def lonlat2area(lon, lat, sq_meters_per_unit=10**6):
"""
Calculate area of lon, lat polygon using PROJ4.
Parameters
----------
lon, lat: 1D array
Coordinates of the polygon.
sq_meters_per_unit: float
Number of square meters per output unit (e.g., 10 ** 6 for km^2).
Returns
-------
float
Area of the polygon.
"""
# Format as shapely geometry
plist = [Point(lon_, lat_) for lon_, lat_ in zip(lon, lat)]
polygon = Polygon(LineString(plist))
# Calculate area
geod = Geod(ellps='WGS84')
area, _ = geod.geometry_area_perimeter(polygon)
return np.abs(area / sq_meters_per_unit)
def lonlat2perimeter(lon, lat, meters_per_unit=10**3):
"""
Calculate perimeter of lon, lat polygon using PROJ4.
Parameters
----------
lon, lat: 1D array
Coordinates of the polygon.
meters_per_unit: float
Number of meters per output unit (e.g., 10 ** 3 for km).
Returns
-------
float
Perimeter of the polygon.
"""
# Format as shapely geometry
plist = [Point(lon_, lat_) for lon_, lat_ in zip(lon, lat)]
polygon = Polygon(LineString(plist))
# Calculate area
geod = Geod(ellps='WGS84')
_, perimeter = geod.geometry_area_perimeter(polygon)
return np.abs(perimeter / meters_per_unit)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__linestring():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(LineString([Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4)])),
(0.0, 627176.7944251911),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__multilinestring():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
line_string = LineString([Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4), Point(5, 2)])
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(MultiLineString([line_string, line_string])),
(-98375380935.17245, 2144370.4207626926),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__multipolygon():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
polygon = Polygon(LineString([Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4), Point(5, 2)]))
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(MultiPolygon([polygon, polygon])),
(-98375380935.17245, 2144370.4207626926),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__polygon():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(
Polygon(LineString([Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4), Point(5, 2)]))
),
(-49187690467.58623, 1072185.2103813463),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__polygon__holes():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
polygon = Polygon(
LineString([Point(1, 1), Point(1, 10), Point(10, 10), Point(10, 1)]),
holes=[LineString([Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4), Point(5, 2)])],
)
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(orient(polygon, 1)),
(944373881400.3394, 3979008.0359657984),
decimal=2,
)
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(orient(polygon, -1)),
(-944373881400.3394, 3979008.0359657984),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__linestring__radians():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(
LineString([
Point(math.radians(1), math.radians(2)),
Point(math.radians(3), math.radians(4)),
]),
radians=True,
),
(0.0, 627176.7944251911),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__multipolygon__radians():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
polygon = Polygon(
LineString([
Point(math.radians(1), math.radians(2)),
Point(math.radians(3), math.radians(4)),
Point(math.radians(5), math.radians(2)),
]))
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(MultiPolygon([polygon, polygon]),
radians=True),
(-98375380935.17245, 2144370.4207626926),
decimal=2,
)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__polygon__radians():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
assert_almost_equal(
geod.geometry_area_perimeter(
Polygon(
LineString([
Point(math.radians(1), math.radians(2)),
Point(math.radians(3), math.radians(4)),
Point(math.radians(5), math.radians(2)),
])),
radians=True,
),
(-49187690467.58623, 1072185.2103813463),
decimal=2,
)
def geom_to_geojson(self, geom, name, write_output=False):
"""Return a geojson from an OGR geom object"""
from pyproj import Geod
from shapely import wkt
# specify a named ellipsoid
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
poly = geom
area = abs(geod.geometry_area_perimeter(poly)[0])
print(name, 'area: {:12.3f} mi^2'.format(area * 0.00000038610))
geojson_dict = mapping(geom)
if write_output:
f = open(OUT_PATH + name + '.geojson', 'w')
f.write(json.dumps(geojson_dict))
f.close()
print('Exported geojson:', name)
return geojson_dict
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__multipoint():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
assert geod.geometry_area_perimeter(
MultiPoint([Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4), Point(5, 2)])
) == (0, 0)
def test_geometry_area_perimeter__point():
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
assert geod.geometry_area_perimeter(Point(1, 2)) == (0, 0)
class AdjacentCircularFlightsSimulator():
''' A class to generate Flight Paths given a bounding box, this is the main module to generate flight path datasets, the data is generated as latitude / longitude pairs with assoiated with the flights. Additional flight metadata e.g. flight id, altitude, registration number can also be generated '''
def __init__(self, minx: float, miny: float, maxx: float, maxy: float,
utm_zone: str) -> None:
""" Create an AdjacentCircularFlightsSimulator with the specified bounding box.
Once these extents are specified, a grid will be created with two rows. The idea is that multiple flights tracks will be created within the extents.
Args:
minx: Western edge of bounding box (degrees longitude)
maxx: Eastern edge of bounding box (degrees longitude)
miny: Southern edge of bounding box (degrees latitude)
maxy: Northern edge of bounding box (degrees latitude)
utm_zone: UTM Zone string for the location, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system to identify the zone for the location.
Raises:
ValueError: If bounding box has more area than a 500m x 500m square.
"""
self.minx = minx
self.miny = miny
self.maxx = maxx
self.maxy = maxy
self.utm_zone = utm_zone
self.altitude_agl = 50.0
self.grid_cells_flight_tracks: List[GridCellFlight] = []
# This object holds the name and the polygon object of the query boxes. The number of bboxes are controlled by the `box_diagonals` variable
self.query_bboxes: List[QueryBoundingBox] = []
self.flights: List[FullFlightRecord] = []
self.bbox_center: List[shapely.geometry.Point] = []
self.geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
self.input_extents_valid()
def input_extents_valid(self) -> None:
''' This method checks if the input extents are valid i.e. small enough, if the extent is too large, we reject them, at the moment it checks for extents less than 500m x 500m square but can be changed as necessary.'''
box = shapely.geometry.box(self.minx, self.miny, self.maxx, self.maxy)
area = abs(self.geod.geometry_area_perimeter(box)[0])
# Have a area less than 500m x 500m square and more than 300m x 300m square to ensure a 70 m diameter tracks
if (area) < 250000 and (area) > 90000:
return
else:
raise ValueError(
"The extents provided are not of the correct size, please provide extents that are less than 500m x 500m and more than 300m x 300m square"
)
def generate_query_bboxes(self):
''' For the differnet Remote ID checks: No, we need to generate three bounding boxes for the display provider, this method generates the 1 km diagonal length bounding box '''
# Get center of of the bounding box that is inputted into the generator
box = shapely.geometry.box(self.minx, self.miny, self.maxx, self.maxy)
center = box.centroid
self.bbox_center.append(center)
# Transform to geographic co-ordinates to get areas
transformer = Transformer.from_crs("epsg:4326", "epsg:3857")
transformed_x, transformed_y = transformer.transform(
center.x, center.y)
pt = Point(transformed_x, transformed_y)
# Now we have a point, we can buffer the point and create bounding boxes of the buffer to get the appropriate polygons, more than three boxes can be created, for the tests three will suffice.
now = datetime.now()
box_diagonals = [{
'length': 150,
'name': 'zoomed_in_detail',
'timestamp_after': now + timedelta(seconds=60),
'timestamp_before': now + timedelta(seconds=90)
}, {
'length': 380,
'name': "whole_flight_area",
'timestamp_after': now + timedelta(seconds=30),
'timestamp_before': now + timedelta(seconds=60)
}, {
'length': 3000,
'name': 'too_large_query',
'timestamp_after': now + timedelta(seconds=10),
'timestamp_before': now + timedelta(seconds=30)
}]
for box_id, box_diagonal in enumerate(box_diagonals):
# Buffer the point with the appropriate length
buffer = pt.buffer(box_diagonal['length'])
buffer_bounds = buffer.bounds
buffer_bounds_polygon = shapely.geometry.box(
buffer_bounds[0], buffer_bounds[1], buffer_bounds[2],
buffer_bounds[3])
buffer_points = zip(buffer_bounds_polygon.exterior.coords.xy[0],
buffer_bounds_polygon.exterior.coords.xy[1])
proj_buffer_points = []
# reproject back to ESPG 4326
transformer2 = Transformer.from_crs("epsg:3857", "epsg:4326")
for point in buffer_points:
x = point[0]
y = point[1]
x, y = transformer2.transform(x, y)
proj_buffer_points.append((x, y))
buffered_box = Polygon(proj_buffer_points)
# Get the bounds of the buffered box, this is the one that will will be fed to the remote ID display provider to query
self.query_bboxes.append(
QueryBoundingBox(
name=box_diagonals[box_id]['name'],
shape=buffered_box,
timestamp_after=box_diagonals[box_id]['timestamp_after'],
timestamp_before=box_diagonals[box_id]
['timestamp_before']))
def generate_flight_speed_bearing(self, adjacent_points: List,
delta_time_secs: int) -> List[float]:
''' A method to generate flight speed, assume that the flight has to traverse two adjecent points in x number of seconds provided, calculating speed in meters / second. It also generates bearing between this and next point, this is used to populate the 'track' paramater in the Aircraft State JSON. '''
first_point = adjacent_points[0]
second_point = adjacent_points[1]
fwd_azimuth, back_azimuth, adjacent_point_distance_mts = self.geod.inv(
first_point.x, first_point.y, second_point.x, second_point.y)
speed_mts_per_sec = (adjacent_point_distance_mts / delta_time_secs)
speed_mts_per_sec = float("{:.2f}".format(speed_mts_per_sec))
if fwd_azimuth < 0:
fwd_azimuth = 360 + fwd_azimuth
return [speed_mts_per_sec, fwd_azimuth]
def utm_converter(self,
shapely_shape: shapely.geometry,
inverse: bool = False) -> shapely.geometry.shape:
''' A helper function to convert from lat / lon to UTM coordinates for buffering. tracks. This is the UTM projection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system), we use Zone 33T which encompasses Switzerland, this zone has to be set for each locale / city. Adapted from https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/325926/buffering-geometry-with-points-in-wgs84-using-shapely '''
proj = Proj(proj="utm",
zone=self.utm_zone,
ellps="WGS84",
datum="WGS84")
geo_interface = shapely_shape.__geo_interface__
point_or_polygon = geo_interface['type']
coordinates = geo_interface['coordinates']
if point_or_polygon == 'Polygon':
new_coordinates = [[
proj(*point, inverse=inverse) for point in linring
] for linring in coordinates]
elif point_or_polygon == 'Point':
new_coordinates = proj(*coordinates, inverse=inverse)
else:
raise RuntimeError(
'Unexpected geo_interface type: {}'.format(point_or_polygon))
return shapely.geometry.shape({
'type': point_or_polygon,
'coordinates': tuple(new_coordinates)
})
def generate_flight_grid_and_path_points(
self, altitude_of_ground_level_wgs_84: float):
''' Generate a series of boxes (grid) within the given bounding box to have areas for different flight tracks within each box '''
# Compute the box where the flights will be created. For a the sample bounds given, over Bern, Switzerland, a division by 2 produces a cell_size of 0.0025212764739985793, a division of 3 is 0.0016808509826657196 and division by 4 0.0012606382369992897. As the cell size goes smaller more number of flights can be accomodated within the grid. For the study area bounds we build a 3x2 box for six flights by creating 3 column 2 row grid.
N_COLS = 3
N_ROWS = 2
cell_size_x = (self.maxx - self.minx) / (N_COLS
) # create three columns
cell_size_y = (self.maxy - self.miny) / (N_ROWS) # create two rows
grid_cells = []
for u0 in range(0, N_COLS): # 3 columns
x0 = self.minx + (u0 * cell_size_x)
for v0 in range(0, N_ROWS): # 2 rows
y0 = self.miny + (v0 * cell_size_y)
x1 = x0 + cell_size_x
y1 = y0 + cell_size_y
grid_cells.append(shapely.geometry.box(x0, y0, x1, y1))
all_grid_cell_tracks = []
''' For each of the boxes (grid) allocated to the operator, get the centroid and buffer to generate a flight path. A 70 m radius is provided to have flight paths within each of the boxes '''
# Iterate over the flight_grid
for grid_cell in grid_cells:
center = grid_cell.centroid
center_utm = self.utm_converter(center)
buffer_shape_utm = center_utm.buffer(70)
buffered_path = self.utm_converter(buffer_shape_utm, inverse=True)
altitude = altitude_of_ground_level_wgs_84 + self.altitude_agl # meters WGS 84
flight_points_with_altitude = []
x, y = buffered_path.exterior.coords.xy
for coord in range(0, len(x)):
cur_coord = coord
next_coord = coord + 1
next_coord = 0 if next_coord == len(x) else next_coord
adjacent_points = [
Point(x[cur_coord], y[cur_coord]),
Point(x[next_coord], y[next_coord])
]
flight_speed, bearing = self.generate_flight_speed_bearing(
adjacent_points=adjacent_points, delta_time_secs=1)
flight_points_with_altitude.append(
FlightPoint(lat=y[coord],
lng=x[coord],
alt=altitude,
speed=flight_speed,
bearing=bearing))
all_grid_cell_tracks.append(
GridCellFlight(bounds=grid_cell,
track=flight_points_with_altitude))
self.grid_cells_flight_tracks = all_grid_cell_tracks
def generate_flight_details(self, id: str,
aircraft_type: str) -> FlightDetails:
''' This class generates details of flights and operator details for a flight, this data is required for identifying flight, operator and operation '''
my_flight_details_generator = details_generator.OperatorFlightDataGenerator(
)
#TODO: Put operator_location in center of circle rather than stacking operators of all flights on top of each other
rid_details = RIDFlightDetails(
id=id,
serial_number=my_flight_details_generator.generate_serial_number(),
operation_description=my_flight_details_generator.
generate_operation_description(),
operator_location=my_flight_details_generator.
generate_operator_location(centroid=self.bbox_center[0]),
operator_id=my_flight_details_generator.generate_operator_id(),
registration_number=my_flight_details_generator.
generate_registration_number())
flight_details = FlightDetails(
rid_details=rid_details,
aircraft_type=aircraft_type,
operator_name=my_flight_details_generator.generate_company_name())
return flight_details
def generate_rid_state(self, duration):
'''
This method generates rid_state objects that can be submitted as flight telemetry
'''
all_flight_telemetry: List[List[RIDAircraftState]] = []
flight_track_details = {
} # Develop a index of flight length and their index
# Store where on the track the current index is, since the tracks are circular, once the end of the track is reached, the index is reset to 0 to indicate beginning of the track again.
flight_current_index = {}
# Get the number of flights
num_flights = len(self.grid_cells_flight_tracks)
time_increment_seconds = 1 # the number of seconds it takes to go from one point to next on the track
now = arrow.now()
now_isoformat = now.isoformat()
for i in range(num_flights):
flight_positions_len = len(self.grid_cells_flight_tracks[i].track)
# in a circular flight pattern increment direction
angle_increment = (360 / flight_positions_len)
# the resolution of track is 1 degree minimum
angle_increment = 1.0 if angle_increment == 0.0 else angle_increment
if i not in flight_track_details:
flight_track_details[i] = {}
flight_track_details[i]['track_length'] = flight_positions_len
flight_current_index[i] = 0
all_flight_telemetry.append([])
timestamp = now
for j in range(duration):
timestamp = timestamp.shift(seconds=time_increment_seconds)
timestamp_isoformat = timestamp.isoformat()
for k in range(num_flights):
list_end = flight_track_details[k]['track_length'] - \
flight_current_index[k]
if list_end != 1:
flight_point = self.grid_cells_flight_tracks[k].track[
flight_current_index[k]]
aircraft_position = RIDAircraftPosition(
lat=flight_point.lat,
lng=flight_point.lng,
alt=flight_point.alt,
accuracy_h="HAUnkown",
accuracy_v="VAUnknown",
extrapolated=False,
)
aircraft_height = RIDHeight(distance=self.altitude_agl,
reference="TakeoffLocation")
rid_aircraft_state = RIDAircraftState(
timestamp=timestamp_isoformat,
operational_status="Airborne",
position=aircraft_position,
height=aircraft_height,
track=flight_point.bearing,
speed=flight_point.speed,
timestamp_accuracy=0.0,
speed_accuracy="SA3mps",
vertical_speed=0.0)
all_flight_telemetry[k].append(rid_aircraft_state)
flight_current_index[k] += 1
else:
flight_current_index[k] = 0
flights = []
for m in range(num_flights):
flight = FullFlightRecord(
reference_time=now_isoformat,
states=all_flight_telemetry[m],
flight_details=self.generate_flight_details(
id=str(m), aircraft_type="Helicopter"))
flights.append(flight)
self.flights = flights
def get_view_port_area(view_box: box) -> int:
geod = Geod(ellps="WGS84")
area = abs(geod.geometry_area_perimeter(view_box)[0])
return area