def ctc_loss(labels, inputs, sequence_length,
preprocess_collapse_repeated=False,
ctc_merge_repeated=True,
ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs=False, time_major=True):
"""Computes the CTC (Connectionist Temporal Classification) Loss.
This op implements the CTC loss as presented in the article:
[A. Graves, S. Fernandez, F. Gomez, J. Schmidhuber.
Connectionist Temporal Classification: Labeling Unsegmented Sequence Data
with Recurrent Neural Networks. ICML 2006, Pittsburgh, USA,
pp. 369-376.](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/icml_2006.pdf)
Input requirements:
```
sequence_length(b) <= time for all b
max(labels.indices(labels.indices[:, 1] == b, 2))
<= sequence_length(b) for all b.
```
Notes:
This class performs the softmax operation for you, so inputs should
be e.g. linear projections of outputs by an LSTM.
The `inputs` Tensor's innermost dimension size, `num_classes`, represents
`num_labels + 1` classes, where num_labels is the number of true labels, and
the largest value `(num_classes - 1)` is reserved for the blank label.
For example, for a vocabulary containing 3 labels `[a, b, c]`,
`num_classes = 4` and the labels indexing is `{a: 0, b: 1, c: 2, blank: 3}`.
Regarding the arguments `preprocess_collapse_repeated` and
`ctc_merge_repeated`:
If `preprocess_collapse_repeated` is True, then a preprocessing step runs
before loss calculation, wherein repeated labels passed to the loss
are merged into single labels. This is useful if the training labels come
from, e.g., forced alignments and therefore have unnecessary repetitions.
If `ctc_merge_repeated` is set False, then deep within the CTC calculation,
repeated non-blank labels will not be merged and are interpreted
as individual labels. This is a simplified (non-standard) version of CTC.
Here is a table of the (roughly) expected first order behavior:
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=False`, `ctc_merge_repeated=True`
Classical CTC behavior: Outputs true repeated classes with blanks in
between, and can also output repeated classes with no blanks in
between that need to be collapsed by the decoder.
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=True`, `ctc_merge_repeated=False`
Never learns to output repeated classes, as they are collapsed
in the input labels before training.
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=False`, `ctc_merge_repeated=False`
Outputs repeated classes with blanks in between, but generally does not
require the decoder to collapse/merge repeated classes.
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=True`, `ctc_merge_repeated=True`
Untested. Very likely will not learn to output repeated classes.
The `ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs` option allows to specify the behavior
of the CTCLoss when dealing with sequences that have longer outputs than
inputs. If true, the CTCLoss will simply return zero gradient for those
items, otherwise an InvalidArgument error is returned, stopping training.
Args:
labels: An `int32` `SparseTensor`.
`labels.indices[i, :] == [b, t]` means `labels.values[i]` stores
the id for (batch b, time t).
`labels.values[i]` must take on values in `[0, num_labels)`.
See `core/ops/ctc_ops.cc` for more details.
inputs: 3-D `float` `Tensor`.
If time_major == False, this will be a `Tensor` shaped:
`[batch_size, max_time, num_classes]`.
If time_major == True (default), this will be a `Tensor` shaped:
`[max_time, batch_size, num_classes]`.
The logits.
sequence_length: 1-D `int32` vector, size `[batch_size]`.
The sequence lengths.
preprocess_collapse_repeated: Boolean. Default: False.
If True, repeated labels are collapsed prior to the CTC calculation.
ctc_merge_repeated: Boolean. Default: True.
ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs: Boolean. Default: False.
If True, sequences with longer outputs than inputs will be ignored.
time_major: The shape format of the `inputs` Tensors.
If True, these `Tensors` must be shaped `[max_time, batch_size,
num_classes]`.
If False, these `Tensors` must be shaped `[batch_size, max_time,
num_classes]`.
Using `time_major = True` (default) is a bit more efficient because it
avoids transposes at the beginning of the ctc_loss calculation. However,
most TensorFlow data is batch-major, so by this function also accepts
inputs in batch-major form.
Returns:
A 1-D `float` `Tensor`, size `[batch]`, containing the negative log
probabilities.
Raises:
TypeError: if labels is not a `SparseTensor`.
"""
# The second, third, etc output tensors contain the gradients. We use it in
# _CTCLossGrad() below.
if not isinstance(labels, sparse_tensor.SparseTensor):
raise TypeError("Expected labels (first argument) to be a SparseTensor")
# For internal calculations, we transpose to [time, batch, num_classes]
if not time_major:
inputs = array_ops.transpose(inputs, [1, 0, 2]) # (B,T,N) => (T,B,N)
loss, _ = gen_ctc_ops.ctc_loss(
inputs,
labels.indices,
labels.values,
sequence_length,
preprocess_collapse_repeated=preprocess_collapse_repeated,
ctc_merge_repeated=ctc_merge_repeated,
ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs=ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs)
return loss
def ctc_loss(labels, inputs=None, sequence_length=None,
preprocess_collapse_repeated=False,
ctc_merge_repeated=True,
ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs=False, time_major=True,
logits=None):
"""Computes the CTC (Connectionist Temporal Classification) Loss.
This op implements the CTC loss as presented in the article:
[A. Graves, S. Fernandez, F. Gomez, J. Schmidhuber.
Connectionist Temporal Classification: Labeling Unsegmented Sequence Data
with Recurrent Neural Networks. ICML 2006, Pittsburgh, USA,
pp. 369-376.](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/icml_2006.pdf)
Input requirements:
```
sequence_length(b) <= time for all b
max(labels.indices(labels.indices[:, 1] == b, 2))
<= sequence_length(b) for all b.
```
Notes:
This class performs the softmax operation for you, so inputs should
be e.g. linear projections of outputs by an LSTM.
The `inputs` Tensor's innermost dimension size, `num_classes`, represents
`num_labels + 1` classes, where num_labels is the number of true labels, and
the largest value `(num_classes - 1)` is reserved for the blank label.
For example, for a vocabulary containing 3 labels `[a, b, c]`,
`num_classes = 4` and the labels indexing is `{a: 0, b: 1, c: 2, blank: 3}`.
Regarding the arguments `preprocess_collapse_repeated` and
`ctc_merge_repeated`:
If `preprocess_collapse_repeated` is True, then a preprocessing step runs
before loss calculation, wherein repeated labels passed to the loss
are merged into single labels. This is useful if the training labels come
from, e.g., forced alignments and therefore have unnecessary repetitions.
If `ctc_merge_repeated` is set False, then deep within the CTC calculation,
repeated non-blank labels will not be merged and are interpreted
as individual labels. This is a simplified (non-standard) version of CTC.
Here is a table of the (roughly) expected first order behavior:
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=False`, `ctc_merge_repeated=True`
Classical CTC behavior: Outputs true repeated classes with blanks in
between, and can also output repeated classes with no blanks in
between that need to be collapsed by the decoder.
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=True`, `ctc_merge_repeated=False`
Never learns to output repeated classes, as they are collapsed
in the input labels before training.
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=False`, `ctc_merge_repeated=False`
Outputs repeated classes with blanks in between, but generally does not
require the decoder to collapse/merge repeated classes.
* `preprocess_collapse_repeated=True`, `ctc_merge_repeated=True`
Untested. Very likely will not learn to output repeated classes.
The `ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs` option allows to specify the behavior
of the CTCLoss when dealing with sequences that have longer outputs than
inputs. If true, the CTCLoss will simply return zero gradient for those
items, otherwise an InvalidArgument error is returned, stopping training.
Args:
labels: An `int32` `SparseTensor`.
`labels.indices[i, :] == [b, t]` means `labels.values[i]` stores
the id for (batch b, time t).
`labels.values[i]` must take on values in `[0, num_labels)`.
See `core/ops/ctc_ops.cc` for more details.
inputs: 3-D `float` `Tensor`.
If time_major == False, this will be a `Tensor` shaped:
`[batch_size, max_time, num_classes]`.
If time_major == True (default), this will be a `Tensor` shaped:
`[max_time, batch_size, num_classes]`.
The logits.
sequence_length: 1-D `int32` vector, size `[batch_size]`.
The sequence lengths.
preprocess_collapse_repeated: Boolean. Default: False.
If True, repeated labels are collapsed prior to the CTC calculation.
ctc_merge_repeated: Boolean. Default: True.
ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs: Boolean. Default: False.
If True, sequences with longer outputs than inputs will be ignored.
time_major: The shape format of the `inputs` Tensors.
If True, these `Tensors` must be shaped `[max_time, batch_size,
num_classes]`.
If False, these `Tensors` must be shaped `[batch_size, max_time,
num_classes]`.
Using `time_major = True` (default) is a bit more efficient because it
avoids transposes at the beginning of the ctc_loss calculation. However,
most TensorFlow data is batch-major, so by this function also accepts
inputs in batch-major form.
logits: Alias for inputs.
Returns:
A 1-D `float` `Tensor`, size `[batch]`, containing the negative log
probabilities.
Raises:
TypeError: if labels is not a `SparseTensor`.
"""
# The second, third, etc output tensors contain the gradients. We use it in
# _CTCLossGrad() below.
if not isinstance(labels, sparse_tensor.SparseTensor):
raise TypeError("Expected labels (first argument) to be a SparseTensor")
# For internal calculations, we transpose to [time, batch, num_classes]
inputs = deprecation.deprecated_argument_lookup(
"logits", logits, "inputs", inputs)
if not time_major:
inputs = array_ops.transpose(inputs, [1, 0, 2]) # (B,T,N) => (T,B,N)
loss, _ = gen_ctc_ops.ctc_loss(
inputs,
labels.indices,
labels.values,
sequence_length,
preprocess_collapse_repeated=preprocess_collapse_repeated,
ctc_merge_repeated=ctc_merge_repeated,
ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs=ignore_longer_outputs_than_inputs)
return loss