def test_exp_cov_matrix():
df = get_data()
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
assert S.shape == (20, 20)
assert S.index.equals(df.columns)
assert S.index.equals(S.columns)
assert S.notnull().all().all()
S2 = risk_models.exp_cov(df, frequency=2)
pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(S / 126, S2)
def test_exp_cov_limits():
df = get_data()
sample_cov = risk_models.sample_cov(df)
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
assert not np.allclose(sample_cov, S)
# As span gets larger, it should tend towards sample covariance
S2 = risk_models.exp_cov(df, span=1e20)
assert np.abs(S2 - sample_cov).max().max() < 1e-3
def test_exp_cov_matrix():
df = get_data()
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
assert S.shape == (20, 20)
assert S.index.equals(df.columns)
assert S.index.equals(S.columns)
assert S.notnull().all().all()
S2 = risk_models.exp_cov(df, frequency=2)
pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(S / 126, S2)
def test_exp_cov_limits():
df = get_data()
sample_cov = risk_models.sample_cov(df)
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
assert not np.allclose(sample_cov, S)
# As span gets larger, it should tend towards sample covariance
S2 = risk_models.exp_cov(df, span=1e20)
assert np.abs(S2 - sample_cov).max().max() < 1e-3
def test_exp_cov_matrix():
df = get_data()
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
assert S.shape == (20, 20)
assert S.index.equals(df.columns)
assert S.index.equals(S.columns)
assert S.notnull().all().all()
assert risk_models._is_positive_semidefinite(S)
S2 = risk_models.exp_cov(df, frequency=2)
pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(S / 126, S2)
# Cover that it works on np.ndarray, with a warning
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning):
S2_np = risk_models.exp_cov(df.to_numpy(), frequency=2)
np.testing.assert_equal(S2_np, S2.to_numpy())
# Too short a span causes a warning.
with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
risk_models.exp_cov(df, frequency=2, span=9)
def portfolio_optimization():
optimal_path = "optimal_weights.txt"
if not os.path.exists(optimal_path):
data_path = os.path.join("tickers_data", "all_data.csv")
if not os.path.exists(data_path):
data = get_data.load_data(
) # [["Ticker", "close"]].groupby(["Ticker"]).T
else:
data = pd.read_csv(data_path)
data_series = pd.pivot_table(data,
index="datetime",
columns="Ticker",
values="close")
# print(data_series.head())
mu = expected_returns.ema_historical_return(data_series)
cov = risk_models.exp_cov(data_series)
# plotting.plot_covariance(cov, plot_correlation=True)
# print(mu, cov)
ef = efficient_frontier.EfficientFrontier(mu,
cov,
weight_bounds=(0, 1))
ef.add_objective(objective_functions.L2_reg, gamma=1)
ef.max_sharpe(0.02)
weights_portfolio = ef.weights
# ef.max_sharpe(risk_free_rate=0.002)
# ef.max_sharpe()
dict_keys = data_series.columns.values.tolist()
# print(dict_keys)
weights = {}
for key, value in zip(dict_keys, weights_portfolio):
# print(f"{key} - {value}")
weights[key] = value
# print("SORTED WEIGHTS")
sorted_weights = dict(
sorted(weights.items(), key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True))
'''for key in sorted_weights.keys():
print(f"{key} - {sorted_weights[key]}")
'''
cleaned_weights = {
k: v
for k, v in sorted_weights.items() if v > 10e-4
}
with open(optimal_path, "w") as file:
file.write(json.dumps(cleaned_weights))
# plt.pie(cleaned_weights.values(), labels=cleaned_weights.keys())
# plt.show()
else:
with open(optimal_path, "r") as file:
cleaned_weights = json.loads(file.read())
return cleaned_weights
def test_cla_custom_bounds():
bounds = [(0.01, 0.13), (0.02, 0.11)] * 10
cla = CLA(*setup_cla(data_only=True), weight_bounds=bounds)
df = get_data()
cla.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w = cla.min_volatility()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(cla.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(cla.weights.sum(), 1)
assert (0.01 <= cla.weights[::2]).all() and (cla.weights[::2] <=
0.13).all()
assert (0.02 <= cla.weights[1::2]).all() and (cla.weights[1::2] <=
0.11).all()
# Test polymorphism of the weight_bounds param.
bounds2 = ([bounds[0][0], bounds[1][0]] * 10,
[bounds[0][1], bounds[1][1]] * 10)
cla2 = CLA(*setup_cla(data_only=True), weight_bounds=bounds2)
cla2.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w2 = cla2.min_volatility()
assert dict(w2) == dict(w)
def test_cla_max_sharpe_exp_cov():
df = get_data()
cla = setup_cla()
cla.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w = cla.max_sharpe()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(cla.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(cla.weights.sum(), 1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(
cla.portfolio_performance(),
(0.32971891062187103, 0.17670121760851704, 1.7527831149871063),
)
def test_ef_plot():
df = get_data()
rets = expected_returns.mean_historical_return(df)
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
cla = CLA(rets, S)
ax = Plotting.plot_efficient_frontier(cla, showfig=False)
assert len(ax.findobj()) == 137
ax = Plotting.plot_efficient_frontier(cla,
show_assets=False,
showfig=False)
assert len(ax.findobj()) == 149
def test_cla_min_volatility_exp_cov_short():
cla = CLA(*setup_cla(data_only=True), weight_bounds=(-1, 1))
df = get_data()
cla.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w = cla.min_volatility()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(cla.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(cla.weights.sum(), 1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(
cla.portfolio_performance(),
(0.23215576461823062, 0.1325959061825329, 1.6000174569958052),
)
def test_cla_plot_ax():
plt.figure()
df = get_data()
rets = expected_returns.mean_historical_return(df)
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
cla = CLA(rets, S)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 10))
plotting.plot_efficient_frontier(cla, ax=ax)
assert len(ax.findobj()) == 143
plt.close()
plt.close()
def test_cla_min_volatility_exp_cov_short():
cla = CLA(*setup_cla(data_only=True), weight_bounds=(-1, 1))
df = get_data()
cla.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w = cla.min_volatility()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(cla.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(cla.weights.sum(), 1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(
cla.portfolio_performance(),
(0.2634735528776959, 0.13259590618253303, 1.8362071642131053),
)
def test_cla_max_sharpe_exp_cov():
df = get_data()
cla = setup_cla()
cla.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w = cla.max_sharpe()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(cla.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(cla.weights.sum(), 1)
np.testing.assert_allclose(
cla.portfolio_performance(),
(0.3619453128519127, 0.1724297730592084, 1.9830990135009723),
)
def test_max_sharpe_exp_cov():
df = get_data()
ef = setup_efficient_frontier()
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.max_sharpe()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.expected_returns.index)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 1)
assert all([i >= 0 for i in w.values()])
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.3678835305574766, 0.17534146043561463, 1.9840346355802103))
def test_cla_custom_bounds():
bounds = [(0.01, 0.13), (0.02, 0.11)] * 10
cla = CLA(*setup_cla(data_only=True), weight_bounds=bounds)
df = get_data()
cla.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df).values
w = cla.min_volatility()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(cla.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(cla.weights.sum(), 1)
assert (0.01 <= cla.weights[::2]).all() and (cla.weights[::2] <=
0.13).all()
assert (0.02 <= cla.weights[1::2]).all() and (cla.weights[1::2] <=
0.11).all()
def test_max_sharpe_exp_cov():
df = get_data()
ef = setup_efficient_frontier()
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.max_sharpe()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 1)
assert all([i >= 0 for i in w.values()])
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.3678817256187322, 0.1753405505478982, 1.9840346373481956),
)
def test_max_sharpe_exp_cov():
df = get_data()
ef = setup_efficient_frontier()
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.max_sharpe()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 1)
assert all([i >= 0 for i in w.values()])
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.33700887443850647, 0.1807332515488447, 1.7540152225548384),
)
def optimMarkowitz(datatrain, datatest, pmin, pmax, optimmodel, returnmodel,
riskmodel, Gam, rf):
try:
if returnmodel == 'historical':
mu = expected_returns.mean_historical_return(datatrain)
elif returnmodel == 'emahistorical':
mu = expected_returns.ema_historical_return(datatrain)
if riskmodel == 'historicalcov':
S = risk_models.sample_cov(datatrain)
elif riskmodel == 'exphistoricalcov':
S = risk_models.exp_cov(datatrain)
ef = EfficientFrontier(mu, S, weight_bounds=(pmin, pmax))
#gamma>0 permet de forcer l'optimiseur à utiliser plus de titres
ef.add_objective(objective_functions.L2_reg, gamma=Gam)
if optimmodel == 'min_volatility':
ef.min_volatility()
elif optimmodel == 'max_sharpe':
ef.max_sharpe(risk_free_rate=rf)
cleaned_weights = ef.clean_weights() #round and clean ...
ef.save_weights_to_file(
'/Users/Maxime/AMUNDI/PortMgmnt/ModulePyPortfolioOpt/OptimiseurProjet/weights.csv'
) # save to file
perf = ef.portfolio_performance(verbose=True, risk_free_rate=rf)
weightsfinal = pd.read_csv(
'/Users/Maxime/AMUNDI/PortMgmnt/ModulePyPortfolioOpt/OptimiseurProjet/weights.csv',
header=None)
#For the following chart
poids = weightsfinal.to_numpy()
poids = poids[:, 1]
RankedDataFrame = pd.DataFrame(index=datatest.index)
for i, rows in weightsfinal.iterrows():
RankedDataFrame[rows[0]] = datatest[rows[0]]
weightsfinal.rename(columns={
0: ' Asset Class',
1: 'Poids'
},
inplace=True)
weightsfinal['Poids'] = round(weightsfinal['Poids'] * 100, 4)
except ValueError:
print('Le modèle spécifié est incorrect')
return poids, RankedDataFrame, cleaned_weights, S, mu, perf
def test_min_volatility_exp_cov_L2_reg():
df = get_data()
ef = setup_efficient_frontier()
ef.add_objective(objective_functions.L2_reg)
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.min_volatility()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 1)
assert all([i >= 0 for i in w.values()])
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.2434082300792007, 0.17835412793427002, 1.2526103694192867),
)
def test_min_volatility_exp_cov_L2_reg():
df = get_data()
ef = setup_efficient_frontier()
ef.gamma = 1
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.min_volatility()
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.expected_returns.index)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 1)
assert all([i >= 0 for i in w.values()])
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.24340406492258035, 0.17835396894670616, 1.2525881326999546))
def test_efficient_risk_exp_cov_market_neutral():
df = get_data()
ef = EfficientFrontier(*setup_efficient_frontier(data_only=True),
weight_bounds=(-1, 1))
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.efficient_risk(0.19, market_neutral=True)
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.expected_returns.index)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 0)
assert (ef.weights < 1).all() and (ef.weights > -1).all()
np.testing.assert_allclose(ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.39089308906686077, 0.19, 1.9520670176494717),
atol=1e-6)
def test_efficient_risk_exp_cov_market_neutral():
df = get_data()
ef = EfficientFrontier(*setup_efficient_frontier(data_only=True),
weight_bounds=(-1, 1))
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.efficient_risk(0.19, market_neutral=True)
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 0)
assert (ef.weights < 1).all() and (ef.weights > -1).all()
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.3934093962620499, 0.18999999989011893, 1.9653126130421081),
atol=1e-6,
)
def test_cla_plot():
plt.figure()
df = get_data()
rets = expected_returns.mean_historical_return(df)
S = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
cla = CLA(rets, S)
ax = plotting.plot_efficient_frontier(cla, showfig=False)
assert len(ax.findobj()) == 143
plt.clf()
ax = plotting.plot_efficient_frontier(cla, show_assets=False, showfig=False)
assert len(ax.findobj()) == 161
plt.clf()
plt.close()
def test_efficient_risk_exp_cov_market_neutral():
df = get_data()
ef = EfficientFrontier(*setup_efficient_frontier(data_only=True),
weight_bounds=(-1, 1))
ef.cov_matrix = risk_models.exp_cov(df)
w = ef.efficient_risk(0.19, market_neutral=True)
assert isinstance(w, dict)
assert set(w.keys()) == set(ef.tickers)
np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ef.weights.sum(), 0)
assert (ef.weights < 1).all() and (ef.weights > -1).all()
np.testing.assert_allclose(
ef.portfolio_performance(),
(0.3908928033782067, 0.18999999995323363, 1.9520673866815672),
atol=1e-6,
)
def handle_data(context, data):
date = data.today()
if date in context.balance_dates:
temp = {}
for code in context.stocks:
history_price = data.history_bars(code,
context.expected_return_days,
'1d', 'close')
if history_price is not None:
temp.update({code: history_price})
history_prices = pd.DataFrame(temp)
mu = expected_returns.mean_historical_return(history_prices)
if context.cov_method == 'sample':
S = risk_models.sample_cov(history_prices)
elif context.cov_method == 'semi':
S = risk_models.semicovariance(history_prices)
elif context.cov_method == 'exp_cov':
S = risk_models.exp_cov(history_prices)
ef = EfficientFrontier(mu, S)
if context.opt_criterion == 'max_sharpe':
weights = ef.max_sharpe()
elif context.opt_criterion == 'efficient_return':
weights = ef.efficient_return(context.target_return)
elif context.opt_criterion == 'efficient_risk':
weights = ef.efficient_risk(context.targe_risk,
context.risk_free_rate)
elif context.opt_criterion == 'min_volatility':
weights = ef.min_volatility()
if context.cleaned_weights is True:
weights = ef.clean_weights()
weight = []
prices = []
for code in context.stocks:
weight.append(weights[code])
prices.append(data.latest_price(code, "1d"))
data.order_target_percent(context.stocks, weight, prices)
def handle_bar(context, api):
date = api.now()
#if date in context.balance_dates:
history_prices = {}
for stock in context.stocks:
history_price = api.history_bars(stock, context.expected_return_days,
'1d', 'close')
history_prices.update({stock: history_price})
history_prices = pd.DataFrame(history_prices)
mu = expected_returns.mean_historical_return(history_prices)
if context.cov_method == 'sample':
S = risk_models.sample_cov(history_prices)
elif context.cov_method == 'semi':
S = risk_models.semicovariance(history_prices)
elif context.cov_method == 'exp_cov':
S = risk_models.exp_cov(history_prices)
ef = EfficientFrontier(mu, S)
if context.opt_criterion == 'max_sharpe':
weights = ef.max_sharpe()
elif context.opt_criterion == 'efficient_return':
weights = ef.efficient_return(context.target_return)
elif context.opt_criterion == 'efficient_risk':
weights = ef.efficient_risk(context.targe_risk, context.risk_free_rate)
elif context.opt_criterion == 'min_volatility':
weights = ef.min_volatility()
if context.cleaned_weights is True:
weights = ef.clean_weights()
prices = []
weight = []
for stock in context.stocks:
weight.append(weights[stock])
prices.append(api.latest_price(stock, "1d"))
api.order_target_percent(stocks, weight, prices)
def get_max_sharpe_recent_weights(self, exp_span, target_return=2.0):
mu = expected_returns.ema_historical_return(self.pf,
span=exp_span,
frequency=252)
sigma = risk_models.exp_cov(self.pf, span=exp_span, frequency=252)
ef = EfficientFrontier(mu, sigma)
try:
# ef.efficient_return(target_return)
ef.max_sharpe()
clean_weights_maxSR = ef.clean_weights()
print('the optimal weights for recent max_SR portfolio is \n{}'.
format(clean_weights_maxSR))
ef.portfolio_performance(verbose=True)
out = []
for weight in list(clean_weights_maxSR.values()):
if weight == 0:
out.append(0)
else:
out.append(weight)
return out
except:
return [0] * len(self.stock_list)
# Calculate weights for the maximum Sharpe ratio portfolio
raw_weights_maxsharpe = ef.max_sharpe()
cleaned_weights_maxsharpe = ef.clean_weights()
print(raw_weights_maxsharpe, cleaned_weights_maxsharpe)
# Calculate weights for the minimum volatility portfolio
raw_weights_minvol = ef.min_volatility()
cleaned_weights_minvol = ef.clean_weights()
# Show portfolio performance
print(cleaned_weights_minvol)
ef.portfolio_performance(verbose=True)
# Define exponentially weightedSigma and mu using stock_prices
Sigma = risk_models.exp_cov(stock_prices, span=180, frequency=252)
mu = expected_returns.ema_historical_return(stock_prices,
frequency=252,
span=180)
# Calculate the efficient frontier
ef = EfficientFrontier(mu, Sigma)
# Calculate weights for the maximum sharpe ratio optimization
raw_weights_maxsharpe = ef.max_sharpe()
# Show portfolio performance
ef.portfolio_performance(verbose=True)
# datacamp hack
import inspect
def BLmain():
#Excell Call
sht = xw.Book.caller().sheets['Optim']
shtdata = xw.Book.caller().sheets['Data']
sht.range('J17').value = 'Optimizing...'
#Clear Values
sht.range('L23').expand().clear_contents()
shtdata.range('A1').expand().clear_contents()
shtdata.range('J1').expand().clear_contents()
#Set variables from excel
rf = sht.range('J10').value
MinWeight = sht.range('J11').value
MaxWeight = sht.range('J12').value
Delta = sht.range('J13').value
Tau = sht.range('J14').value
Output = sht.range('J15').value
ModelOptim = sht.range('J8').value
RiskModel = sht.range('J9').value
listticker = xw.Range('B3').expand().value
indexname = sht.range('J7').value
startdate = sht.range('J3').value
enddate = sht.range('J6').value
EFBool = sht.range('J16').value
traintestdate = sht.range(
'J4'
).value #Dataset is divided in two sub: train (optimization) and test for backtest
#Initializing
train, test = initialize(startdate, enddate, traintestdate, listticker)
trainindex, testindex = initializeIndex(startdate, enddate, traintestdate,
indexname) #for risk aversion
#Black Litterman
if RiskModel == 'historicalcov':
S = risk_models.sample_cov(train)
elif RiskModel == 'exphistoricalcov':
S = risk_models.exp_cov(train)
if Delta != None:
delta = Delta
else:
delta = black_litterman.market_implied_risk_aversion(trainindex,
risk_free_rate=rf)
s = data.get_quote_yahoo(listticker)['marketCap']
mcaps = {tick: mcap
for tick, mcap in zip(listticker, s)
} #Dictionnary of Market Cap for each stock
#Expected returns implied from the market
prior = black_litterman.market_implied_prior_returns(mcaps,
delta,
S,
risk_free_rate=rf)
views, picking = createviews(listticker)
bl = BlackLittermanModel(S, Q=views, P=picking, pi=prior, tau=Tau)
rets = bl.bl_returns()
cov = bl.bl_cov()
#Two ways of displaying outputs: either using Optimizer, either returning implied weights
if Output == 'Optimization':
ef = EfficientFrontier(rets, S, weight_bounds=(MinWeight, MaxWeight))
#RiskModel
if ModelOptim == 'min_volatility':
raw_weights = ef.min_volatility()
elif ModelOptim == 'max_sharpe':
raw_weights = ef.max_sharpe()
cleaned_weights = ef.clean_weights()
finalw = [cleaned_weights.get(i, 1) for i in listticker]
perf = ef.portfolio_performance(verbose=True, risk_free_rate=rf)
sht.range('H21').value = perf
elif Output == 'Return-Implied-Weight':
bl.bl_weights(delta)
weights = bl.clean_weights()
finalw = [weights.get(i, 1) for i in listticker]
finalr = [rets.get(i, 1) for i in listticker] #E(R) from BL
#Display results
sht.range('L23').options(transpose=True).value = listticker
sht.range('M23').options(transpose=True).value = finalw
sht.range('N23').options(transpose=True).value = finalr
#Copy Data in Data Range
shtdata.range((1, 1)).value = train
shtdata.range((1, len(listticker) + 3)).value = test
#numshares, left = getoptimprices(test, cleanW, InitialAmountInPortfolio)
#Visualisation
sht.charts['BLweights'].set_source_data(
sht.range((23, 12), (22 + len(listticker), 13)))
CorrMap(sht, 'CorrMatPrior', S, 'coolwarm')
CorrMap(sht, 'CorrMatBL', cov, 'YlGn')
if EFBool == "YES":
effrontier(rets, S, sht, 'EFBL')
#Done
sht.range('J17').value = 'Optimization Done'
plt.show()
fig.savefig("Markovitz' portfolio with maximum return.png")
# Calculating weights for the minimum volatility portfolio
raw_weights_minvol = ef.min_volatility()
cleaned_weights_minvol = ef.clean_weights()
# Showing portfolio performance
print(cleaned_weights_minvol)
ef.portfolio_performance(verbose=True)
size = list(cleaned_weights_minvol.values())
print(size)
plt.pie(size, labels=l, autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.title('Min Risk')
plt.show()
#Calculating an exponentially weighted portfolio
Sigma_ew = risk_models.exp_cov(df, span=180, frequency=252)
mu_ew = expected_returns.ema_historical_return(df, frequency=252, span=180)
# Calculate the efficient frontier
ef_ew = EfficientFrontier(mu_ew, Sigma_ew)
# Calculate weights for the maximum sharpe ratio optimization
raw_weights_maxsharpe_ew = ef_ew.max_sharpe()
# Show portfolio performance
ef_ew.portfolio_performance(verbose=True)
size = list(raw_weights_maxsharpe_ew.values())
print(size)
plt.pie(size, labels=l, autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.title('Max Return EW')
plt.show()