def psd(x, NFFT=256, Fs=2, detrend=detrend_none,
window=window_hanning, noverlap=0):
"""
The power spectral density by Welches average periodogram method.
The vector x is divided into NFFT length segments. Each segment
is detrended by function detrend and windowed by function window.
noperlap gives the length of the overlap between segments. The
absolute(fft(segment))**2 of each segment are averaged to compute Pxx,
with a scaling to correct for power loss due to windowing. Fs is
the sampling frequency.
-- NFFT must be a power of 2
-- detrend and window are functions, unlike in matlab where they are
vectors.
-- if length x < NFFT, it will be zero padded to NFFT
Returns the tuple Pxx, freqs
Refs:
Bendat & Piersol -- Random Data: Analysis and Measurement
Procedures, John Wiley & Sons (1986)
"""
if NFFT % 2:
raise ValueError, 'NFFT must be a power of 2'
# zero pad x up to NFFT if it is shorter than NFFT
if len(x)<NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = resize(x, (NFFT,))
x[n:] = 0
# for real x, ignore the negative frequencies
if x.typecode()==Complex: numFreqs = NFFT
else: numFreqs = NFFT//2+1
windowVals = window(ones((NFFT,),x.typecode()))
step = NFFT-noverlap
ind = range(0,len(x)-NFFT+1,step)
n = len(ind)
Pxx = zeros((numFreqs,n), Float)
# do the ffts of the slices
for i in range(n):
thisX = x[ind[i]:ind[i]+NFFT]
thisX = windowVals*detrend(thisX)
fx = absolute(fft(thisX))**2
Pxx[:,i] = divide(fx[:numFreqs], norm(windowVals)**2)
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2
if n>1:
Pxx = mean(Pxx,1)
freqs = Fs/NFFT*arange(numFreqs)
Pxx.shape = len(freqs),
return Pxx, freqs
def psd(x, NFFT=256, Fs=2, detrend=detrend_none,
window=window_hanning, noverlap=0):
"""
The power spectral density by Welches average periodogram method.
The vector x is divided into NFFT length segments. Each segment
is detrended by function detrend and windowed by function window.
noperlap gives the length of the overlap between segments. The
absolute(fft(segment))**2 of each segment are averaged to compute Pxx,
with a scaling to correct for power loss due to windowing. Fs is
the sampling frequency.
-- NFFT must be a power of 2
-- detrend and window are functions, unlike in matlab where they are
vectors.
-- if length x < NFFT, it will be zero padded to NFFT
Returns the tuple Pxx, freqs
Refs:
Bendat & Piersol -- Random Data: Analysis and Measurement
Procedures, John Wiley & Sons (1986)
"""
if NFFT % 2:
raise ValueError, 'NFFT must be a power of 2'
# zero pad x up to NFFT if it is shorter than NFFT
if len(x)<NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = resize(x, (NFFT,))
x[n:] = 0
# for real x, ignore the negative frequencies
if x.typecode()==Complex: numFreqs = NFFT
else: numFreqs = NFFT//2+1
windowVals = window(ones((NFFT,),x.typecode()))
step = NFFT-noverlap
ind = range(0,len(x)-NFFT+1,step)
n = len(ind)
Pxx = zeros((numFreqs,n), Float)
# do the ffts of the slices
for i in range(n):
thisX = x[ind[i]:ind[i]+NFFT]
thisX = windowVals*detrend(thisX)
fx = absolute(fft(thisX))**2
Pxx[:,i] = divide(fx[:numFreqs], norm(windowVals)**2)
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2
if n>1:
Pxx = mean(Pxx,1)
freqs = Fs/NFFT*arange(numFreqs)
Pxx.shape = len(freqs),
return Pxx, freqs
def locate_label(self, linecontour, labelwidth):
"""find a good place to plot a label (relatively flat
part of the contour) and the angle of rotation for the
text object
"""
nsize = len(linecontour)
if labelwidth > 1:
xsize = int(ceil(nsize / labelwidth))
else:
xsize = 1
if xsize == 1:
ysize = nsize
else:
ysize = labelwidth
XX = resize(asarray(linecontour)[:, 0], (xsize, ysize))
YY = resize(asarray(linecontour)[:, 1], (xsize, ysize))
yfirst = YY[:, 0]
ylast = YY[:, -1]
xfirst = XX[:, 0]
xlast = XX[:, -1]
s = ((reshape(yfirst, (xsize, 1)) - YY) *
(reshape(xlast, (xsize, 1)) - reshape(xfirst, (xsize, 1))) -
(reshape(xfirst, (xsize, 1)) - XX) *
(reshape(ylast, (xsize, 1)) - reshape(yfirst, (xsize, 1))))
L = sqrt((xlast - xfirst)**2 + (ylast - yfirst)**2)
dist = add.reduce(([(abs(s)[i] / L[i]) for i in range(xsize)]), -1)
x, y, ind = self.get_label_coords(dist, XX, YY, ysize, labelwidth)
#print 'ind, x, y', ind, x, y
angle = arctan2(ylast - yfirst, xlast - xfirst)
rotation = angle[ind] * 180 / pi
if rotation > 90:
rotation = rotation - 180
if rotation < -90:
rotation = 180 + rotation
# There must be a more efficient way...
lc = [tuple(l) for l in linecontour]
dind = lc.index((x, y))
#print 'dind', dind
#dind = list(linecontour).index((x,y))
return x, y, rotation, dind
def locate_label(self, linecontour, labelwidth):
"""find a good place to plot a label (relatively flat
part of the contour) and the angle of rotation for the
text object
"""
nsize= len(linecontour)
if labelwidth > 1:
xsize = int(ceil(nsize/labelwidth))
else:
xsize = 1
if xsize == 1:
ysize = nsize
else:
ysize = labelwidth
XX = resize(asarray(linecontour)[:,0],(xsize, ysize))
YY = resize(asarray(linecontour)[:,1],(xsize,ysize))
yfirst = YY[:,0]
ylast = YY[:,-1]
xfirst = XX[:,0]
xlast = XX[:,-1]
s = ( (reshape(yfirst, (xsize,1))-YY) *
(reshape(xlast,(xsize,1)) - reshape(xfirst,(xsize,1)))
- (reshape(xfirst,(xsize,1))-XX)
* (reshape(ylast,(xsize,1)) - reshape(yfirst,(xsize,1))) )
L=sqrt((xlast-xfirst)**2+(ylast-yfirst)**2)
dist = add.reduce(([(abs(s)[i]/L[i]) for i in range(xsize)]),-1)
x,y,ind = self.get_label_coords(dist, XX, YY, ysize, labelwidth)
#print 'ind, x, y', ind, x, y
angle = arctan2(ylast - yfirst, xlast - xfirst)
rotation = angle[ind]*180/pi
if rotation > 90:
rotation = rotation -180
if rotation < -90:
rotation = 180 + rotation
# There must be a more efficient way...
lc = [tuple(l) for l in linecontour]
dind = lc.index((x,y))
#print 'dind', dind
#dind = list(linecontour).index((x,y))
return x,y, rotation, dind
def corrcoef(*args):
"""
corrcoef(X) where X is a matrix returns a matrix of correlation
coefficients for each numrows observations and numcols variables.
corrcoef(x,y) where x and y are vectors returns the matrix or
correlation coefficients for x and y.
Numeric arrays can be real or complex
The correlation matrix is defined from the covariance matrix C as
r(i,j) = C[i,j] / sqrt(C[i,i]*C[j,j])
"""
if len(args)==2:
X = transpose(array([args[0]]+[args[1]]))
elif len(args)==1:
X = args[0]
else:
raise RuntimeError, 'Only expecting 1 or 2 arguments'
C = cov(X)
if len(args)==2:
d = resize(diagonal(C), (2,1))
denom = numerix.mlab.sqrt(matrixmultiply(d,transpose(d)))
else:
dc = diagonal(C)
N = len(dc)
shape = N,N
vi = resize(dc, shape)
denom = numerix.mlab.sqrt(vi*transpose(vi)) # element wise multiplication
r = divide(C,denom)
try: return r.real
except AttributeError: return r
def corrcoef(*args):
"""
corrcoef(X) where X is a matrix returns a matrix of correlation
coefficients for each numrows observations and numcols variables.
corrcoef(x,y) where x and y are vectors returns the matrix or
correlation coefficients for x and y.
Numeric arrays can be real or complex
The correlation matrix is defined from the covariance matrix C as
r(i,j) = C[i,j] / sqrt(C[i,i]*C[j,j])
"""
if len(args) == 2:
X = transpose(array([args[0]] + [args[1]]))
elif len(args) == 1:
X = args[0]
else:
raise RuntimeError, 'Only expecting 1 or 2 arguments'
C = cov(X)
if len(args) == 2:
d = resize(diagonal(C), (2, 1))
denom = numerix.mlab.sqrt(matrixmultiply(d, transpose(d)))
else:
dc = diagonal(C)
N = len(dc)
shape = N, N
vi = resize(dc, shape)
denom = numerix.mlab.sqrt(vi *
transpose(vi)) # element wise multiplication
r = divide(C, denom)
try:
return r.real
except AttributeError:
return r
def specgram(x,
NFFT=256,
Fs=2,
detrend=detrend_none,
window=window_hanning,
noverlap=128):
"""
Compute a spectrogram of data in x. Data are split into NFFT
length segements and the PSD of each section is computed. The
windowing function window is applied to each segment, and the
amount of overlap of each segment is specified with noverlap
See pdf for more info.
The returned times are the midpoints of the intervals over which
the ffts are calculated
"""
x = asarray(x)
assert (NFFT > noverlap)
if log(NFFT) / log(2) != int(log(NFFT) / log(2)):
raise ValueError, 'NFFT must be a power of 2'
# zero pad x up to NFFT if it is shorter than NFFT
if len(x) < NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = resize(x, (NFFT, ))
x[n:] = 0
# for real x, ignore the negative frequencies
if typecode(x) == Complex: numFreqs = NFFT
else: numFreqs = NFFT // 2 + 1
windowVals = window(ones((NFFT, ), typecode(x)))
step = NFFT - noverlap
ind = arange(0, len(x) - NFFT + 1, step)
n = len(ind)
Pxx = zeros((numFreqs, n), Float)
# do the ffts of the slices
for i in range(n):
thisX = x[ind[i]:ind[i] + NFFT]
thisX = windowVals * detrend(thisX)
fx = absolute(fft(thisX))**2
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2
Pxx[:, i] = divide(fx[:numFreqs], norm(windowVals)**2)
t = 1 / Fs * (ind + NFFT / 2)
freqs = Fs / NFFT * arange(numFreqs)
return Pxx, freqs, t
def specgram(x, NFFT=256, Fs=2, detrend=detrend_none,
window=window_hanning, noverlap=128):
"""
Compute a spectrogram of data in x. Data are split into NFFT
length segements and the PSD of each section is computed. The
windowing function window is applied to each segment, and the
amount of overlap of each segment is specified with noverlap
See pdf for more info.
The returned times are the midpoints of the intervals over which
the ffts are calculated
"""
assert(NFFT>noverlap)
if log(NFFT)/log(2) != int(log(NFFT)/log(2)):
raise ValueError, 'NFFT must be a power of 2'
# zero pad x up to NFFT if it is shorter than NFFT
if len(x)<NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = resize(x, (NFFT,))
x[n:] = 0
# for real x, ignore the negative frequencies
if x.typecode()==Complex: numFreqs = NFFT
else: numFreqs = NFFT//2+1
windowVals = window(ones((NFFT,),x.typecode()))
step = NFFT-noverlap
ind = arange(0,len(x)-NFFT+1,step)
n = len(ind)
Pxx = zeros((numFreqs,n), Float)
# do the ffts of the slices
for i in range(n):
thisX = x[ind[i]:ind[i]+NFFT]
thisX = windowVals*detrend(thisX)
fx = absolute(fft(thisX))**2
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2
Pxx[:,i] = divide(fx[:numFreqs], norm(windowVals)**2)
t = 1/Fs*(ind+NFFT/2)
freqs = Fs/NFFT*arange(numFreqs)
return Pxx, freqs, t
def csd(x, y, NFFT=256, Fs=2, detrend=detrend_none,
window=window_hanning, noverlap=0):
"""
The cross spectral density Pxy by Welches average periodogram
method. The vectors x and y are divided into NFFT length
segments. Each segment is detrended by function detrend and
windowed by function window. noverlap gives the length of the
overlap between segments. The product of the direct FFTs of x and
y are averaged over each segment to compute Pxy, with a scaling to
correct for power loss due to windowing. Fs is the sampling
frequency.
NFFT must be a power of 2
Returns the tuple Pxy, freqs
Refs:
Bendat & Piersol -- Random Data: Analysis and Measurement
Procedures, John Wiley & Sons (1986)
"""
if NFFT % 2:
raise ValueError, 'NFFT must be a power of 2'
# zero pad x and y up to NFFT if they are shorter than NFFT
if len(x)<NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = resize(x, (NFFT,))
x[n:] = 0
if len(y)<NFFT:
n = len(y)
y = resize(y, (NFFT,))
y[n:] = 0
# for real x, ignore the negative frequencies
if x.typecode()==Complex: numFreqs = NFFT
else: numFreqs = NFFT//2+1
windowVals = window(ones((NFFT,),x.typecode()))
step = NFFT-noverlap
ind = range(0,len(x)-NFFT+1,step)
n = len(ind)
Pxy = zeros((numFreqs,n), Complex)
# do the ffts of the slices
for i in range(n):
thisX = x[ind[i]:ind[i]+NFFT]
thisX = windowVals*detrend(thisX)
thisY = y[ind[i]:ind[i]+NFFT]
thisY = windowVals*detrend(thisY)
fx = fft(thisX)
fy = fft(thisY)
Pxy[:,i] = conjugate(fx[:numFreqs])*fy[:numFreqs]
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2
if n>1: Pxy = mean(Pxy,1)
Pxy = divide(Pxy, norm(windowVals)**2)
freqs = Fs/NFFT*arange(numFreqs)
Pxy.shape = len(freqs),
return Pxy, freqs
def csd(x,
y,
NFFT=256,
Fs=2,
detrend=detrend_none,
window=window_hanning,
noverlap=0):
"""
The cross spectral density Pxy by Welches average periodogram
method. The vectors x and y are divided into NFFT length
segments. Each segment is detrended by function detrend and
windowed by function window. noverlap gives the length of the
overlap between segments. The product of the direct FFTs of x and
y are averaged over each segment to compute Pxy, with a scaling to
correct for power loss due to windowing. Fs is the sampling
frequency.
NFFT must be a power of 2
Returns the tuple Pxy, freqs
Refs:
Bendat & Piersol -- Random Data: Analysis and Measurement
Procedures, John Wiley & Sons (1986)
"""
if NFFT % 2:
raise ValueError, 'NFFT must be a power of 2'
# zero pad x and y up to NFFT if they are shorter than NFFT
if len(x) < NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = resize(x, (NFFT, ))
x[n:] = 0
if len(y) < NFFT:
n = len(y)
y = resize(y, (NFFT, ))
y[n:] = 0
# for real x, ignore the negative frequencies
if typecode(x) == Complex: numFreqs = NFFT
else: numFreqs = NFFT // 2 + 1
windowVals = window(ones((NFFT, ), typecode(x)))
step = NFFT - noverlap
ind = range(0, len(x) - NFFT + 1, step)
n = len(ind)
Pxy = zeros((numFreqs, n), Complex)
# do the ffts of the slices
for i in range(n):
thisX = x[ind[i]:ind[i] + NFFT]
thisX = windowVals * detrend(thisX)
thisY = y[ind[i]:ind[i] + NFFT]
thisY = windowVals * detrend(thisY)
fx = fft(thisX)
fy = fft(thisY)
Pxy[:, i] = conjugate(fx[:numFreqs]) * fy[:numFreqs]
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2
if n > 1: Pxy = mean(Pxy, 1)
Pxy = divide(Pxy, norm(windowVals)**2)
freqs = Fs / NFFT * arange(numFreqs)
Pxy.shape = len(freqs),
return Pxy, freqs