def test_requests_exception_without_response(self, *_, **__):
        with self.assertRaises(requests.RequestException):
            self.perform_request(self.URL)

        span = self.assert_span()
        self.assertEqual(
            span.attributes,
            {
                "component": "http",
                "http.method": "GET",
                "http.url": self.URL
            },
        )
        self.assertEqual(span.status.canonical_code,
                         StatusCanonicalCode.UNKNOWN)

        self.assertIsNotNone(RequestsInstrumentor().meter)
        self.assertEqual(len(RequestsInstrumentor().meter.metrics), 1)
        recorder = RequestsInstrumentor().meter.metrics.pop()
        match_key = get_dict_as_key({
            "http.method":
            "GET",
            "http.url":
            "http://httpbin.org/status/200",
        })
        for key in recorder.bound_instruments.keys():
            self.assertEqual(key, match_key)
            # pylint: disable=protected-access
            bound = recorder.bound_instruments.get(key)
            for view_data in bound.view_datas:
                self.assertEqual(view_data.labels, key)
                self.assertEqual(view_data.aggregator.current.count, 1)
    def test_requests_exception_with_response(self, *_, **__):
        with self.assertRaises(requests.RequestException):
            self.perform_request(self.URL)

        span = self.assert_span()
        self.assertEqual(
            span.attributes,
            {
                "component": "http",
                "http.method": "GET",
                "http.url": self.URL,
                "http.status_code": 500,
                "http.status_text": "Internal Server Error",
            },
        )
        self.assertEqual(span.status.status_code, StatusCode.ERROR)
        self.assertIsNotNone(RequestsInstrumentor().meter)
        self.assertEqual(len(RequestsInstrumentor().meter.instruments), 1)
        recorder = list(RequestsInstrumentor().meter.instruments.values())[0]
        match_key = get_dict_as_key(
            {
                "http.method": "GET",
                "http.status_code": "500",
                "http.url": "http://httpbin.org/status/200",
            }
        )
        for key in recorder.bound_instruments.keys():
            self.assertEqual(key, match_key)
            # pylint: disable=protected-access
            bound = recorder.bound_instruments.get(key)
            for view_data in bound.view_datas:
                self.assertEqual(view_data.labels, key)
                self.assertEqual(view_data.aggregator.current.count, 1)
 def test_uninstrument(self):
     RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
     result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
     self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
     self.assert_span(num_spans=0)
     # instrument again to avoid annoying warning message
     RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
    def test_span_callback(self):
        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()

        def span_callback(span, result: requests.Response):
            span.set_attribute("http.response.body",
                               result.content.decode("utf-8"))

        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(
            tracer_provider=self.tracer_provider,
            span_callback=span_callback,
        )

        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")

        span = self.assert_span()
        self.assertEqual(
            span.attributes,
            {
                "component": "http",
                "http.method": "GET",
                "http.url": self.URL,
                "http.status_code": 200,
                "http.status_text": "OK",
                "http.response.body": "Hello!",
            },
        )
    def test_span_callback(self):
        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()

        def span_callback(span, result: requests.Response):
            span.set_attribute("http.response.body",
                               result.content.decode("utf-8"))

        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(
            tracer_provider=self.tracer_provider,
            span_callback=span_callback,
        )

        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")

        span = self.assert_span()
        self.assertEqual(
            span.attributes,
            {
                SpanAttributes.HTTP_METHOD: "GET",
                SpanAttributes.HTTP_URL: self.URL,
                SpanAttributes.HTTP_STATUS_CODE: 200,
                "http.response.body": "Hello!",
            },
        )
Ejemplo n.º 6
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 def test_uninstrument(self):
     RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
     result = requests.get(self.URL)
     self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
     span_list = self.memory_exporter.get_finished_spans()
     self.assertEqual(len(span_list), 0)
     # instrument again to avoid annoying warning message
     RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
    def test_name_callback_default(self):
        def name_callback():
            return 123

        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(name_callback=name_callback)
        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        span = self.assert_span()

        self.assertEqual(span.name, "HTTP GET")
Ejemplo n.º 8
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    def test_name_callback(self):
        def name_callback(method, url):
            return "GET" + url

        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(name_callback=name_callback)
        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        span = self.assert_span()

        self.assertEqual(span.name, "GET" + self.URL)
    def test_custom_tracer_provider(self):
        resource = resources.Resource.create({})
        result = self.create_tracer_provider(resource=resource)
        tracer_provider, exporter = result
        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(tracer_provider=tracer_provider)

        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")

        span = self.assert_span(exporter=exporter)
        self.assertIs(span.resource, resource)
 def test_not_recording(self):
     with mock.patch("opentelemetry.trace.INVALID_SPAN") as mock_span:
         RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
         RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(
             tracer_provider=trace._DefaultTracerProvider())
         mock_span.is_recording.return_value = False
         result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
         self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
         self.assert_span(None, 0)
         self.assertFalse(mock_span.is_recording())
         self.assertTrue(mock_span.is_recording.called)
         self.assertFalse(mock_span.set_attribute.called)
         self.assertFalse(mock_span.set_status.called)
    def test_excluded_urls_from_env(self):
        url = "http://localhost/env_excluded_arg/123"
        httpretty.register_uri(
            httpretty.GET,
            url,
            status=200,
        )

        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
        self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.perform_request(url)

        self.assert_span(num_spans=1)
    def test_excluded_urls_explicit(self):
        url_404 = "http://httpbin.org/status/404"
        httpretty.register_uri(
            httpretty.GET,
            url_404,
            status=404,
        )

        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(excluded_urls=".*/404")
        self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.perform_request(url_404)

        self.assert_span(num_spans=1)
Ejemplo n.º 13
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    def test_custom_tracer_provider(self):
        resource = resources.Resource.create({})
        result = self.create_tracer_provider(resource=resource)
        tracer_provider, exporter = result
        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(tracer_provider=tracer_provider)

        result = requests.get(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")

        span_list = exporter.get_finished_spans()
        self.assertEqual(len(span_list), 1)
        span = span_list[0]

        self.assertIs(span.resource, resource)
Ejemplo n.º 14
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 def test_not_recording(self):
     with mock.patch("opentelemetry.trace.INVALID_SPAN") as mock_span:
         RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
         # original_tracer_provider returns a default tracer provider, which
         # in turn will return an INVALID_SPAN, which is always not recording
         RequestsInstrumentor().instrument(
             tracer_provider=self.original_tracer_provider)
         mock_span.is_recording.return_value = False
         result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
         self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
         self.assert_span(None, 0)
         self.assertFalse(mock_span.is_recording())
         self.assertTrue(mock_span.is_recording.called)
         self.assertFalse(mock_span.set_attribute.called)
         self.assertFalse(mock_span.set_status.called)
    def test_basic(self):
        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        span = self.assert_span()

        self.assertIs(span.kind, trace.SpanKind.CLIENT)
        self.assertEqual(span.name, "HTTP GET")

        self.assertEqual(
            span.attributes,
            {
                "component": "http",
                "http.method": "GET",
                "http.url": self.URL,
                "http.status_code": 200,
                "http.status_text": "OK",
            },
        )

        self.assertIs(span.status.canonical_code,
                      trace.status.StatusCanonicalCode.OK)

        self.check_span_instrumentation_info(
            span, opentelemetry.instrumentation.requests)

        self.assertIsNotNone(RequestsInstrumentor().meter)
        self.assertEqual(len(RequestsInstrumentor().meter.metrics), 1)
        recorder = RequestsInstrumentor().meter.metrics.pop()
        match_key = get_dict_as_key({
            "http.flavor":
            "1.1",
            "http.method":
            "GET",
            "http.status_code":
            "200",
            "http.status_text":
            "OK",
            "http.url":
            "http://httpbin.org/status/200",
        })
        for key in recorder.bound_instruments.keys():
            self.assertEqual(key, match_key)
            # pylint: disable=protected-access
            bound = recorder.bound_instruments.get(key)
            for view_data in bound.view_datas:
                self.assertEqual(view_data.labels, key)
                self.assertEqual(view_data.aggregator.current.count, 1)
                self.assertGreater(view_data.aggregator.current.sum, 0)
Ejemplo n.º 16
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    def test_third_party_instrumentor(self, telemetry: TelemetryFixture):
        import requests
        from telemetry.api.listeners.span import LabelAttributes, InstrumentorSpanListener

        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()

        telemetry.initialize()
        telemetry.add_span_processor(InstrumentorSpanListener(
            LabelAttributes('component', 'http.status_code', 'http.method'), 'requests'))

        responses.add_passthru('http://localhost:1234/does_not_exist')

        with telemetry.span('test_category', 'span1', attributes={TestAttributes.LABEL1: 'l1'}) as span:
            try:
                with requests.get('http://localhost:1234/does_not_exist') as response:
                    pass
            except:
                pass

        telemetry.collect()

        assert telemetry.get_value_recorder(name='trace.duration',
                                            labels={'component': 'http',
                                                    'http.method': 'GET',
                                                    TestAttributes.LABEL1.name: 'l1',
                                                    Attributes.TRACE_CATEGORY.name: 'requests',
                                                    Attributes.TRACE_NAME.name: 'requests.HTTP GET',
                                                    Attributes.TRACE_STATUS.name: 'ERROR'}).count == 1
Ejemplo n.º 17
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def setup_instrumentation(app):
    settings: TracingSettings = _get_settings()

    _TRACE_PROVIDER = TracerProvider(
        resource=Resource.create({"service.name": settings.jaeger_service})
    )
    trace.set_tracer_provider(_TRACE_PROVIDER)

    if settings.jaeger_hostname:  # pragma: no cover
        _JAEGER_EXPORTER = JaegerExporter(
            agent_host_name=settings.jaeger_hostname,
            agent_port=settings.jaeger_port,
        )

        _TRACE_PROVIDER.add_span_processor(BatchSpanProcessor(_JAEGER_EXPORTER))

    AioHttpClientInstrumentor().instrument()
    RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()

    # Register logging middleware
    app.middleware("http")(_log_requests_middleware)
    app.middleware("http")(_bind_logger_tracecontext_middleware)

    FastAPIInstrumentor.instrument_app(app)
    return app
Ejemplo n.º 18
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 def setUp(self):
     super().setUp()
     self.assert_ip = self.server.server_address[0]
     self.http_host = ":".join(map(str, self.server.server_address[:2]))
     self.http_url_base = "http://" + self.http_host
     self.http_url = self.http_url_base + "/status/200"
     HttpClientInstrumentor().instrument()
     RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
Ejemplo n.º 19
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 def setUp(self):
     super().setUp()
     RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
     httpretty.enable()
     httpretty.register_uri(
         httpretty.GET,
         self.URL,
         body="Hello!",
     )
Ejemplo n.º 20
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 def instrument_app(self) -> None:
     logger.info("Activating Opentelemetry tracing to app", app=self.title)
     trace.set_tracer_provider(tracer_provider)
     FastAPIInstrumentor.instrument_app(self)
     RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
     HTTPXClientInstrumentor().instrument()
     RedisInstrumentor().instrument()
     Psycopg2Instrumentor().instrument()
     SQLAlchemyInstrumentor().instrument(engine=db.engine,
                                         tracer_provider=tracer_provider)
Ejemplo n.º 21
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def create_app():
    """Create Flask app, configure from env vars, register blueprints."""
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.config.update({key: os.environ[key] for key in ENV_SECRETS})

    app.before_first_request(init_tracing)
    app.teardown_request(flush_tracing)
    RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
    FlaskInstrumentor().instrument_app(app)

    oauth.init_app(app)

    app.register_blueprint(samplescreennames.bp)
    app.register_blueprint(stockprofile.bp)
    app.register_blueprint(twittercallback.bp)
    app.register_blueprint(twittercheck.bp)
    app.register_blueprint(twitterlink.bp)

    return app
Ejemplo n.º 22
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def _get_tracer(jaeger_endpoint: str, service_name: str) -> trace.Tracer:
    set_global_textmap(B3MultiFormat())
    RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()

    trace.set_tracer_provider(
        TracerProvider(
            resource=Resource.create({SERVICE_NAME: service_name})
        )
    )

    jaeger_exporter = JaegerExporter(
        collector_endpoint=jaeger_endpoint + '?format=jaeger.thrift',
    )

    span_processor = BatchSpanProcessor(jaeger_exporter)

    trace.get_tracer_provider().add_span_processor(span_processor)

    return trace.get_tracer(__name__)
Ejemplo n.º 23
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def send_requests():
    RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()

    configure_opentelemetry(
        service_name="client_service_name",
        service_version="client_version",  # optional
    )

    tracer = get_tracer(__name__)

    def request(url):
        with tracer.start_as_current_span("request to {}".format(url)) as span:
            try:
                get(url)
            except Exception as error:
                span.set_attribute("error", "true")
                span.record_exception(error)

    attempts = 10

    for attempt in range(attempts):
        debug("Sending requests %s/%s", attempt + 1, attempts)

        with tracer.start_as_current_span("foo"):
            debug("Current span: %s", get_current_span())

            with tracer.start_as_current_span("add-attribute") as span:
                span.set_attribute("attr1", "valu1")
                debug("Current span: %s", get_current_span())

            debug(
                "Baggage: %s",
                get_baggage("example", set_baggage("example", "value")),
            )

            with tracer.start_as_current_span("bar"):
                debug("Hello, server!")
                request("http://localhost:8000/hello")
                request("http://doesnotexist:8000")

        sleep(1)

    request("http://localhost:8000/shutdown")
    def test_uninstrument_session(self):
        session1 = requests.Session()
        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument_session(session1)

        result = self.perform_request(self.URL, session1)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        self.assert_span(num_spans=0)

        # Test that other sessions as well as global requests is still
        # instrumented
        session2 = requests.Session()
        result = self.perform_request(self.URL, session2)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        self.assert_span()

        self.memory_exporter.clear()

        result = self.perform_request(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        self.assert_span()
    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()

        self.env_patch = mock.patch.dict(
            "os.environ",
            {
                "OTEL_PYTHON_REQUESTS_EXCLUDED_URLS":
                "http://localhost/env_excluded_arg/123,env_excluded_noarg"
            },
        )
        self.env_patch.start()

        self.exclude_patch = mock.patch(
            "opentelemetry.instrumentation.requests._excluded_urls_from_env",
            get_excluded_urls("REQUESTS"),
        )
        self.exclude_patch.start()

        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
        httpretty.enable()
        httpretty.register_uri(httpretty.GET, self.URL, body="Hello!")
Ejemplo n.º 26
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    def test_uninstrument_session(self):
        session1 = requests.Session()
        RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument_session(session1)

        result = session1.get(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        span_list = self.memory_exporter.get_finished_spans()
        self.assertEqual(len(span_list), 0)

        # Test that other sessions as well as global requests is still
        # instrumented
        session2 = requests.Session()
        result = session2.get(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        span_list = self.memory_exporter.get_finished_spans()
        self.assertEqual(len(span_list), 1)

        self.memory_exporter.clear()

        result = requests.get(self.URL)
        self.assertEqual(result.text, "Hello!")
        span_list = self.memory_exporter.get_finished_spans()
        self.assertEqual(len(span_list), 1)
Ejemplo n.º 27
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    def __init__(self, app, service='atlas-api', sqlalchemy_engine=None, datadog_agent=None,
                 span_callback=None, ignored_paths: List[str] = None, sql_service=None):
        self.app = app
        trace.set_tracer_provider(TracerProvider())
        self.tracer = trace.get_tracer(__name__)
        if datadog_agent:
            from ddtrace.internal.writer import AgentWriter
            from opentelemetry.exporter.datadog import DatadogExportSpanProcessor, \
                DatadogSpanExporter
            exporter = DatadogSpanExporter(agent_url=datadog_agent, service=service)
            exporter._agent_writer = AgentWriter(datadog_agent)
            span_processor = DatadogExportSpanProcessor(exporter)
            trace.get_tracer_provider().add_span_processor(span_processor)

        AtlasFastAPIInstrumentor.instrument_app(app, span_callback=span_callback,
                                                ignored_paths=ignored_paths)
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
        BotocoreInstrumentor().instrument(tracer_provider=trace.get_tracer_provider())
        BotoInstrumentor().instrument(tracer_provider=trace.get_tracer_provider())
        RedisInstrumentor().instrument(tracer_provider=trace.get_tracer_provider())
        if sqlalchemy_engine:
            sqlalch_service_name = service if not sql_service else sql_service
            SQLAlchemyInstrumentor().instrument(engine=sqlalchemy_engine,
                                                service=sqlalch_service_name)
 def tearDown(self):
     super().tearDown()
     RequestsInstrumentor().uninstrument()
     httpretty.disable()
Ejemplo n.º 29
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# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the MIT License.
# pylint: disable=import-error
# pylint: disable=no-member
# pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
import os
import requests
from opentelemetry import trace
from opentelemetry.instrumentation.requests import RequestsInstrumentor
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace import TracerProvider
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.export import SimpleExportSpanProcessor

from microsoft.opentelemetry.exporter.azuremonitor import AzureMonitorTraceExporter

trace.set_tracer_provider(TracerProvider())

RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
span_processor = SimpleExportSpanProcessor(
    AzureMonitorTraceExporter(
        connection_string=os.environ["APPLICATIONINSIGHTS_CONNECTION_STRING"]))
trace.get_tracer_provider().add_span_processor(span_processor)
tracer = trace.get_tracer(__name__)

with tracer.start_as_current_span("parent"):
    response = requests.get("https://azure.microsoft.com/", timeout=5)

input("Press any key to exit...")
Ejemplo n.º 30
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def create_app():
    """Flask application factory to create instances
    of the Frontend Flask App
    """
    app = Flask(__name__)

    # Disabling unused-variable for lines with route decorated functions
    # as pylint thinks they are unused
    # pylint: disable=unused-variable
    @app.route('/version', methods=['GET'])
    def version():
        """
        Service version endpoint
        """
        return os.environ.get('VERSION'), 200

    @app.route('/ready', methods=['GET'])
    def readiness():
        """
        Readiness probe
        """
        return 'ok', 200

    @app.route("/")
    def root():
        """
        Renders home page or login page, depending on authentication status.
        """
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        if not verify_token(token):
            return login_page()
        return home()

    @app.route("/home")
    def home():
        """
        Renders home page. Redirects to /login if token is not valid
        """
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        if not verify_token(token):
            # user isn't authenticated
            app.logger.debug(
                'User isn\'t authenticated. Redirecting to login page.')
            return redirect(
                url_for('login_page',
                        _external=True,
                        _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))
        token_data = jwt.decode(token, verify=False)
        display_name = token_data['name']
        username = token_data['user']
        account_id = token_data['acct']

        hed = {'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token}
        # get balance
        balance = None
        try:
            url = '{}/{}'.format(app.config["BALANCES_URI"], account_id)
            app.logger.debug('Getting account balance.')
            response = requests.get(url=url,
                                    headers=hed,
                                    timeout=app.config['BACKEND_TIMEOUT'])
            if response:
                balance = response.json()
        except (requests.exceptions.RequestException, ValueError) as err:
            app.logger.error('Error getting account balance: %s', str(err))
        # get history
        transaction_list = None
        try:
            url = '{}/{}'.format(app.config["HISTORY_URI"], account_id)
            app.logger.debug('Getting transaction history.')
            response = requests.get(url=url,
                                    headers=hed,
                                    timeout=app.config['BACKEND_TIMEOUT'])
            if response:
                transaction_list = response.json()
        except (requests.exceptions.RequestException, ValueError) as err:
            app.logger.error('Error getting transaction history: %s', str(err))
        # get contacts
        contacts = []
        try:
            url = '{}/{}'.format(app.config["CONTACTS_URI"], username)
            app.logger.debug('Getting contacts.')
            response = requests.get(url=url,
                                    headers=hed,
                                    timeout=app.config['BACKEND_TIMEOUT'])
            if response:
                contacts = response.json()
        except (requests.exceptions.RequestException, ValueError) as err:
            app.logger.error('Error getting contacts: %s', str(err))

        _populate_contact_labels(account_id, transaction_list, contacts)

        return render_template('index.html',
                               cymbal_logo=os.getenv('CYMBAL_LOGO', 'false'),
                               history=transaction_list,
                               balance=balance,
                               name=display_name,
                               account_id=account_id,
                               contacts=contacts,
                               message=request.args.get('msg', None),
                               bank_name=os.getenv('BANK_NAME',
                                                   'Bank of Anthos'))

    def _populate_contact_labels(account_id, transactions, contacts):
        """
        Populate contact labels for the passed transactions.

        Side effect:
            Take each transaction and set the 'accountLabel' field with the label of
            the contact each transaction was associated with. If there was no
            associated contact, set 'accountLabel' to None.
            If any parameter is None, nothing happens.

        Params: account_id - the account id for the user owning the transaction list
                transactions - a list of transactions as key/value dicts
                            [{transaction1}, {transaction2}, ...]
                contacts - a list of contacts as key/value dicts
                        [{contact1}, {contact2}, ...]
        """
        app.logger.debug('Populating contact labels.')
        if account_id is None or transactions is None or contacts is None:
            return

        # Map contact accounts to their labels. If no label found, default to None.
        contact_map = {c['account_num']: c.get('label') for c in contacts}

        # Populate the 'accountLabel' field. If no match found, default to None.
        for trans in transactions:
            if trans['toAccountNum'] == account_id:
                trans['accountLabel'] = contact_map.get(
                    trans['fromAccountNum'])
            elif trans['fromAccountNum'] == account_id:
                trans['accountLabel'] = contact_map.get(trans['toAccountNum'])

    @app.route('/payment', methods=['POST'])
    def payment():
        """
        Submits payment request to ledgerwriter service

        Fails if:
        - token is not valid
        - basic validation checks fail
        - response code from ledgerwriter is not 201
        """
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        if not verify_token(token):
            # user isn't authenticated
            app.logger.error(
                'Error submitting payment: user is not authenticated.')
            return abort(401)
        try:
            account_id = jwt.decode(token, verify=False)['acct']
            recipient = request.form['account_num']
            if recipient == 'add':
                recipient = request.form['contact_account_num']
                label = request.form.get('contact_label', None)
                if label:
                    # new contact. Add to contacts list
                    _add_contact(label, recipient, app.config['LOCAL_ROUTING'],
                                 False)

            transaction_data = {
                "fromAccountNum": account_id,
                "fromRoutingNum": app.config['LOCAL_ROUTING'],
                "toAccountNum": recipient,
                "toRoutingNum": app.config['LOCAL_ROUTING'],
                "amount": int(Decimal(request.form['amount']) * 100),
                "uuid": request.form['uuid']
            }
            _submit_transaction(transaction_data)
            app.logger.info('Payment initiated successfully.')
            return redirect(
                url_for('home',
                        msg='Payment successful',
                        _external=True,
                        _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:
            app.logger.error('Error submitting payment: %s', str(err))
        except UserWarning as warn:
            app.logger.error('Error submitting payment: %s', str(warn))
            msg = 'Payment failed: {}'.format(str(warn))
            return redirect(
                url_for('home',
                        msg=msg,
                        _external=True,
                        _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

        return redirect(
            url_for('home',
                    msg='Payment failed',
                    _external=True,
                    _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

    @app.route('/deposit', methods=['POST'])
    def deposit():
        """
        Submits deposit request to ledgerwriter service

        Fails if:
        - token is not valid
        - routing number == local routing number
        - response code from ledgerwriter is not 201
        """
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        if not verify_token(token):
            # user isn't authenticated
            app.logger.error(
                'Error submitting deposit: user is not authenticated.')
            return abort(401)
        try:
            # get account id from token
            account_id = jwt.decode(token, verify=False)['acct']
            if request.form['account'] == 'add':
                external_account_num = request.form['external_account_num']
                external_routing_num = request.form['external_routing_num']
                if external_routing_num == app.config['LOCAL_ROUTING']:
                    raise UserWarning("invalid routing number")
                external_label = request.form.get('external_label', None)
                if external_label:
                    # new contact. Add to contacts list
                    _add_contact(external_label, external_account_num,
                                 external_routing_num, True)
            else:
                account_details = json.loads(request.form['account'])
                external_account_num = account_details['account_num']
                external_routing_num = account_details['routing_num']

            transaction_data = {
                "fromAccountNum": external_account_num,
                "fromRoutingNum": external_routing_num,
                "toAccountNum": account_id,
                "toRoutingNum": app.config['LOCAL_ROUTING'],
                "amount": int(Decimal(request.form['amount']) * 100),
                "uuid": request.form['uuid']
            }
            _submit_transaction(transaction_data)
            app.logger.info('Deposit submitted successfully.')
            return redirect(
                url_for('home',
                        msg='Deposit successful',
                        _external=True,
                        _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:
            app.logger.error('Error submitting deposit: %s', str(err))
        except UserWarning as warn:
            app.logger.error('Error submitting deposit: %s', str(warn))
            msg = 'Deposit failed: {}'.format(str(warn))
            return redirect(
                url_for('home',
                        msg=msg,
                        _external=True,
                        _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

        return redirect(
            url_for('home',
                    msg='Deposit failed',
                    _external=True,
                    _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

    def _submit_transaction(transaction_data):
        app.logger.debug('Submitting transaction.')
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        hed = {
            'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token,
            'content-type': 'application/json'
        }
        resp = requests.post(url=app.config["TRANSACTIONS_URI"],
                             data=jsonify(transaction_data).data,
                             headers=hed,
                             timeout=app.config['BACKEND_TIMEOUT'])
        try:
            resp.raise_for_status()  # Raise on HTTP Status code 4XX or 5XX
        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
            raise UserWarning(resp.text)

    def _add_contact(label, acct_num, routing_num, is_external_acct=False):
        """
        Submits a new contact to the contact service.

        Raise: UserWarning  if the response status is 4xx or 5xx.
        """
        app.logger.debug('Adding new contact.')
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        hed = {
            'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token,
            'content-type': 'application/json'
        }
        contact_data = {
            'label': label,
            'account_num': acct_num,
            'routing_num': routing_num,
            'is_external': is_external_acct
        }
        token_data = jwt.decode(token, verify=False)
        url = '{}/{}'.format(app.config["CONTACTS_URI"], token_data['user'])
        resp = requests.post(url=url,
                             data=jsonify(contact_data).data,
                             headers=hed,
                             timeout=app.config['BACKEND_TIMEOUT'])
        try:
            resp.raise_for_status()  # Raise on HTTP Status code 4XX or 5XX
        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
            raise UserWarning(resp.text)

    @app.route("/login", methods=['GET'])
    def login_page():
        """
        Renders login page. Redirects to /home if user already has a valid token
        """
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        if verify_token(token):
            # already authenticated
            app.logger.debug(
                'User already authenticated. Redirecting to /home')
            return redirect(
                url_for('home', _external=True, _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

        return render_template('login.html',
                               cymbal_logo=os.getenv('CYMBAL_LOGO', 'false'),
                               message=request.args.get('msg', None),
                               default_user=os.getenv('DEFAULT_USERNAME', ''),
                               default_password=os.getenv(
                                   'DEFAULT_PASSWORD', ''),
                               bank_name=os.getenv('BANK_NAME',
                                                   'Bank of Anthos'))

    @app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
    def login():
        """
        Submits login request to userservice and saves resulting token

        Fails if userservice does not accept input username and password
        """
        return _login_helper(request.form['username'],
                             request.form['password'])

    def _login_helper(username, password):
        try:
            app.logger.debug('Logging in.')
            req = requests.get(url=app.config["LOGIN_URI"],
                               params={
                                   'username': username,
                                   'password': password
                               })
            req.raise_for_status()  # Raise on HTTP Status code 4XX or 5XX

            # login success
            token = req.json()['token'].encode('utf-8')
            claims = jwt.decode(token, verify=False)
            max_age = claims['exp'] - claims['iat']
            resp = make_response(
                redirect(
                    url_for('home',
                            _external=True,
                            _scheme=app.config['SCHEME'])))
            resp.set_cookie(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'], token, max_age=max_age)
            app.logger.info('Successfully logged in.')
            return resp
        except (RequestException, HTTPError) as err:
            app.logger.error('Error logging in: %s', str(err))
        return redirect(
            url_for('login',
                    msg='Login Failed',
                    _external=True,
                    _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

    @app.route("/signup", methods=['GET'])
    def signup_page():
        """
        Renders signup page. Redirects to /login if token is not valid
        """
        token = request.cookies.get(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        if verify_token(token):
            # already authenticated
            app.logger.debug(
                'User already authenticated. Redirecting to /home')
            return redirect(
                url_for('home', _external=True, _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))
        return render_template('signup.html',
                               cymbal_logo=os.getenv('CYMBAL_LOGO', 'false'),
                               bank_name=os.getenv('BANK_NAME',
                                                   'Bank of Anthos'))

    @app.route("/signup", methods=['POST'])
    def signup():
        """
        Submits signup request to userservice

        Fails if userservice does not accept input form data
        """
        try:
            # create user
            app.logger.debug('Creating new user.')
            resp = requests.post(url=app.config["USERSERVICE_URI"],
                                 data=request.form,
                                 timeout=app.config['BACKEND_TIMEOUT'])
            if resp.status_code == 201:
                # user created. Attempt login
                app.logger.info('New user created.')
                return _login_helper(request.form['username'],
                                     request.form['password'])
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:
            app.logger.error('Error creating new user: %s', str(err))
        return redirect(
            url_for('login',
                    msg='Error: Account creation failed',
                    _external=True,
                    _scheme=app.config['SCHEME']))

    @app.route('/logout', methods=['POST'])
    def logout():
        """
        Logs out user by deleting token cookie and redirecting to login page
        """
        app.logger.info('Logging out.')
        resp = make_response(
            redirect(
                url_for('login_page',
                        _external=True,
                        _scheme=app.config['SCHEME'])))
        resp.delete_cookie(app.config['TOKEN_NAME'])
        return resp

    def verify_token(token):
        """
        Validates token using userservice public key
        """
        app.logger.debug('Verifying token.')
        if token is None:
            return False
        try:
            jwt.decode(token,
                       key=app.config['PUBLIC_KEY'],
                       algorithms='RS256',
                       verify=True)
            app.logger.debug('Token verified.')
            return True
        except jwt.exceptions.InvalidTokenError as err:
            app.logger.error('Error validating token: %s', str(err))
            return False

    # register html template formatters
    def format_timestamp_day(timestamp):
        """ Format the input timestamp day in a human readable way """
        # TODO: time zones?
        date = datetime.datetime.strptime(timestamp,
                                          app.config['TIMESTAMP_FORMAT'])
        return date.strftime('%d')

    def format_timestamp_month(timestamp):
        """ Format the input timestamp month in a human readable way """
        # TODO: time zones?
        date = datetime.datetime.strptime(timestamp,
                                          app.config['TIMESTAMP_FORMAT'])
        return date.strftime('%b')

    def format_currency(int_amount):
        """ Format the input currency in a human readable way """
        if int_amount is None:
            return '$---'
        amount_str = '${:0,.2f}'.format(abs(Decimal(int_amount) / 100))
        if int_amount < 0:
            amount_str = '-' + amount_str
        return amount_str

    # set up global variables
    app.config["TRANSACTIONS_URI"] = 'http://{}/transactions'.format(
        os.environ.get('TRANSACTIONS_API_ADDR'))
    app.config["USERSERVICE_URI"] = 'http://{}/users'.format(
        os.environ.get('USERSERVICE_API_ADDR'))
    app.config["BALANCES_URI"] = 'http://{}/balances'.format(
        os.environ.get('BALANCES_API_ADDR'))
    app.config["HISTORY_URI"] = 'http://{}/transactions'.format(
        os.environ.get('HISTORY_API_ADDR'))
    app.config["LOGIN_URI"] = 'http://{}/login'.format(
        os.environ.get('USERSERVICE_API_ADDR'))
    app.config["CONTACTS_URI"] = 'http://{}/contacts'.format(
        os.environ.get('CONTACTS_API_ADDR'))
    app.config['PUBLIC_KEY'] = open(os.environ.get('PUB_KEY_PATH'), 'r').read()
    app.config['LOCAL_ROUTING'] = os.getenv('LOCAL_ROUTING_NUM')
    app.config[
        'BACKEND_TIMEOUT'] = 4  # timeout in seconds for calls to the backend
    app.config['TOKEN_NAME'] = 'token'
    app.config['TIMESTAMP_FORMAT'] = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f%z'
    app.config['SCHEME'] = os.environ.get('SCHEME', 'http')

    # register formater functions
    app.jinja_env.globals.update(format_currency=format_currency)
    app.jinja_env.globals.update(format_timestamp_month=format_timestamp_month)
    app.jinja_env.globals.update(format_timestamp_day=format_timestamp_day)

    # Set up logging
    app.logger.handlers = logging.getLogger('gunicorn.error').handlers
    app.logger.setLevel(logging.getLogger('gunicorn.error').level)
    app.logger.info('Starting frontend service.')

    # Set up tracing and export spans to Cloud Trace.
    if os.environ['ENABLE_TRACING'] == "true":
        app.logger.info("✅ Tracing enabled.")
        trace.set_tracer_provider(TracerProvider())
        cloud_trace_exporter = CloudTraceSpanExporter()
        trace.get_tracer_provider().add_span_processor(
            BatchExportSpanProcessor(cloud_trace_exporter))
        set_global_textmap(CloudTraceFormatPropagator())
        # Add tracing auto-instrumentation for Flask, jinja and requests
        FlaskInstrumentor().instrument_app(app)
        RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
        Jinja2Instrumentor().instrument()
    else:
        app.logger.info("🚫 Tracing disabled.")

    return app