def __init__(self, filename, dataType, centerFreqSimulation = 5.0, sigmaSimulation = 1.0, fsSimulation = 40.0):
'''Input:
filename: The name of the file or directory the data is from
dataType: A lowercase string indicating the type of the data, choices are:
ei, elasticity imaging on the Seimens S2000
rfd, research mode on the Seimens S2000
rf, research mode with clinical software on Ultrasonix SonixTouch
sim, file format for simulated data with linear array transducers, one frame only
multiSim, file format for simulated data with linear array transducers, multiple frames
'''
if not( dataType == 'ei' or dataType == 'rfd' or dataType == 'rf' or dataType =='sim' or dataType == 'multiSim'
or dataType == 'multiFocus', 'wobbler2D'):
print 'Error. Datatype must be ei,rfd,rf, sim, multiSim, or multiFocus '
return
self.fname = filename
self.dataType = dataType
self.soundSpeed = 1540. #m/s
self.data = None
if dataType == 'ei':
import os
startdir = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(self.fname)
self.imageType == 'la'
metaData = open('metaData.txt', 'r')
metaList = [0,0,0,0]
for i in range(4):
metaList[i] = int(metaData.readline() )
metaData.close()
nFrames = len( [name for name in os.listdir('.') if os.path.isfile(name)])
nFrames -= 1 #because of metaData.txt
points = len( range( metaList[3]/2, metaList[2] + metaList[3]/2 ) )
aLines = metaList[1]
self.nFrames = nFrames
self.soundSpeed = 1540. #m/s
self.fs = 40.*10**6 #Hz
self.deltaX = 40./aLines #assume a 40 mm FOV
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed/(2*self.fs)*10**3
self.fovX = self.deltaX*(aLines-1)
self.fovY = self.deltaY*(points -1 )
os.chdir(startdir)
self.points = points
self.lines = aLines
if dataType == 'rfd':
import readrfd
hInfo = readrfd.headerInfo(filename)
self.fs = hInfo[1]
if hInfo[4] == 'phased sector':
self.imageType = 'ps'
self.deltaX = hInfo[5]
self.aLineSpacing = hInfo[6]
else:
self.imageType = 'la'
self.deltaX = (1./hInfo[2])*10.
#read a frame to find out number of points and A lines
tempFrame = readrfd.readrfd(filename, 1)
self.nFrames = readrfd.rfdframes(filename)
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed/(2*self.fs)*10**3
self.fovX = self.deltaX*(tempFrame.shape[1] - 1)
self.fovY = self.deltaY*(tempFrame.shape[0] -1 )
self.points = tempFrame.shape[0]
self.lines = tempFrame.shape[1]
if dataType == 'rf':
#The header is 19 32-bit integers
self.imageType = 'la'
dataFile = open(self.fname, 'r')
header = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int32, 19)
self.header = header
self.fs = header[15]
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed/(2*self.fs)*10**3
self.points = header[3]
self.lines = header[2]
self.deltaX = 40./self.lines #parameter in header is broken, so assume a 40 mm FOV
self.fovX = self.lines*self.deltaX
self.fovY = self.points*self.deltaY
self.nFrames = header[1]
if dataType == 'wobbler2D':
#The header is 19 32-bit integers
self.imageType = 'wobbler'
dataFile = open(self.fname, 'r')
header = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int32, 19)
self.header = header
self.fs = header[15]
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed/(2*self.fs)*10**3
self.points = header[3]
self.lines = header[2]
self.deltaX = 40./self.lines #parameter in header is broken, so assume a 40 mm FOV
self.fovX = self.lines*self.deltaX
self.fovY = self.points*self.deltaY
self.nFrames = header[1]
self.deltaTheta = np.pi/180*.410
self.R1 = 39.5
if dataType == 'sim':
f = open(filename, 'rb')
self.imageType == 'la'
#in Hz
self.freqstep =float( np.fromfile(f, np.double,1) )
self.points = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
self.lines = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
tempReal = np.fromfile(f,np.double, self.points*self.lines )
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, self.points*self.lines )
f.close()
self.simFs = fsSimulation
self.sigma = sigmaSimulation
self.centerFreq = centerFreqSimulation
self.deltaX = .2 #beamspacing in mm
self.fovX = self.lines*self.deltaX
if dataType == 'multiSim':
f = open(filename, 'rb')
self.imageType == 'la'
#in Hz
self.freqstep =float( np.fromfile(f, np.double,1) )
self.points = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
self.lines = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
self.nFrames = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
tempReal = np.fromfile(f,np.double, self.points*self.lines )
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, self.points*self.lines )
f.close()
self.simFs = fsSimulation
self.sigma = sigmaSimulation
self.centerFreq = centerFreqSimulation
self.deltaX = .2 #beamspacing in mm
self.fovX = self.lines*self.deltaX
if dataType == 'multiFocus':
self.imageType == 'la'
self.fs = 40.0E6
#self.deltaX = 0.09
self.deltaX = 0.15
#read a frame to find out number of points and A lines
import os
self.nFrames = len( os.listdir(filename) )
tempFrame = np.load(filename + '/001.npy')
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed/(2*self.fs)*10**3
self.fovX = self.deltaX*(tempFrame.shape[1] - 1)
self.fovY = self.deltaY*(tempFrame.shape[0] -1 )
self.points = tempFrame.shape[0]
self.lines = tempFrame.shape[1]
if self.imageType == 'ps':
rPos = self.deltaY*np.arange(self.points)
thetaPos = self.deltaX*np.arange(-self.lines//2,-self.lines//2 + self.lines)
THETA, R = np.meshgrid(thetaPos, rPos)
##for plotting
self.X = R*np.sin(THETA) + self.aLineSpacing*np.arange(-self.lines//2,-self.lines//2 + self.lines)
self.Y = R*np.cos(THETA)
if self.imageType == 'wobbler':
thetaPos = -self.lines/2*self.deltaTheta + np.arange(self.lines)*self.deltaTheta
rPos = self.R1 + np.arange(self.points)*self.deltaY
THETA, R = np.meshgrid(thetaPos, rPos)
self.X = R*np.sin(THETA)
self.Y = R*np.cos(THETA)
self.roiX = [0, self.lines-1]
self.roiY = [0, self.points - 1]
def __init__(self,
filename,
dataType,
centerFreqSimulation=5.0,
sigmaSimulation=1.0,
fsSimulation=40.0):
'''Input:
filename: The name of the file or directory the data is from
dataType: A lowercase string indicating the type of the data, choices are:
ei, elasticity imaging on the Seimens S2000
rfd, research mode on the Seimens S2000
rf, research mode with clinical software on Ultrasonix SonixTouch
sim, file format for simulated data with linear array transducers, one frame only
multiSim, file format for simulated data with linear array transducers, multiple frames
'''
if not (dataType == 'ei' or dataType == 'rfd' or dataType == 'rf'
or dataType == 'sim' or dataType == 'multiSim'
or dataType == 'multiFocus', 'wobbler2D'):
print 'Error. Datatype must be ei,rfd,rf, sim, multiSim, or multiFocus '
return
self.fname = filename
self.dataType = dataType
self.soundSpeed = 1540. #m/s
self.data = None
if dataType == 'ei':
import os
startdir = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(self.fname)
self.imageType == 'la'
metaData = open('metaData.txt', 'r')
metaList = [0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(4):
metaList[i] = int(metaData.readline())
metaData.close()
nFrames = len(
[name for name in os.listdir('.') if os.path.isfile(name)])
nFrames -= 1 #because of metaData.txt
points = len(range(metaList[3] / 2, metaList[2] + metaList[3] / 2))
aLines = metaList[1]
self.nFrames = nFrames
self.soundSpeed = 1540. #m/s
self.fs = 40. * 10**6 #Hz
self.deltaX = 40. / aLines #assume a 40 mm FOV
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.fovX = self.deltaX * (aLines - 1)
self.fovY = self.deltaY * (points - 1)
os.chdir(startdir)
self.points = points
self.lines = aLines
if dataType == 'rfd':
import readrfd
hInfo = readrfd.headerInfo(filename)
self.fs = hInfo[1]
if hInfo[4] == 'phased sector':
self.imageType = 'ps'
self.deltaX = hInfo[5]
self.aLineSpacing = hInfo[6]
else:
self.imageType = 'la'
self.deltaX = (1. / hInfo[2]) * 10.
#read a frame to find out number of points and A lines
tempFrame = readrfd.readrfd(filename, 1)
self.nFrames = readrfd.rfdframes(filename)
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.fovX = self.deltaX * (tempFrame.shape[1] - 1)
self.fovY = self.deltaY * (tempFrame.shape[0] - 1)
self.points = tempFrame.shape[0]
self.lines = tempFrame.shape[1]
if dataType == 'rf':
#The header is 19 32-bit integers
self.imageType = 'la'
dataFile = open(self.fname, 'r')
header = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int32, 19)
self.header = header
self.fs = header[15]
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.points = header[3]
self.lines = header[2]
self.deltaX = 40. / self.lines #parameter in header is broken, so assume a 40 mm FOV
self.fovX = self.lines * self.deltaX
self.fovY = self.points * self.deltaY
self.nFrames = header[1]
if dataType == 'wobbler2D':
#The header is 19 32-bit integers
self.imageType = 'wobbler'
dataFile = open(self.fname, 'r')
header = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int32, 19)
self.header = header
self.fs = header[15]
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.points = header[3]
self.lines = header[2]
self.deltaX = 40. / self.lines #parameter in header is broken, so assume a 40 mm FOV
self.fovX = self.lines * self.deltaX
self.fovY = self.points * self.deltaY
self.nFrames = header[1]
self.deltaTheta = np.pi / 180 * .410
self.R1 = 39.5
if dataType == 'sim':
f = open(filename, 'rb')
self.imageType == 'la'
#in Hz
self.freqstep = float(np.fromfile(f, np.double, 1))
self.points = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
self.lines = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
tempReal = np.fromfile(f, np.double, self.points * self.lines)
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, self.points * self.lines)
f.close()
self.simFs = fsSimulation
self.sigma = sigmaSimulation
self.centerFreq = centerFreqSimulation
self.deltaX = .2 #beamspacing in mm
self.fovX = self.lines * self.deltaX
if dataType == 'multiSim':
f = open(filename, 'rb')
self.imageType == 'la'
#in Hz
self.freqstep = float(np.fromfile(f, np.double, 1))
self.points = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
self.lines = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
self.nFrames = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
tempReal = np.fromfile(f, np.double, self.points * self.lines)
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, self.points * self.lines)
f.close()
self.simFs = fsSimulation
self.sigma = sigmaSimulation
self.centerFreq = centerFreqSimulation
self.deltaX = .2 #beamspacing in mm
self.fovX = self.lines * self.deltaX
if dataType == 'multiFocus':
self.imageType == 'la'
self.fs = 40.0E6
#self.deltaX = 0.09
self.deltaX = 0.15
#read a frame to find out number of points and A lines
import os
self.nFrames = len(os.listdir(filename))
tempFrame = np.load(filename + '/001.npy')
self.deltaY = self.soundSpeed / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.fovX = self.deltaX * (tempFrame.shape[1] - 1)
self.fovY = self.deltaY * (tempFrame.shape[0] - 1)
self.points = tempFrame.shape[0]
self.lines = tempFrame.shape[1]
if self.imageType == 'ps':
rPos = self.deltaY * np.arange(self.points)
thetaPos = self.deltaX * np.arange(-self.lines // 2,
-self.lines // 2 + self.lines)
THETA, R = np.meshgrid(thetaPos, rPos)
##for plotting
self.X = R * np.sin(THETA) + self.aLineSpacing * np.arange(
-self.lines // 2, -self.lines // 2 + self.lines)
self.Y = R * np.cos(THETA)
if self.imageType == 'wobbler':
thetaPos = -self.lines / 2 * self.deltaTheta + np.arange(
self.lines) * self.deltaTheta
rPos = self.R1 + np.arange(self.points) * self.deltaY
THETA, R = np.meshgrid(thetaPos, rPos)
self.X = R * np.sin(THETA)
self.Y = R * np.cos(THETA)
self.roiX = [0, self.lines - 1]
self.roiY = [0, self.points - 1]
def ReadFrame(self, frameNo = 0):
'''Read a single frame from the input file, the method varies depending on the file type that
was read in. This can handle linear array data from the Seimens S2000 recorded in either mode
or the Ultrasonix scanner recorded using the clinical software.
For a simulated data file, the 2nd and 3rd parameters matter, not for real data.
Input::
frameNo. The RF data frame from a file obtained off a real ultrasound scanner.
CenterFreq: (Hz) The center frequency of the transmitted pulse for simulated ultrasound data.
Sigma. (Hz) The standard deviation of the Gaussian shaped transmit pulse for simulated data.
samplingFrequency. (Hz) The simulated sampling frequency for a simulated data set. Higher
sampling frequencies are achieved through zero-padding.'''
import os,numpy as np
if self.dataType == 'ei':
startdir = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(self.fname)
metaData = open('metaData.txt', 'r')
metaList = [0,0,0,0]
for i in range(4):
metaList[i] = int(metaData.readline() )
metaData.close()
points = len( range( metaList[3]/2, metaList[2] + metaList[3]/2 ) )
aLines = metaList[1]
self.data = np.zeros( (points, aLines) )
readThisMany = (metaList[2]+ metaList[3]/2)*metaList[1]
tempIn = open(str(frameNo), 'r')
frame = fromfile(tempIn, np.int16, readThisMany)
frame = frame.reshape( ( metaList[2]+ metaList[3]/2, metaList[1] ) , order = 'F' )
self.data[:,:] = frame[metaList[3]/2:metaList[3]/2 + metaList[2], :].copy('C')
os.chdir(startdir)
if self.dataType == 'rfd':
import readrfd
self.data = readrfd.readrfd(self.fname, frameNo + 1)
if self.dataType == 'rf' or self.dataType == 'wobbler2D':
#Read in the header, then read in up to one less frame than necessary
dataFile = open(self.fname, 'r')
header = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int32, 19)
if frameNo == 0:
temp = np.fromfile( dataFile, np.int16, self.points*self.lines)
self.data = temp.reshape( (self.points, self.lines),order='F')
else:
dataFile.seek( 2*self.points*self.lines*(frameNo-1), 1)
temp = np.fromfile( dataFile, np.int16, self.points*self.lines)
self.data = temp.reshape( (self.points, self.lines), order='F')
if self.dataType == 'sim':
####To get the actual sampling frequency we will zero-pad up to the
###desired sampling frequency
f = open(self.fname, 'rb')
#in Hz
self.freqstep =float( np.fromfile(f, np.double,1) )
tmpPoints = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
self.lines = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
tempReal = np.fromfile(f,np.double, tmpPoints*self.lines )
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, tmpPoints*self.lines )
f.close()
pointsToDesiredFs = int(self.simFs*10**6/self.freqstep)
self.fs = pointsToDesiredFs*self.freqstep
self.freqData = (tempReal - 1j*tempImag).reshape( (tmpPoints, self.lines), order = 'F' )
import math
f = np.arange(0,tmpPoints*self.freqstep, self.freqstep)
self.pulseSpectrum = np.exp(-(f - self.centerFreq*10**6)*(f - self.centerFreq*10**6)/(2*(self.sigma*10**6)**2) )
temp = self.freqData*self.pulseSpectrum.reshape( (tmpPoints, 1) )
zeroPadded = np.zeros( (pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines) ) + 1j*np.zeros( (pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines) )
zeroPadded[0:tmpPoints, :] = temp
self.data = np.fft.ifft(zeroPadded,axis=0 ).real
self.points = pointsToDesiredFs
self.fs = self.freqstep*self.points
self.deltaY = 1540. / (2*self.fs)*10**3
self.fovY = self.deltaY*self.points
if self.dataType == 'multiSim':
####To get the actual sampling frequency we will zero-pad up to the
###desired sampling frequency
f = open(self.fname, 'rb')
#in Hz
self.freqstep =float( np.fromfile(f, np.double,1) )
tmpPoints = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
self.lines = int( np.fromfile(f, np.int32,1) )
self.nFrames = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1) )
#now jump ahead by as many frames as necessary
#assume 64 bit, 8 byte doubles
f.seek(8*2*tmpPoints*self.lines*frameNo, 1)
#read in desired frame
tempReal = np.fromfile(f,np.double, tmpPoints*self.lines )
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, tmpPoints*self.lines )
f.close()
pointsToDesiredFs = int(self.simFs*10**6/self.freqstep)
self.fs = pointsToDesiredFs*self.freqstep
self.freqData = (tempReal - 1j*tempImag).reshape( (tmpPoints, self.lines), order = 'F' )
import math
f = np.arange(0,tmpPoints*self.freqstep, self.freqstep)
self.pulseSpectrum = np.exp(-(f - self.centerFreq*10**6)*(f - self.centerFreq*10**6)/(2*(self.sigma*10**6)**2) )
temp = self.freqData*self.pulseSpectrum.reshape( (tmpPoints, 1) )
zeroPadded = np.zeros( (pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines) ) + 1j*np.zeros( (pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines) )
zeroPadded[0:tmpPoints, :] = temp
self.data = np.fft.ifft(zeroPadded,axis=0 ).real
self.points = pointsToDesiredFs
self.fs = self.freqstep*self.points
self.deltaY = 1540. / (2*self.fs)*10**3
self.fovY = self.deltaY*self.points
if self.dataType == 'multiFocus':
self.data = np.load(self.fname + '/' + str(frameNo + 1).zfill(3) + '.npy')
def ReadFrame(self, frameNo=0):
'''Read a single frame from the input file, the method varies depending on the file type that
was read in. This can handle linear array data from the Seimens S2000 recorded in either mode
or the Ultrasonix scanner recorded using the clinical software.
For a simulated data file, the 2nd and 3rd parameters matter, not for real data.
Input::
frameNo. The RF data frame from a file obtained off a real ultrasound scanner.
CenterFreq: (Hz) The center frequency of the transmitted pulse for simulated ultrasound data.
Sigma. (Hz) The standard deviation of the Gaussian shaped transmit pulse for simulated data.
samplingFrequency. (Hz) The simulated sampling frequency for a simulated data set. Higher
sampling frequencies are achieved through zero-padding.'''
import os, numpy as np
if self.dataType == 'ei':
startdir = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(self.fname)
metaData = open('metaData.txt', 'r')
metaList = [0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(4):
metaList[i] = int(metaData.readline())
metaData.close()
points = len(range(metaList[3] / 2, metaList[2] + metaList[3] / 2))
aLines = metaList[1]
self.data = np.zeros((points, aLines))
readThisMany = (metaList[2] + metaList[3] / 2) * metaList[1]
tempIn = open(str(frameNo), 'r')
frame = fromfile(tempIn, np.int16, readThisMany)
frame = frame.reshape((metaList[2] + metaList[3] / 2, metaList[1]),
order='F')
self.data[:, :] = frame[metaList[3] / 2:metaList[3] / 2 +
metaList[2], :].copy('C')
os.chdir(startdir)
if self.dataType == 'rfd':
import readrfd
self.data = readrfd.readrfd(self.fname, frameNo + 1)
if self.dataType == 'rf' or self.dataType == 'wobbler2D':
#Read in the header, then read in up to one less frame than necessary
dataFile = open(self.fname, 'r')
header = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int32, 19)
if frameNo == 0:
temp = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int16,
self.points * self.lines)
self.data = temp.reshape((self.points, self.lines), order='F')
else:
dataFile.seek(2 * self.points * self.lines * (frameNo - 1), 1)
temp = np.fromfile(dataFile, np.int16,
self.points * self.lines)
self.data = temp.reshape((self.points, self.lines), order='F')
if self.dataType == 'sim':
####To get the actual sampling frequency we will zero-pad up to the
###desired sampling frequency
f = open(self.fname, 'rb')
#in Hz
self.freqstep = float(np.fromfile(f, np.double, 1))
tmpPoints = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
self.lines = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
tempReal = np.fromfile(f, np.double, tmpPoints * self.lines)
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, tmpPoints * self.lines)
f.close()
pointsToDesiredFs = int(self.simFs * 10**6 / self.freqstep)
self.fs = pointsToDesiredFs * self.freqstep
self.freqData = (tempReal - 1j * tempImag).reshape(
(tmpPoints, self.lines), order='F')
import math
f = np.arange(0, tmpPoints * self.freqstep, self.freqstep)
self.pulseSpectrum = np.exp(-(f - self.centerFreq * 10**6) *
(f - self.centerFreq * 10**6) /
(2 * (self.sigma * 10**6)**2))
temp = self.freqData * self.pulseSpectrum.reshape((tmpPoints, 1))
zeroPadded = np.zeros(
(pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines)) + 1j * np.zeros(
(pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines))
zeroPadded[0:tmpPoints, :] = temp
self.data = np.fft.ifft(zeroPadded, axis=0).real
self.points = pointsToDesiredFs
self.fs = self.freqstep * self.points
self.deltaY = 1540. / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.fovY = self.deltaY * self.points
if self.dataType == 'multiSim':
####To get the actual sampling frequency we will zero-pad up to the
###desired sampling frequency
f = open(self.fname, 'rb')
#in Hz
self.freqstep = float(np.fromfile(f, np.double, 1))
tmpPoints = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
self.lines = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
self.nFrames = int(np.fromfile(f, np.int32, 1))
#now jump ahead by as many frames as necessary
#assume 64 bit, 8 byte doubles
f.seek(8 * 2 * tmpPoints * self.lines * frameNo, 1)
#read in desired frame
tempReal = np.fromfile(f, np.double, tmpPoints * self.lines)
tempImag = np.fromfile(f, np.double, tmpPoints * self.lines)
f.close()
pointsToDesiredFs = int(self.simFs * 10**6 / self.freqstep)
self.fs = pointsToDesiredFs * self.freqstep
self.freqData = (tempReal - 1j * tempImag).reshape(
(tmpPoints, self.lines), order='F')
import math
f = np.arange(0, tmpPoints * self.freqstep, self.freqstep)
self.pulseSpectrum = np.exp(-(f - self.centerFreq * 10**6) *
(f - self.centerFreq * 10**6) /
(2 * (self.sigma * 10**6)**2))
temp = self.freqData * self.pulseSpectrum.reshape((tmpPoints, 1))
zeroPadded = np.zeros(
(pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines)) + 1j * np.zeros(
(pointsToDesiredFs, self.lines))
zeroPadded[0:tmpPoints, :] = temp
self.data = np.fft.ifft(zeroPadded, axis=0).real
self.points = pointsToDesiredFs
self.fs = self.freqstep * self.points
self.deltaY = 1540. / (2 * self.fs) * 10**3
self.fovY = self.deltaY * self.points
if self.dataType == 'multiFocus':
self.data = np.load(self.fname + '/' + str(frameNo + 1).zfill(3) +
'.npy')
