_array.get_entries().split()
scaled_i_label = VMobject(x.copy(), i_label.copy())
scaled_j_label = VMobject(y.copy(), j_label.copy())
scaled_i = self.i_hat.copy().scale(vect_coords[0])
scaled_j = self.j_hat.copy().scale(vect_coords[1])
for mob in scaled_i, scaled_j:
mob.fade(0.3)
scaled_i_label_target = scaled_i_label.copy()
scaled_i_label_target.arrange_submobjects(buff = 0.1)
scaled_i_label_target.next_to(scaled_i.get_center(), DOWN)
scaled_j_label_target = scaled_j_label.copy()
scaled_j_label_target.arrange_submobjects(buff = 0.1)
scaled_j_label_target.next_to(scaled_j.get_center(), LEFT)
self.play(
Transform(self.i_hat.copy(), scaled_i),
Transform(scaled_i_label, scaled_i_label_target)
)
scaled_i = self.get_mobjects_from_last_animation()[0]
self.play(
Transform(self.j_hat.copy(), scaled_j),
Transform(scaled_j_label, scaled_j_label_target)
)
scaled_j = self.get_mobjects_from_last_animation()[0]
self.play(*[
ApplyMethod(mob.shift, scaled_i.get_end())
for mob in scaled_j, scaled_j_label
])
self.dither()
self.play(*map(FadeOut, [
scaled_i, scaled_j, scaled_i_label, scaled_j_label,
]))
def record_basis_coordinates(self, vect_array, vect):
i_label = vector_coordinate_label(self.i_hat)
i_label.highlight(X_COLOR)
j_label = vector_coordinate_label(self.j_hat)
j_label.highlight(Y_COLOR)
for mob in i_label, j_label:
mob.scale_in_place(0.8)
background = BackgroundRectangle(mob)
self.play(ShowCreation(background), Write(mob))
self.dither()
x, y = vect_array.get_entries().split()
pre_formula = VMobject(
x, i_label, TexMobject("+"),
y, j_label
)
post_formula = pre_formula.copy()
pre_formula.split()[2].fade(1)
post_formula.arrange_submobjects(buff = 0.1)
post_formula.next_to(vect, DOWN)
background = BackgroundRectangle(post_formula)
everything = self.get_mobjects()
everything.remove(vect)
self.play(*[
ApplyMethod(m.fade) for m in everything
] + [
ShowCreation(background, run_time = 2, rate_func = squish_rate_func(smooth, 0.5, 1)),
Transform(pre_formula.copy(), post_formula, run_time = 2),
ApplyMethod(vect.set_stroke, width = 7)
])
self.dither()
def describe_scalars(self, v, plane):
axes = plane.get_axes()
long_v = Vector(2*v.get_end())
long_minus_v = Vector(-2*v.get_end())
original_v = v.copy()
scaling_word = TextMobject("``Scaling''").to_corner(UP+LEFT)
scaling_word.shift(2*RIGHT)
scalars = VMobject(*map(TexMobject, [
"2,", "\\dfrac{1}{3},", "-1.8,", "\\dots"
]))
scalars.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff = 0.4)
scalars.next_to(scaling_word, DOWN, aligned_edge = LEFT)
scalars_word = TextMobject("``Scalars''")
scalars_word.next_to(scalars, DOWN, aligned_edge = LEFT)
self.remove(plane)
self.add(axes)
self.play(
Write(scaling_word),
Transform(v, long_v),
run_time = 1.5
)
self.play(Transform(v, long_minus_v, run_time = 3))
self.play(Write(scalars))
self.dither()
self.play(Write(scalars_word))
self.play(Transform(v, original_v), run_time = 3)
self.dither(2)
def construct(self):
physy = Physicist()
mathy = Mathematician(mode = "pondering")
compy = ComputerScientist()
creatures = [physy, compy, mathy]
physy.title = TextMobject("Physics student").to_corner(DOWN+LEFT)
compy.title = TextMobject("CS student").to_corner(DOWN+RIGHT)
mathy.title = TextMobject("Mathematician").to_edge(DOWN)
names = VMobject(physy.title, mathy.title, compy.title)
names.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff = 1)
names.to_corner(DOWN+LEFT)
for pi in creatures:
pi.next_to(pi.title, UP)
vector, symbol, coordinates = self.intro_vector()
for pi in creatures:
self.play(
Write(pi.title),
FadeIn(pi),
run_time = 1
)
self.dither(2)
self.remove(symbol, coordinates)
self.physics_conception(creatures, vector)
self.cs_conception(creatures)
self.handle_mathy(creatures)
def construct(self):
matrix = Matrix([list("abc"), list("def"), list("ghi")])
matrix.highlight_columns(X_COLOR, Y_COLOR, Z_COLOR)
m1 = Matrix([["e", "f"], ["h", "i"]])
m1.highlight_columns(Y_COLOR, Z_COLOR)
m2 = Matrix([["d", "f"], ["g", "i"]])
m2.highlight_columns(X_COLOR, Z_COLOR)
m3 = Matrix([["d", "e"], ["g", "h"]])
m3.highlight_columns(X_COLOR, Y_COLOR)
for m in matrix, m1, m2, m3:
m.add(get_det_text(m))
a, b, c = matrix.get_entries().split()[:3]
parts = it.starmap(VMobject, [
[matrix],
[TexMobject("="), a.copy(), m1],
[TexMobject("-"), b.copy(), m2],
[TexMobject("+"), c.copy(), m3],
])
parts = list(parts)
for part in parts:
part.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff = 0.2)
parts[1].next_to(parts[0], RIGHT)
parts[2].next_to(parts[1], DOWN, aligned_edge = LEFT)
parts[3].next_to(parts[2], DOWN, aligned_edge = LEFT)
everyone = VMobject(*parts)
everyone.center().to_edge(UP)
for part in parts:
self.play(Write(part))
self.dither(2)
def construct(self):
self.setup()
blob = Blob(
height = self.blob_height,
random_seed = 5,
random_nudge_size = 0.2,
)
blob.next_to(ORIGIN, UP+RIGHT)
self.add_transformable_mobject(blob)
arange = np.arange(
0, self.blob_height + self.square_size,
self.square_size
)
square = Square(side_length = self.square_size)
square.set_stroke(YELLOW, width = 2)
square.set_fill(YELLOW, opacity = 0.3)
squares = VMobject()
for x, y in it.product(*[arange]*2):
point = x*RIGHT + y*UP
if blob.probably_contains(point):
squares.add(square.copy().shift(point))
self.play(ShowCreation(
squares, submobject_mode = "lagged_start",
run_time = 2,
))
self.add_transformable_mobject(squares)
self.dither()
self.apply_transposed_matrix([[1, -1], [0.5, 1]])
self.dither()
def construct(self):
self.setup()
self.add_unit_square()
matrix = Matrix(np.array(self.t_matrix).transpose())
matrix.next_to(ORIGIN, LEFT)
matrix.to_edge(UP)
matrix.highlight_columns(X_COLOR, Y_COLOR)
det_text = get_det_text(
matrix, determinant = np.linalg.det(self.t_matrix)
)
three = VMobject(*det_text.split()[-1].split()[1:])
for mob in det_text.split():
if isinstance(mob, TexMobject):
mob.add_background_rectangle()
matrix_background = BackgroundRectangle(matrix)
self.play(
ShowCreation(matrix_background),
Write(matrix),
Write(det_text),
)
self.add_foreground_mobject(matrix_background, matrix, det_text)
self.dither()
self.apply_transposed_matrix(self.t_matrix)
self.play(three.copy().move_to, self.square)
self.dither()
def construct(self):
line = NumberLine()
self.add(line, *self.get_mobjects())
offset = LEFT+DOWN
vect = 2*RIGHT+UP
dots = VMobject(*[
Dot(offset + a*vect, radius = 0.075)
for a in np.linspace(-2, 3, 18)
])
dots.submobject_gradient_highlight(YELLOW_B, YELLOW_C)
func = self.get_matrix_transformation(self.t_matrix)
new_dots = VMobject(*[
Dot(
func(dot.get_center()),
color = dot.get_color(),
radius = dot.radius
)
for dot in dots
])
words = TextMobject(
"Line of dots remains evenly spaced"
)
words.next_to(line, UP, buff = MED_SMALL_BUFF)
self.play(Write(dots))
self.apply_transposed_matrix(
self.t_matrix,
added_anims = [Transform(dots, new_dots)]
)
self.play(Write(words))
self.dither()
def add_braces(self):
a = self.i_hat.get_end()[0]*RIGHT
b = self.j_hat.get_end()[0]*RIGHT
c = self.i_hat.get_end()[1]*UP
d = self.j_hat.get_end()[1]*UP
quads = [
(ORIGIN, a, DOWN, "a"),
(a, a+b, DOWN, "b"),
(a+b, a+b+c, RIGHT, "c"),
(a+b+c, a+b+c+d, RIGHT, "d"),
(a+b+c+d, a+c+d, UP, "a"),
(a+c+d, d+c, UP, "b"),
(d+c, d, LEFT, "c"),
(d, ORIGIN, LEFT, "d"),
]
everyone = VMobject()
for p1, p2, direction, char in quads:
line = Line(p1, p2)
brace = Brace(line, direction, buff = 0)
text = brace.get_text(char)
text.add_background_rectangle()
if char in ["a", "c"]:
text.highlight(X_COLOR)
else:
text.highlight(Y_COLOR)
everyone.add(brace, text)
self.play(Write(everyone), run_time = 1)
class Arrow(Line):
CONFIG = {
"color" : YELLOW_C,
"tip_length" : 0.25,
"tip_angle" : np.pi/6,
"buff" : MED_SMALL_BUFF,
"propogate_style_to_family" : False,
"preserve_tip_size_when_scaling" : True,
}
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
points = map(self.pointify, args)
if len(args) == 1:
args = (points[0]+UP+LEFT, points[0])
Line.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.add_tip()
def add_tip(self, add_at_end = True):
vect = self.tip_length*RIGHT
vect = rotate_vector(vect, self.get_angle()+np.pi)
start, end = self.get_start_and_end()
if not add_at_end:
start, end = end, start
vect = -vect
tip_points = [
end+rotate_vector(vect, u*self.tip_angle)
for u in 1, -1
]
self.tip = VMobject(
close_new_points = True,
mark_paths_closed = True,
fill_color = self.color,
fill_opacity = 1,
stroke_color = self.color,
)
self.tip.set_anchor_points(
[tip_points[0], end, tip_points[1]],
mode = "corners"
)
self.set_points_as_corners(
[start, center_of_mass(tip_points)]
)
self.add(self.tip)
self.init_colors()
def get_end(self):
if hasattr(self, "tip"):
return self.tip.get_anchors()[1]
else:
return Line.get_end(self)
def get_tip(self):
return self.tip
def scale(self, scale_factor, **kwargs):
Line.scale(self, scale_factor, **kwargs)
if self.preserve_tip_size_when_scaling:
self.remove(self.tip)
self.add_tip()
return self
def construct(self):
mob = VMobject(
TextMobject("Computer graphics"),
TextMobject("Robotics")
)
mob.arrange_submobjects(DOWN, buff = 1)
self.play(Write(mob, run_time = 1))
self.dither()
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
hand = SVGMobject("RightHandOutline")
self.inlines = VMobject(*hand.split()[:-4])
self.outline = VMobject(*hand.split()[-4:])
self.outline.set_stroke(color = WHITE, width = 5)
self.inlines.set_stroke(color = DARK_GREY, width = 3)
VMobject.__init__(self, self.outline, self.inlines)
self.center().scale_to_fit_height(3)
def construct(self):
arrays = VMobject(*map(matrix_to_mobject, [
[-2, 3], [1, 2], [2, -1], [4, 0]
]))
arrays.arrange_submobjects(buff = 0.4)
arrays.scale(2)
self.play(Write(arrays))
self.dither(2)
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
self.axes.set_stroke(self.axes_color, self.stroke_width)
self.main_lines.set_stroke(self.color, self.stroke_width)
self.secondary_lines.set_stroke(
self.secondary_color, self.secondary_stroke_width
)
return self
def introduce_coordinate_plane(self):
plane = NumberPlane()
x_axis, y_axis = plane.get_axes().copy().split()
x_label, y_label = plane.get_axis_labels().split()
number_line = NumberLine(tick_frequency = 1)
x_tick_marks = number_line.get_tick_marks()
y_tick_marks = x_tick_marks.copy().rotate(np.pi/2)
tick_marks = VMobject(x_tick_marks, y_tick_marks)
tick_marks.highlight(WHITE)
plane_lines = filter(
lambda m : isinstance(m, Line),
plane.submobject_family()
)
origin_words = TextMobject("Origin")
origin_words.shift(2*UP+2*LEFT)
dot = Dot(radius = 0.1).highlight(RED)
line = Line(origin_words.get_bottom(), dot.get_corner(UP+LEFT))
unit_brace = Brace(Line(RIGHT, 2*RIGHT))
one = TexMobject("1").next_to(unit_brace, DOWN)
self.add(x_axis, x_label)
self.dither()
self.play(ShowCreation(y_axis))
self.play(Write(y_label, run_time = 1))
self.dither(2)
self.play(
Write(origin_words),
GrowFromCenter(dot),
ShowCreation(line),
run_time = 1
)
self.dither(2)
self.play(
FadeOut(VMobject(origin_words, dot, line))
)
self.remove(origin_words, dot, line)
self.dither()
self.play(
ShowCreation(tick_marks, submobject_mode = "one_at_a_time")
)
self.play(
GrowFromCenter(unit_brace),
Write(one, run_time = 1)
)
self.dither(2)
self.remove(unit_brace, one)
self.play(
*map(GrowFromCenter, plane_lines) + [
Animation(x_axis), Animation(y_axis)
])
self.dither()
self.play(
FadeOut(plane),
Animation(VMobject(x_axis, y_axis, tick_marks))
)
self.remove(plane)
self.add(tick_marks)
def construct(self):
arrow = Vector(2*UP+RIGHT)
vs = TextMobject("vs.")
array = Matrix([1, 2])
array.highlight(TEAL)
everyone = VMobject(arrow, vs, array)
everyone.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff = 0.5)
everyone.scale_to_fit_height(4)
self.add(everyone)
def add_symbols(self):
v = matrix_to_mobject(self.v_coords).highlight(self.v_color)
w = matrix_to_mobject(self.w_coords).highlight(self.w_color)
v.add_background_rectangle()
w.add_background_rectangle()
dot = TexMobject("\\cdot")
eq = VMobject(v, dot, w)
eq.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff = SMALL_BUFF)
eq.to_corner(UP+LEFT)
self.play(Write(eq), run_time = 1)
def get_cross_product_question(self):
cross = TexMobject("\\vec{v} \\times \\vec{w}")
left_right_arrow = DoubleArrow(Point(LEFT), Point(RIGHT))
det = TextMobject("Det")
q_mark = TextMobject("?")
left_right_arrow.next_to(cross)
det.next_to(left_right_arrow)
q_mark.next_to(left_right_arrow, UP)
cross_question = VMobject(cross, left_right_arrow, q_mark, det)
cross_question.get_center = lambda : left_right_arrow.get_center()
return cross_question
def animate_product(self, left, right, result):
l_matrix = left.get_mob_matrix()
r_matrix = right.get_mob_matrix()
result_matrix = result.get_mob_matrix()
circle = Circle(
radius = l_matrix[0][0].get_height(),
color = GREEN
)
circles = VMobject(*[
entry.get_point_mobject()
for entry in l_matrix[0][0], r_matrix[0][0]
])
(m, k), n = l_matrix.shape, r_matrix.shape[1]
for mob in result_matrix.flatten():
mob.highlight(BLACK)
lagging_anims = []
for a in range(m):
for b in range(n):
for c in range(k):
l_matrix[a][c].highlight(YELLOW)
r_matrix[c][b].highlight(YELLOW)
for c in range(k):
start_parts = VMobject(
l_matrix[a][c].copy(),
r_matrix[c][b].copy()
)
result_entry = result_matrix[a][b].split()[c]
new_circles = VMobject(*[
circle.copy().shift(part.get_center())
for part in start_parts.split()
])
self.play(Transform(circles, new_circles))
self.play(
Transform(
start_parts,
result_entry.copy().highlight(YELLOW),
path_arc = -np.pi/2,
submobject_mode = "all_at_once",
),
*lagging_anims
)
result_entry.highlight(YELLOW)
self.remove(start_parts)
lagging_anims = [
ApplyMethod(result_entry.highlight, WHITE)
]
for c in range(k):
l_matrix[a][c].highlight(WHITE)
r_matrix[c][b].highlight(WHITE)
self.play(FadeOut(circles), *lagging_anims)
self.dither()
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
internal_pis = [
pi
for pi in self.submobject_family()
if isinstance(pi, PiCreature)
]
random.seed(self.random_seed)
for pi in reversed(internal_pis):
color = random.choice(self.colors)
pi.highlight(color)
pi.set_stroke(color, width = 0)
def construct(self):
self.lock_in_faded_grid()
vectors = VMobject(*[
Vector([x, y])
for x in np.arange(-int(SPACE_WIDTH)+0.5, int(SPACE_WIDTH)+0.5)
for y in np.arange(-int(SPACE_HEIGHT)+0.5, int(SPACE_HEIGHT)+0.5)
])
vectors.submobject_gradient_highlight(PINK, BLUE_E)
words = TextMobject("Span")
words.scale(3)
words.to_edge(UP)
words.add_background_rectangle()
self.add(vectors, words)
def construct(self):
words = map(TextMobject, [
"Just brushing up",
"Has yet to take the course",
"Supplementing course concurrently",
])
students = VMobject(*[
Randolph(color = c)
for c in BLUE_D, BLUE_C, BLUE_E
])
modes = ["pondering", "speaking_looking_left", "sassy"]
students.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT)
students.scale(0.8)
students.center().to_edge(DOWN)
last_word, last_arrow = None, None
for word, student, mode in zip(words, students.split(), modes):
word.shift(2*UP)
arrow = Arrow(word, student)
if last_word:
word_anim = Transform(last_word, word)
arrow_anim = Transform(last_arrow, arrow)
else:
word_anim = Write(word, run_time = 1)
arrow_anim = ShowCreation(arrow, submobject_mode = "one_at_a_time")
last_word = word
last_arrow = arrow
self.play(
word_anim, arrow_anim,
ApplyMethod(student.change_mode, mode)
)
self.play(Blink(student))
self.dither()
self.dither()
def name_parts(self):
self.mouth = self.submobjects[MOUTH_INDEX]
self.body = self.submobjects[BODY_INDEX]
self.pupils = VMobject(*[
self.submobjects[LEFT_PUPIL_INDEX],
self.submobjects[RIGHT_PUPIL_INDEX]
])
self.eyes = VMobject(*[
self.submobjects[LEFT_EYE_INDEX],
self.submobjects[RIGHT_EYE_INDEX]
])
self.submobjects = []
self.add(self.body, self.mouth, self.eyes, self.pupils)
self.parts_named = True
def __init__(self, angle, **kwargs):
digest_locals(self)
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def fade_all_but(self, creatures, index):
self.play(*[
FadeOut(VMobject(pi, pi.title))
for pi in creatures[:index] + creatures[index + 1:]
])
def construct(self):
m1_mob, m2_mob, comp_matrix = self.get_matrices()
self.add(m1_mob, m2_mob, m1_mob.label, m2_mob.label, comp_matrix)
result = self.get_result()
col1, col2 = [
VMobject(*m1_mob.split()[1].get_mob_matrix()[:, i]) for i in 0, 1
]
col1.target_color = X_COLOR
col2.target_color = Y_COLOR
for col in col1, col2:
circle = Circle()
circle.stretch_to_fit_height(m1_mob.get_height())
circle.stretch_to_fit_width(m1_mob.get_width() / 2.5)
circle.highlight(col.target_color)
circle.move_to(col)
col.circle = circle
triplets = [
(col1, "i", X_COLOR),
(col2, "j", Y_COLOR),
]
for i, (col, char, color) in enumerate(triplets):
self.add(col)
start_state = self.get_mobjects()
question = TextMobject("Where does $\\hat{\\%smath}$ go?" % char)
question.split()[-4].highlight(color)
question.split()[-5].highlight(color)
question.scale(1.2)
question.shift(DOWN)
first = TextMobject("First here")
first.highlight(color)
first.shift(DOWN + LEFT)
first_arrow = Arrow(first, col.circle.get_bottom(), color=color)
second = TextMobject("Then to whatever this is")
second.highlight(color)
second.to_edge(RIGHT).shift(DOWN)
m2_copy = m2_mob.copy()
m2_target = m2_mob.copy()
m2_target.next_to(m2_mob, DOWN, buff=1)
col_vect = Matrix(col.copy().split())
col_vect.highlight(color)
col_vect.next_to(m2_target, RIGHT, buff=0.1)
second_arrow = Arrow(second, col_vect, color=color)
new_m2_copy = m2_mob.copy().split()[1]
intermediate = VMobject(TexMobject("="),
col_vect.copy().get_entries().split()[0],
Matrix(new_m2_copy.get_mob_matrix()[:, 0]),
TexMobject("+"),
col_vect.copy().get_entries().split()[1],
Matrix(new_m2_copy.get_mob_matrix()[:, 1]),
TexMobject("="))
intermediate.arrange_submobjects(buff=0.1)
intermediate.next_to(col_vect, RIGHT)
product = Matrix(result[:, i])
product.next_to(intermediate, RIGHT)
comp_col = VMobject(*comp_matrix.split()[1].get_mob_matrix()[:, i])
self.play(Write(question, run_time=1))
self.dither()
self.play(Transform(question, first), ShowCreation(first_arrow),
ShowCreation(col.circle),
ApplyMethod(col.highlight, col.target_color))
self.dither()
self.play(
Transform(m2_copy, m2_target, run_time=2),
ApplyMethod(col.copy().move_to, col_vect, run_time=2),
Write(col_vect.get_brackets()),
Transform(first_arrow, second_arrow),
Transform(question, second),
)
self.dither()
self.play(*map(FadeOut, [question, first_arrow]))
self.play(Write(intermediate))
self.dither()
self.play(Write(product))
self.dither()
product_entries = product.get_entries()
self.play(ApplyMethod(comp_col.highlight, BLACK),
ApplyMethod(product_entries.move_to, comp_col))
self.dither()
start_state.append(product_entries)
self.play(*[
FadeOut(mob)
for mob in self.get_mobjects() if mob not in start_state
] + [Animation(product_entries)])
self.dither()
def construct(self):
randy = Randolph(color = PINK)
randy.look(LEFT)
randy.to_corner()
matrix = Matrix([
[3, 1],
[4, 1],
[5, 9],
])
matrix.next_to(randy, RIGHT, buff = LARGE_BUFF, aligned_edge = DOWN)
bubble = randy.get_bubble(height = 4)
bubble.make_green_screen()
VMobject(randy, bubble, matrix).to_corner(UP+LEFT, buff = MED_SMALL_BUFF)
self.add(randy)
self.play(Write(matrix))
self.play(randy.look, RIGHT, run_time = 0.5)
self.play(randy.change_mode, "sassy")
self.play(Blink(randy))
self.play(
ShowCreation(bubble),
randy.change_mode, "pondering"
)
# self.play(matrix.highlight_columns, X_COLOR, Y_COLOR)
self.wait()
for x in range(3):
self.play(Blink(randy))
self.wait(2)
new_matrix = Matrix([[3, 1, 4], [1, 5, 9]])
new_matrix.move_to(matrix, aligned_edge = UP+LEFT)
self.play(
Transform(matrix, new_matrix),
FadeOut(bubble)
)
self.remove(matrix)
matrix = new_matrix
self.add(matrix)
self.play(randy.look, DOWN+RIGHT, run_time = 0.5)
self.play(randy.change_mode, "confused")
self.wait()
self.play(Blink(randy))
self.wait()
top_brace = Brace(matrix, UP)
top_words = top_brace.get_text("3 basis vectors")
top_words.submobject_gradient_highlight(GREEN, RED, BLUE)
side_brace = Brace(matrix, RIGHT)
side_words = side_brace.get_text("""
2 coordinates for
each landing spots
""")
side_words.highlight(YELLOW)
self.play(
GrowFromCenter(top_brace),
Write(top_words),
matrix.highlight_columns, X_COLOR, Y_COLOR, Z_COLOR
)
self.play(randy.change_mode, "happy")
self.play(
GrowFromCenter(side_brace),
Write(side_words, run_time = 2)
)
self.play(Blink(randy))
self.wait()
def get_piece_movement(self, pieces):
start = VMobject(*pieces)
target = VMobject(*[mob.target for mob in pieces])
if self.leave_ghost_vectors:
self.add(start.copy().fade(0.7))
return Transform(start, target, submobject_mode="all_at_once")
def __init__(self, mobject, **kwargs):
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
self.mobject = mobject
self.submobjects = self.get_eyes().submobjects
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
self.gradient_highlight(*self.colors)
def clear(self):
self.add_content(VMobject())
return self
def get_center(self):
result = VMobject.get_center(self)
if hasattr(self, "center_offset"):
result -= self.center_offset
return result
def __init__(self, rows, columns, **kwargs):
digest_config(self, kwargs, locals())
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def __init__(self, *vertices, **kwargs):
assert len(vertices) > 1
digest_locals(self)
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def __init__(self, points, **kwargs):
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
self.set_points(points)
def __init__(self, start, end, **kwargs):
digest_config(self, kwargs)
self.set_start_and_end(start, end)
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
digest_config(self, kwargs)
if self.leftmost_tick is None:
self.leftmost_tick = np.ceil(self.x_min)
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def shift_brace(self, obj, **kwargs):
if isinstance(obj, list): obj = VMobject(*obj)
self.brace = Brace(obj, self.brace_direction, **kwargs)
self.brace.put_at_tip(self.desc)
self.submobjects[0] = self.brace
return self
class NumberPlane(VMobject):
CONFIG = {
"color" : BLUE_D,
"secondary_color" : BLUE_E,
"axes_color" : WHITE,
"secondary_stroke_width" : 1,
"x_radius": None,
"y_radius": None,
"x_unit_size" : 1,
"y_unit_size" : 1,
"center_point" : ORIGIN,
"x_line_frequency" : 1,
"y_line_frequency" : 1,
"secondary_line_ratio" : 1,
"written_coordinate_height" : 0.2,
"propogate_style_to_family" : False,
}
def generate_points(self):
if self.x_radius is None:
center_to_edge = (SPACE_WIDTH + abs(self.center_point[0]))
self.x_radius = center_to_edge / self.x_unit_size
if self.y_radius is None:
center_to_edge = (SPACE_HEIGHT + abs(self.center_point[1]))
self.y_radius = center_to_edge / self.y_unit_size
self.axes = VMobject()
self.main_lines = VMobject()
self.secondary_lines = VMobject()
tuples = [
(
self.x_radius,
self.x_line_frequency,
self.y_radius*DOWN,
self.y_radius*UP,
RIGHT
),
(
self.y_radius,
self.y_line_frequency,
self.x_radius*LEFT,
self.x_radius*RIGHT,
UP,
),
]
for radius, freq, start, end, unit in tuples:
main_range = np.arange(0, radius, freq)
step = freq/float(freq + self.secondary_line_ratio)
for v in np.arange(0, radius, step):
line1 = Line(start+v*unit, end+v*unit)
line2 = Line(start-v*unit, end-v*unit)
if v == 0:
self.axes.add(line1)
elif v in main_range:
self.main_lines.add(line1, line2)
else:
self.secondary_lines.add(line1, line2)
self.add(self.secondary_lines, self.main_lines, self.axes)
self.stretch(self.x_unit_size, 0)
self.stretch(self.y_unit_size, 1)
self.shift(self.center_point)
#Put x_axis before y_axis
y_axis, x_axis = self.axes.split()
self.axes = VMobject(x_axis, y_axis)
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
self.axes.set_stroke(self.axes_color, self.stroke_width)
self.main_lines.set_stroke(self.color, self.stroke_width)
self.secondary_lines.set_stroke(
self.secondary_color, self.secondary_stroke_width
)
return self
def get_center_point(self):
return self.coords_to_point(0, 0)
def coords_to_point(self, x, y):
x, y = np.array([x, y])
result = self.axes.get_center()
result += x*self.get_x_unit_size()*RIGHT
result += y*self.get_y_unit_size()*UP
return result
def point_to_coords(self, point):
new_point = point - self.axes.get_center()
x = new_point[0]/self.get_x_unit_size()
y = new_point[1]/self.get_y_unit_size()
return x, y
def get_x_unit_size(self):
return self.axes.get_width() / (2.0*self.x_radius)
def get_y_unit_size(self):
return self.axes.get_height() / (2.0*self.y_radius)
def get_coordinate_labels(self, x_vals = None, y_vals = None):
result = []
if x_vals == None and y_vals == None:
x_vals = range(-int(self.x_radius), int(self.x_radius))
y_vals = range(-int(self.y_radius), int(self.y_radius))
for index, vals in enumerate([x_vals, y_vals]):
num_pair = [0, 0]
for val in vals:
if val == 0:
continue
num_pair[index] = val
point = self.coords_to_point(*num_pair)
num = TexMobject(str(val))
num.add_background_rectangle()
num.scale_to_fit_height(
self.written_coordinate_height
)
vect = DOWN if index == 0 else LEFT
num.next_to(point, vect, buff = SMALL_BUFF)
result.append(num)
return result
def get_axes(self):
return self.axes
def get_axis_labels(self, x_label = "x", y_label = "y"):
x_axis, y_axis = self.get_axes().split()
quads = [
(x_axis, x_label, UP, RIGHT),
(y_axis, y_label, RIGHT, UP),
]
labels = VGroup()
for axis, tex, vect, edge in quads:
label = TexMobject(tex)
label.add_background_rectangle()
label.next_to(axis, vect)
label.to_edge(edge)
labels.add(label)
self.axis_labels = labels
return labels
def add_coordinates(self, x_vals = None, y_vals = None):
self.add(*self.get_coordinate_labels(x_vals, y_vals))
return self
def get_vector(self, coords, **kwargs):
point = coords[0]*RIGHT + coords[1]*UP
arrow = Arrow(ORIGIN, coords, **kwargs)
return arrow
def prepare_for_nonlinear_transform(self, num_inserted_anchor_points = 50):
for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
num_anchors = mob.get_num_anchor_points()
if num_inserted_anchor_points > num_anchors:
mob.insert_n_anchor_points(num_inserted_anchor_points-num_anchors)
mob.make_smooth()
return self
def apply_function(self, function, maintain_smoothness = True):
SVGMobject.apply_function(self, function, maintain_smoothness = maintain_smoothness)
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
self.gradient_highlight(*self.colors)
for order in sorted(self.order_to_stroke_width_map.keys()):
if self.order >= order:
self.set_stroke(width=self.order_to_stroke_width_map[order])
class NumberLine(VMobject):
CONFIG = {
"color": BLUE,
"x_min": -SPACE_WIDTH,
"x_max": SPACE_WIDTH,
"space_unit_to_num": 1,
"tick_size": 0.1,
"tick_frequency": 1,
"leftmost_tick": None, #Defaults to ceil(x_min)
"numbers_with_elongated_ticks": [0],
"longer_tick_multiple": 2,
"number_at_center": 0,
"propogate_style_to_family": True
}
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
digest_config(self, kwargs)
if self.leftmost_tick is None:
self.leftmost_tick = np.ceil(self.x_min)
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def generate_points(self):
self.main_line = Line(self.x_min * RIGHT, self.x_max * RIGHT)
self.tick_marks = VMobject()
self.add(self.main_line, self.tick_marks)
for x in self.get_tick_numbers():
self.add_tick(x, self.tick_size)
for x in self.numbers_with_elongated_ticks:
self.add_tick(x, self.longer_tick_multiple * self.tick_size)
self.stretch(self.space_unit_to_num, 0)
self.shift(-self.number_to_point(self.number_at_center))
def add_tick(self, x, size):
self.tick_marks.add(
Line(
x * RIGHT + size * DOWN,
x * RIGHT + size * UP,
))
return self
def get_tick_marks(self):
return self.tick_marks
def get_tick_numbers(self):
return np.arange(self.leftmost_tick, self.x_max, self.tick_frequency)
def number_to_point(self, number):
return interpolate(
self.main_line.get_left(), self.main_line.get_right(),
float(number - self.x_min) / (self.x_max - self.x_min))
def point_to_number(self, point):
dist_from_left = (point[0] - self.main_line.get_left()[0])
num_dist_from_left = num_dist_from_left / self.space_unit_to_num
return self.x_min + dist_from_left
def default_numbers_to_display(self):
return np.arange(self.leftmost_tick, self.x_max, 1)
def get_vertical_number_offset(self, direction=DOWN):
return 4 * direction * self.tick_size
def get_number_mobjects(self, *numbers, **kwargs):
#TODO, handle decimals
if len(numbers) == 0:
numbers = self.default_numbers_to_display()
result = VGroup()
for number in numbers:
mob = TexMobject(str(int(number)))
mob.scale_to_fit_height(3 * self.tick_size)
mob.shift(self.number_to_point(number),
self.get_vertical_number_offset(**kwargs))
result.add(mob)
return result
def add_numbers(self, *numbers, **kwargs):
self.numbers = self.get_number_mobjects(*numbers, **kwargs)
self.add(*self.numbers)
return self
class PiCreature(SVGMobject):
CONFIG = {
"color": BLUE_E,
"stroke_width": 0,
"fill_opacity": 1.0,
"initial_scale_factor": 0.01,
"corner_scale_factor": 0.75,
"flip_at_start": False,
}
def __init__(self, mode="plain", **kwargs):
self.parts_named = False
svg_file = os.path.join(PI_CREATURE_DIR, "PiCreatures_%s.svg" % mode)
digest_config(self, kwargs, locals())
SVGMobject.__init__(self, svg_file, **kwargs)
self.init_colors()
if self.flip_at_start:
self.flip()
def name_parts(self):
self.mouth = self.submobjects[MOUTH_INDEX]
self.body = self.submobjects[BODY_INDEX]
self.pupils = VMobject(*[
self.submobjects[LEFT_PUPIL_INDEX],
self.submobjects[RIGHT_PUPIL_INDEX]
])
self.eyes = VMobject(*[
self.submobjects[LEFT_EYE_INDEX], self.submobjects[RIGHT_EYE_INDEX]
])
self.submobjects = []
self.add(self.body, self.mouth, self.eyes, self.pupils)
self.parts_named = True
def init_colors(self):
self.set_stroke(color=BLACK, width=self.stroke_width)
if not self.parts_named:
self.name_parts()
self.mouth.set_fill(BLACK, opacity=1)
self.body.set_fill(self.color, opacity=1)
self.pupils.set_fill(BLACK, opacity=1)
self.eyes.set_fill(WHITE, opacity=1)
return self
def highlight(self, color):
self.body.set_fill(color)
return self
def move_to(self, destination):
self.shift(destination - self.get_bottom())
return self
def change_mode(self, mode):
curr_center = self.get_center()
curr_height = self.get_height()
looking_direction = None
looking_direction = self.get_looking_direction()
should_be_flipped = self.is_flipped()
self.__init__(mode)
self.scale_to_fit_height(curr_height)
self.shift(curr_center)
self.look(looking_direction)
if should_be_flipped ^ self.is_flipped():
self.flip()
return self
def look(self, direction):
x, y = direction[:2]
for pupil, eye in zip(self.pupils.split(), self.eyes.split()):
pupil.move_to(eye, aligned_edge=direction)
#Some hacky nudging is required here
if y > 0 and x != 0: # Look up and to a side
nudge_size = pupil.get_height() / 4.
if x > 0:
nudge = nudge_size * (DOWN + LEFT)
else:
nudge = nudge_size * (DOWN + RIGHT)
pupil.shift(nudge)
elif y < 0:
nudge_size = pupil.get_height() / 8.
pupil.shift(nudge_size * UP)
return self
def get_looking_direction(self):
return np.sign(
np.round(self.pupils.get_center() - self.eyes.get_center(),
decimals=1))
def is_flipped(self):
return self.eyes.submobjects[0].get_center()[0] > \
self.eyes.submobjects[1].get_center()[0]
def blink(self):
eye_bottom_y = self.eyes.get_bottom()[1]
for mob in self.eyes, self.pupils:
mob.apply_function(lambda p: [p[0], eye_bottom_y, p[2]])
return self
def to_corner(self, vect=None):
if vect is not None:
SVGMobject.to_corner(self, vect)
else:
self.scale(self.corner_scale_factor)
self.to_corner(DOWN + LEFT)
return self
def get_bubble(self, bubble_type="thought", **kwargs):
if bubble_type == "thought":
bubble = ThoughtBubble(**kwargs)
elif bubble_type == "speech":
bubble = SpeechBubble(**kwargs)
else:
raise Exception("%s is an invalid bubble type" % bubble_type)
bubble.pin_to(self)
return bubble
class NumberPlane(VMobject):
CONFIG = {
"color": BLUE_D,
"secondary_color": BLUE_E,
"axes_color": WHITE,
"secondary_stroke_width": 1,
"x_radius": SPACE_WIDTH,
"y_radius": SPACE_HEIGHT,
"space_unit_to_x_unit": 1,
"space_unit_to_y_unit": 1,
"x_line_frequency": 1,
"y_line_frequency": 1,
"secondary_line_ratio": 1,
"written_coordinate_height": 0.2,
"written_coordinate_nudge": 0.1 * (DOWN + RIGHT),
"num_pair_at_center": (0, 0),
"propogate_style_to_family": False,
}
def generate_points(self):
self.axes = VMobject()
self.main_lines = VMobject()
self.secondary_lines = VMobject()
tuples = [
(self.x_radius, self.x_line_frequency, self.y_radius * DOWN,
self.y_radius * UP, RIGHT),
(
self.y_radius,
self.y_line_frequency,
self.x_radius * LEFT,
self.x_radius * RIGHT,
UP,
),
]
for radius, freq, start, end, unit in tuples:
main_range = np.arange(0, radius, freq)
step = freq / float(freq + self.secondary_line_ratio)
for v in np.arange(0, radius, step):
line1 = Line(start + v * unit, end + v * unit)
line2 = Line(start - v * unit, end - v * unit)
if v == 0:
self.axes.add(line1)
elif v in main_range:
self.main_lines.add(line1, line2)
else:
self.secondary_lines.add(line1, line2)
self.add(self.axes, self.main_lines, self.secondary_lines)
self.stretch(self.space_unit_to_x_unit, 0)
self.stretch(self.space_unit_to_y_unit, 1)
#Put x_axis before y_axis
y_axis, x_axis = self.axes.split()
self.axes = VMobject(x_axis, y_axis)
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
self.axes.set_stroke(self.axes_color, self.stroke_width)
self.main_lines.set_stroke(self.color, self.stroke_width)
self.secondary_lines.set_stroke(self.secondary_color,
self.secondary_stroke_width)
return self
def get_center_point(self):
return self.num_pair_to_point(self.num_pair_at_center)
def num_pair_to_point(self, pair):
pair = np.array(pair) + self.num_pair_at_center
result = self.get_center()
result[0] += pair[0] * self.space_unit_to_x_unit
result[1] += pair[1] * self.space_unit_to_y_unit
return result
def point_to_num_pair(self, point):
new_point = point - self.get_center()
center_x, center_y = self.num_pair_at_center
x = center_x + point[0] / self.space_unit_to_x_unit
y = center_y + point[1] / self.space_unit_to_y_unit
return x, y
def get_coordinate_labels(self, x_vals=None, y_vals=None):
result = []
if x_vals == None and y_vals == None:
x_vals = range(-int(self.x_radius), int(self.x_radius))
y_vals = range(-int(self.y_radius), int(self.y_radius))
for index, vals in enumerate([x_vals, y_vals]):
num_pair = [0, 0]
for val in vals:
num_pair[index] = val
point = self.num_pair_to_point(num_pair)
num = TexMobject(str(val))
num.scale_to_fit_height(self.written_coordinate_height)
num.shift(point - num.get_corner(UP + LEFT),
self.written_coordinate_nudge)
result.append(num)
return result
def get_axes(self):
return self.axes
def get_axis_labels(self, x_label="x", y_label="y"):
x_axis, y_axis = self.get_axes().split()
x_label_mob = TexMobject(x_label)
y_label_mob = TexMobject(y_label)
x_label_mob.next_to(x_axis, DOWN)
x_label_mob.to_edge(RIGHT)
y_label_mob.next_to(y_axis, RIGHT)
y_label_mob.to_edge(UP)
return VMobject(x_label_mob, y_label_mob)
def add_coordinates(self, x_vals=None, y_vals=None):
self.add(*self.get_coordinate_labels(x_vals, y_vals))
return self
def get_vector(self, coords, **kwargs):
point = coords[0] * RIGHT + coords[1] * UP
arrow = Arrow(ORIGIN, coords, **kwargs)
return arrow
def prepare_for_nonlinear_transform(self, num_inserted_anchor_points=50):
for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
mob.insert_n_anchor_points(num_inserted_anchor_points)
mob.make_smooth()
return self
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
for submobject in self.submobject_family():
submobject.part_of_three_d_mobject = True
class NumberPlane(VMobject):
CONFIG = {
"color": BLUE_D,
"secondary_color": BLUE_E,
"axes_color": WHITE,
"secondary_stroke_width": 1,
# TODO: Allow coordinate center of NumberPlane to not be at (0, 0)
"x_radius": None,
"y_radius": None,
"x_unit_size": 1,
"y_unit_size": 1,
"center_point": ORIGIN,
"x_line_frequency": 1,
"y_line_frequency": 1,
"secondary_line_ratio": 1,
"written_coordinate_height": 0.2,
"propagate_style_to_family": False,
"make_smooth_after_applying_functions": True,
}
def generate_points(self):
if self.x_radius is None:
center_to_edge = (SPACE_WIDTH + abs(self.center_point[0]))
self.x_radius = center_to_edge / self.x_unit_size
if self.y_radius is None:
center_to_edge = (SPACE_HEIGHT + abs(self.center_point[1]))
self.y_radius = center_to_edge / self.y_unit_size
self.axes = VMobject()
self.main_lines = VMobject()
self.secondary_lines = VMobject()
tuples = [
(self.x_radius, self.x_line_frequency, self.y_radius * DOWN,
self.y_radius * UP, RIGHT),
(
self.y_radius,
self.y_line_frequency,
self.x_radius * LEFT,
self.x_radius * RIGHT,
UP,
),
]
for radius, freq, start, end, unit in tuples:
main_range = np.arange(0, radius, freq)
step = freq / float(freq + self.secondary_line_ratio)
for v in np.arange(0, radius, step):
line1 = Line(start + v * unit, end + v * unit)
line2 = Line(start - v * unit, end - v * unit)
if v == 0:
self.axes.add(line1)
elif v in main_range:
self.main_lines.add(line1, line2)
else:
self.secondary_lines.add(line1, line2)
self.add(self.secondary_lines, self.main_lines, self.axes)
self.stretch(self.x_unit_size, 0)
self.stretch(self.y_unit_size, 1)
self.shift(self.center_point)
#Put x_axis before y_axis
y_axis, x_axis = self.axes.split()
self.axes = VMobject(x_axis, y_axis)
def init_colors(self):
VMobject.init_colors(self)
self.axes.set_stroke(self.axes_color, self.stroke_width)
self.main_lines.set_stroke(self.color, self.stroke_width)
self.secondary_lines.set_stroke(self.secondary_color,
self.secondary_stroke_width)
return self
def get_center_point(self):
return self.coords_to_point(0, 0)
def coords_to_point(self, x, y):
x, y = np.array([x, y])
result = self.axes.get_center()
result += x * self.get_x_unit_size() * RIGHT
result += y * self.get_y_unit_size() * UP
return result
def point_to_coords(self, point):
new_point = point - self.axes.get_center()
x = new_point[0] / self.get_x_unit_size()
y = new_point[1] / self.get_y_unit_size()
return x, y
# Does not recompute center, unit_sizes for each call; useful for
# iterating over large lists of points, but does assume these
# attributes are kept accurate. (Could alternatively have a method
# which returns a function dynamically created after a single
# call to each of get_center(), get_x_unit_size(), etc.)
def point_to_coords_cheap(self, point):
new_point = point - self.center_point
x = new_point[0] / self.x_unit_size
y = new_point[1] / self.y_unit_size
return x, y
def get_x_unit_size(self):
return self.axes.get_width() / (2.0 * self.x_radius)
def get_y_unit_size(self):
return self.axes.get_height() / (2.0 * self.y_radius)
def get_coordinate_labels(self, x_vals=None, y_vals=None):
coordinate_labels = VGroup()
if x_vals == None:
x_vals = range(-int(self.x_radius), int(self.x_radius) + 1)
if y_vals == None:
y_vals = range(-int(self.y_radius), int(self.y_radius) + 1)
for index, vals in enumerate([x_vals, y_vals]):
num_pair = [0, 0]
for val in vals:
if val == 0:
continue
num_pair[index] = val
point = self.coords_to_point(*num_pair)
num = TexMobject(str(val))
num.add_background_rectangle()
num.scale_to_fit_height(self.written_coordinate_height)
num.next_to(point, DOWN + LEFT, buff=SMALL_BUFF)
coordinate_labels.add(num)
self.coordinate_labels = coordinate_labels
return coordinate_labels
def get_axes(self):
return self.axes
def get_axis_labels(self, x_label="x", y_label="y"):
x_axis, y_axis = self.get_axes().split()
quads = [
(x_axis, x_label, UP, RIGHT),
(y_axis, y_label, RIGHT, UP),
]
labels = VGroup()
for axis, tex, vect, edge in quads:
label = TexMobject(tex)
label.add_background_rectangle()
label.next_to(axis, vect)
label.to_edge(edge)
labels.add(label)
self.axis_labels = labels
return labels
def add_coordinates(self, x_vals=None, y_vals=None):
self.add(*self.get_coordinate_labels(x_vals, y_vals))
return self
def get_vector(self, coords, **kwargs):
point = coords[0] * RIGHT + coords[1] * UP
arrow = Arrow(ORIGIN, coords, **kwargs)
return arrow
def prepare_for_nonlinear_transform(self, num_inserted_anchor_points=50):
for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
num_anchors = mob.get_num_anchor_points()
if num_inserted_anchor_points > num_anchors:
mob.insert_n_anchor_points(num_inserted_anchor_points -
num_anchors)
mob.make_smooth()
return self
def __init__(self, function, **kwargs):
self.function = function
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def construct(self):
plus = TexMobject("+")
equals = TexMobject("=")
randy = Randolph()
randy.scale_to_fit_height(1)
randy.shift(-randy.get_bottom())
axes = self.add_axes()
x_axis, y_axis = axes.split()
v1 = self.add_vector([1, 2])
coords1, x_line1, y_line1 = self.vector_to_coords(v1, clean_up=False)
self.play(
ApplyFunction(lambda m: m.next_to(y_axis, RIGHT).to_edge(UP),
coords1))
plus.next_to(coords1, RIGHT)
v2 = self.add_vector([3, -1], color=MAROON_B)
coords2, x_line2, y_line2 = self.vector_to_coords(v2, clean_up=False)
self.dither()
self.play(
ApplyMethod(coords2.next_to, plus, RIGHT), Write(plus, run_time=1),
*[
ApplyMethod(mob.shift, v1.get_end())
for mob in v2, x_line2, y_line2
])
equals.next_to(coords2, RIGHT)
self.dither()
self.play(FadeIn(randy))
for step in [RIGHT, 2 * UP, 3 * RIGHT, DOWN]:
self.play(ApplyMethod(randy.shift, step, run_time=1.5))
self.dither()
self.play(ApplyMethod(randy.shift, -randy.get_bottom()))
self.play(ApplyMethod(x_line2.shift, 2 * DOWN))
self.play(ApplyMethod(y_line1.shift, 3 * RIGHT))
for step in [4 * RIGHT, 2 * UP, DOWN]:
self.play(ApplyMethod(randy.shift, step))
self.play(FadeOut(randy))
self.remove(randy)
one_brace = Brace(x_line1)
three_brace = Brace(x_line2)
one = TexMobject("1").next_to(one_brace, DOWN)
three = TexMobject("3").next_to(three_brace, DOWN)
self.play(GrowFromCenter(one_brace),
GrowFromCenter(three_brace),
Write(one),
Write(three),
run_time=1)
self.dither()
two_brace = Brace(y_line1, RIGHT)
two = TexMobject("2").next_to(two_brace, RIGHT)
new_y_line = Line(4 * RIGHT, 4 * RIGHT + UP, color=Y_COLOR)
two_minus_one_brace = Brace(new_y_line, RIGHT)
two_minus_one = TexMobject("2+(-1)").next_to(two_minus_one_brace,
RIGHT)
self.play(GrowFromCenter(two_brace), Write(two, run_time=1))
self.dither()
self.play(Transform(two_brace, two_minus_one_brace),
Transform(two,
two_minus_one), Transform(y_line1, new_y_line),
Transform(y_line2, new_y_line))
self.dither()
self.add_vector(v2.get_end(), color=PINK)
sum_coords = Matrix(["1+3", "2+(-1)"])
sum_coords.scale_to_fit_height(coords1.get_height())
sum_coords.next_to(equals, RIGHT)
brackets = sum_coords.get_brackets()
x1, y1 = coords1.get_mob_matrix().flatten()
x2, y2 = coords2.get_mob_matrix().flatten()
sum_x, sum_y = sum_coords.get_mob_matrix().flatten()
sum_x_start = VMobject(x1, x2).copy()
sum_y_start = VMobject(y1, y2).copy()
self.play(Write(brackets),
Write(equals),
Transform(sum_x_start, sum_x),
run_time=1)
self.play(Transform(sum_y_start, sum_y))
self.dither(2)
starters = [x1, y1, x2, y2, sum_x_start, sum_y_start]
variables = map(TexMobject,
["x_1", "y_1", "x_2", "y_2", "x_1+y_1", "x_2+y_2"])
for i, (var, starter) in enumerate(zip(variables, starters)):
if i % 2 == 0:
var.highlight(X_COLOR)
else:
var.highlight(Y_COLOR)
var.scale(VECTOR_LABEL_SCALE_FACTOR)
var.move_to(starter)
self.play(Transform(VMobject(*starters[:4]), VMobject(*variables[:4])),
FadeOut(sum_x_start), FadeOut(sum_y_start))
sum_x_end, sum_y_end = variables[-2:]
self.dither(2)
self.play(Transform(VMobject(x1, x2).copy(), sum_x_end))
self.play(Transform(VMobject(y1, y2).copy(), sum_y_end))
self.dither(3)
def construct(self):
vect = Matrix(["x", "y"])
vect.get_entries().highlight(YELLOW)
rot_matrix = Matrix([[0, -1], [1, 0]])
rot_matrix.highlight(TEAL)
shear_matrix = Matrix([[1, 1], [0, 1]])
shear_matrix.highlight(PINK)
l_paren, r_paren = map(TexMobject, ["\\Big(", "\\Big)"])
for p in l_paren, r_paren:
p.scale_to_fit_height(1.4 * vect.get_height())
long_way = VMobject(shear_matrix, l_paren, rot_matrix, vect, r_paren)
long_way.arrange_submobjects(buff=0.1)
long_way.to_edge(LEFT).shift(UP)
equals = TexMobject("=").next_to(long_way, RIGHT)
comp_matrix = Matrix([[1, -1], [1, 0]])
comp_matrix.highlight_columns(X_COLOR, Y_COLOR)
vect_copy = vect.copy()
short_way = VMobject(comp_matrix, vect_copy)
short_way.arrange_submobjects(buff=0.1)
short_way.next_to(equals, RIGHT)
pairs = [
(rot_matrix, "Rotation"),
(shear_matrix, "Shear"),
(comp_matrix, "Composition"),
]
for matrix, word in pairs:
brace = Brace(matrix)
text = TextMobject(word).next_to(brace, DOWN)
brace.highlight(matrix.get_color())
text.highlight(matrix.get_color())
matrix.add(brace, text)
comp_matrix.split()[-1].submobject_gradient_highlight(TEAL, PINK)
self.add(vect)
groups = [
[rot_matrix],
[l_paren, r_paren, shear_matrix],
[equals, comp_matrix, vect_copy],
]
for group in groups:
self.play(*map(Write, group))
self.dither()
self.play(*map(FadeOut, [l_paren, r_paren, vect, vect_copy]))
comp_matrix.add(equals)
matrices = VMobject(shear_matrix, rot_matrix, comp_matrix)
self.play(
ApplyMethod(matrices.arrange_submobjects,
buff=0.1,
aligned_edge=UP))
self.dither()
arrow = Arrow(rot_matrix.get_right(), shear_matrix.get_left())
arrow.shift((rot_matrix.get_top()[1] + 0.2) * UP)
words = TextMobject("Read right to left")
words.submobjects.reverse()
words.next_to(arrow, UP)
functions = TexMobject("f(g(x))")
functions.next_to(words, UP)
self.play(ShowCreation(arrow))
self.play(Write(words))
self.dither()
self.play(Write(functions))
self.dither()
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
VMobject.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
shade_in_3d(self)
def construct(self):
v_sum = VMobject(
Vector([1, 1], color=YELLOW),
Vector([3, 1], color=BLUE).shift(RIGHT + UP),
Vector([4, 2], color=GREEN),
)
scalar_multiplication = VMobject(TexMobject("2 \\cdot "),
Vector([1, 1]), TexMobject("="),
Vector([2, 2], color=WHITE))
scalar_multiplication.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT)
both = VMobject(v_sum, scalar_multiplication)
both.arrange_submobjects(RIGHT, buff=1)
both.shift(2 * DOWN)
self.add(both)
UpcomingSeriesOfVidoes.construct(self)
last_video = self.mobjects[-1]
self.play(ApplyMethod(last_video.highlight, YELLOW))
self.dither()
everything = VMobject(*self.mobjects)
everything.remove(last_video)
big_last_video = last_video.copy()
big_last_video.center()
big_last_video.scale_to_fit_height(2.5 * SPACE_HEIGHT)
big_last_video.set_fill(opacity=0)
self.play(ApplyMethod(everything.shift, 2 * SPACE_WIDTH * LEFT),
Transform(last_video, big_last_video),
run_time=2)
def apply_function(self, function, maintain_smoothness=True):
VMobject.apply_function(self,
function,
maintain_smoothness=maintain_smoothness)
def __init__(self, angle, **kwargs):
self.angle = angle
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
class NumberLine(VMobject):
CONFIG = {
"color" : BLUE,
"x_min" : -SPACE_WIDTH,
"x_max" : SPACE_WIDTH,
"unit_size" : 1,
"tick_size" : 0.1,
"tick_frequency" : 1,
"leftmost_tick" : None, #Defaults to ceil(x_min)
"numbers_with_elongated_ticks" : [0],
"numbers_to_show" : None,
"longer_tick_multiple" : 2,
"number_at_center" : 0,
"propogate_style_to_family" : True
}
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
digest_config(self, kwargs)
if self.leftmost_tick is None:
self.leftmost_tick = np.ceil(self.x_min)
VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)
def generate_points(self):
self.main_line = Line(self.x_min*RIGHT, self.x_max*RIGHT)
self.tick_marks = VMobject()
self.add(self.main_line, self.tick_marks)
for x in self.get_tick_numbers():
self.add_tick(x, self.tick_size)
for x in self.numbers_with_elongated_ticks:
self.add_tick(x, self.longer_tick_multiple*self.tick_size)
self.stretch(self.unit_size, 0)
self.shift(-self.number_to_point(self.number_at_center))
def add_tick(self, x, size):
self.tick_marks.add(Line(
x*RIGHT+size*DOWN,
x*RIGHT+size*UP,
))
return self
def get_tick_marks(self):
return self.tick_marks
def get_tick_numbers(self):
epsilon = 0.001
return np.arange(
self.leftmost_tick, self.x_max+epsilon,
self.tick_frequency
)
def number_to_point(self, number):
alpha = float(number-self.x_min)/(self.x_max - self.x_min)
return interpolate(
self.main_line.get_start(),
self.main_line.get_end(),
alpha
)
def point_to_number(self, point):
left_point, right_point = self.main_line.get_start_and_end()
full_vect = right_point-left_point
def distance_from_left(p):
return np.dot(p-left_point, full_vect)/np.linalg.norm(full_vect)
return interpolate(
self.x_min, self.x_max,
distance_from_left(point)/distance_from_left(right_point)
)
def default_numbers_to_display(self):
if self.numbers_to_show is not None:
return self.numbers_to_show
return np.arange(self.leftmost_tick, self.x_max, 1)
def get_vertical_number_offset(self, direction = DOWN):
return 4*direction*self.tick_size
def get_number_mobjects(self, *numbers, **kwargs):
#TODO, handle decimals
if len(numbers) == 0:
numbers = self.default_numbers_to_display()
if "force_integers" in kwargs and kwargs["force_integers"]:
numbers = map(int, numbers)
result = VGroup()
for number in numbers:
mob = TexMobject(str(number))
mob.scale_to_fit_height(3*self.tick_size)
mob.shift(
self.number_to_point(number),
self.get_vertical_number_offset(**kwargs)
)
result.add(mob)
return result
def add_numbers(self, *numbers, **kwargs):
self.numbers = self.get_number_mobjects(
*numbers, **kwargs
)
self.add(*self.numbers)
return self
