def translate_uncond(self,ins,mapping):
op = ins.operands[0] #Get operand
if op.type == X86_OP_REG: # e.g. call eax or jmp ebx
target = ins.reg_name(op.reg)
return self.get_indirect_uncond_code(ins,mapping,target)
elif op.type == X86_OP_MEM: # e.g. call [eax + ecx*4 + 0xcafebabe] or jmp [ebx+ecx]
target = ins.op_str
return self.get_indirect_uncond_code(ins,mapping,target)
elif op.type == X86_OP_IMM: # e.g. call 0xdeadbeef or jmp 0xcafebada
target = op.imm
code = b''
inserted = self.before_inst_callback(ins)
if inserted is not None:
code += inserted
# Again, there is no thunk special case for 64-bit code
if self.context.no_pic: # and target != self.context.get_pc_thunk:
#push nothing if no_pic UNLESS it's the thunk
#We only support DIRECT calls to the thunk
if ins.mnemonic == 'call':
self.context.stat['dircall']+=1
else:
self.context.stat['dirjmp']+=1
elif ins.mnemonic == 'call': #If it's a call, push the original address of the next instruction
self.context.stat['dircall']+=1
exec_call = '''
push %s
'''
so_call = '''
push rbx
lea rbx,[rip - 0x%x]
xchg rbx,[rsp]
'''
if self.context.write_so:
if mapping is not None:
# 8 is the length of push rbx;lea rbx,[rip-%s]
code += asm(so_call%( (self.context.newbase+(mapping[ins.address]+8)) - (ins.address+len(ins.bytes)) ) )
else:
code += asm(so_call%( (self.context.newbase) - (ins.address+len(ins.bytes)) ) )
else:
code += asm(exec_call%(ins.address+len(ins.bytes)))
else:
self.context.stat['dirjmp']+=1
newtarget = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,target,len(code))
#print "(pre)new length: %s"%len(callback_code)
#print "target: %s"%hex(target)
#print "newtarget: %s"%newtarget
# Again, there is no thunk special case for 64-bit code
if self.context.no_pic: # and target != self.context.get_pc_thunk:
code += asm( '%s $+%s'%(ins.mnemonic,newtarget) )
else:
patched = asm('jmp $+%s'%newtarget)
if len(patched) == 2: #Short encoding, which we do not want
patched+='\x90\x90\x90' #Add padding of 3 NOPs
code += patched
#print "new length: %s"%len(callback_code+patched)
return code
return None
def translate_one(self,ins,mapping):
if ins.mnemonic in ['call','jmp']: #Unconditional jump
return self.translate_uncond(ins,mapping)
elif ins.mnemonic in self.JCC: #Conditional jump
return self.translate_cond(ins,mapping)
elif ins.mnemonic == 'ret':
return self.translate_ret(ins,mapping)
elif ins.mnemonic in ['retn','retf','repz']: #I think retn is not used in Capstone
#print 'WARNING: unimplemented %s %s'%(ins.mnemonic,ins.op_str)
return '\xf4\xf4\xf4\xf4' #Create obvious cluster of hlt instructions
else: #Any other instruction
inserted = self.before_inst_callback(ins)
#Even for non-control-flow instructions, we need to replace all references to rip
#with the address pointing directly after the instruction.
#TODO: This will NOT work for shared libraries or any PIC, because it depends on
#knowing the static instruction address. For all shared objects, we would need to
#subtract off the offset between the original and new text; as long as the offset is
#fixed, then we should be able to just precompute that offset, without it being affected
#by the position of the .so code
#TODO: abandon rewriting ljmp instructions for now because the assembler doesn't like them
#and we haven't been rewriting their destinations anyway; if they *are* used, they were already
#broken before this
#TODO: I have also abandoned rewriting the following instructions because I can't get it to
#re-assemble with the current assembler:
# fstp
# fldenv
# fld
#TODO: Since I am now doing a crazy optimization in which I use the original instruction's bytes
#and only change the last 4 bytes (the offset), I should actually be able to support these incompatible
#instructions by saving their original bytes in the assembler cache and therefore never actually sending
#the disassembled instruction to the assembler at all.
incompatible = ['ljmp', 'fstp', 'fldenv', 'fld', 'fbld']
if 'rip' in ins.op_str:# and (ins.mnemonic not in incompatible):
'''asm1 = asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping) ) )
asm2 = asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,None) ) )
if len(asm1) != len(asm2):
print '%s %s @ 0x%x LENGTH FAIL1: %s vs %s' % (ins.mnemonic, ins.op_str, ins.address, str(asm1).encode('hex'), str(asm2).encode('hex') )
newone = len( asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping) ) ) )
oldone = len( asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,None) ) ) )
print '%d vs %d, %d vs %d' % (newone,oldone,len(asm1),len(asm2))'''
code = b''
if inserted is not None:
code = asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping,len(inserted) + len(ins.bytes) ) ) )
code = inserted + code
else:
code = asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping,len(ins.bytes) ) ) )
return code
else:
'''if 'rip' in ins.op_str and (ins.mnemonic in incompatible):
print 'NOT rewriting %s instruction with rip: %s %s' % (ins.mnemonic,ins.mnemonic,ins.op_str)
if ins.mnemonic == 'ljmp':
print 'WARNING: unhandled %s %s @ %x'%(ins.mnemonic,ins.op_str,ins.address)'''
if inserted is not None:
return inserted + str(ins.bytes)
return None #No translation needs to be done
def translate_ret(self,ins,mapping):
'''
mov [esp-28], eax ;save old eax value
pop eax ;pop address from stack from which we will get destination
call $+%s ;call lookup function
mov [esp-4], eax ;save new eax value (destination mapping)
mov eax, [esp-32] ;restore old eax value (the pop has shifted our stack so we must look at 28+4=32)
jmp [esp-4] ;jmp/call to new address
'''
template_before = '''
mov [rsp-56], rax
pop rax
'''
template_after = '''
call $+%s
%s
mov [rsp-8], rax
mov rax, [rsp-%d]
jmp [rsp-8]
'''
self.context.stat['ret']+=1
code = b''
inserted = self.before_inst_callback(ins)
if inserted is not None:
code += inserted
# Since thunks do not need to be used for 64-bit code, there is no specific
# place we need to treat as a special case. It is unlikely that code will
# try to use the pushed return address to obtain the instruction pointer
# (after all, it can just access it directly!), but should it TRY to do this,
# the program will crash! Thus the no_pic optimization is a heuristic that
# won't work for some code (in this case only very unusual code?)
if self.context.no_pic: # and ins.address != self.context.get_pc_thunk + 3:
#Perform a normal return UNLESS this is the ret for the thunk.
#Currently its position is hardcoded as three bytes after the thunk entry.
code = asm( 'ret %s'%ins.op_str )
else:
code = asm(template_before)
size = len(code)
lookup_target = b''
if self.context.exec_only:
#Special lookup for not rewriting arguments when going outside new main text address space
lookup_target = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,self.context.secondary_lookup_function_offset,size)
else:
lookup_target = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,self.context.lookup_function_offset,size)
if ins.op_str == '':
code+=asm(template_after%(lookup_target,'',64)) #64 because of the value we popped
else: #For ret instructions that pop imm16 bytes from the stack, add that many bytes to esp
pop_amt = int(ins.op_str,16) #We need to retrieve the right eax value from where we saved it
code+=asm(template_after%(lookup_target,'add rsp,%d'%pop_amt,64+pop_amt))
return code
def get_popgm_code(self):
#pushad and popad do NOT exist in x64,
#so we must choose which registers must be preserved at program start
#TODO: For now we skip actually calling popgm, because it will have to be
#completely re-engineered, so we will need to change the offset to 0x11
#once we have fixed popgm for x64
call_popgm = '''
push rax
push rcx
push rdx
push rbx
push rbp
push rsi
push rdi
mov rdi, %s
call $+0x0d
pop rdi
pop rsi
pop rbp
pop rbx
pop rdx
pop rcx
pop rax
ret
'''
popgmbytes = asm(call_popgm % (self.context.global_sysinfo + 8))
with open('x64_%s' % self.context.popgm) as f:
popgmbytes += f.read()
return popgmbytes
def translate_cond(self,ins,mapping):
self.context.stat['jcc']+=1
patched = b''
inserted = self.before_inst_callback(ins)
if inserted is not None:
patched += inserted
if ins.mnemonic in ['jrcxz','jecxz']: #These instructions have no long encoding (and jcxz is not allowed in 64-bit)
jrcxz_template = '''
test rcx,rcx
'''
jecxz_template = '''
test ecx,ecx
'''
target = ins.operands[0].imm # int(ins.op_str,16) The destination of this instruction
#newtarget = remap_target(ins.address,mapping,target,0)
if ins.mnemonic == 'jrcxz':
patched+=asm(jrcxz_template)
else:
patched+=asm(jecxz_template)
newtarget = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,target,len(patched))
#print 'want %s, but have %s instead'%(remap_target(ins.address,mapping,target,len(patched)), newtarget)
#Apparently the offset for jcxz and jecxz instructions may have been wrong? How did it work before?
patched += asm('jz $+%s'%newtarget)
#print 'code length: %d'%len(patched)
#TODO: some instructions encode to 6 bytes, some to 5, some to 2. How do we know which?
#For example, for CALL, it seems to only be 5 or 2 depending on offset.
#But for jg, it can be 2 or 6 depending on offset, I think because it has a 2-byte opcode.
#while len(patched) < 6: #Short encoding, which we do not want
# patched+='\x90' #Add padding of NOPs
#The previous commented out code wouldn't even WORK now, since we insert another instruction
#at the MINIMUM. I'm amazed the jcxz/jecxz code even worked at all before
else:
target = ins.operands[0].imm # int(ins.op_str,16) The destination of this instruction
newtarget = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,target,len(patched))
patched+=asm(ins.mnemonic + ' $+' + newtarget)
#TODO: some instructions encode to 6 bytes, some to 5, some to 2. How do we know which?
#For example, for CALL, it seems to only be 5 or 2 depending on offset.
#But for jg, it can be 2 or 6 depending on offset, I think because it has a 2-byte opcode.
#while len(patched) < 6: #Short encoding, which we do not want
# patched+='\x90' #Add padding of NOPs
return patched
def get_callback_code(self,address,mapping,cbargs):
'''Remaps each callback argument based on index. cbargs is an array of argument indices
that let us know which argument (a register in x64) we must rewrite.
We insert code for each we must rewrite.'''
arg_registers = ['rdi','rsi','rdx','rcx','r8','r9'] #Order of arguments in x86-64
callback_template_before = '''
mov rax, %s
'''
callback_template_after = '''
call $+%s
mov %s, rax
'''
code = asm('push rax') #Save rax, use to hold callback address
for ind in cbargs:
#Move value in register for that argument to rax
cb_before = callback_template_before%( arg_registers[ind] )
code += asm(cb_before) #Assemble this part first so we will know the offset to the lookup function
size = len(code)
#Use secondary lookup function so it won't try to rewrite arguments if the callback is outside the main binary
lookup_target = self.remap_target( address, mapping, self.context.secondary_lookup_function_offset, size )
cb_after = callback_template_after%( lookup_target, arg_registers[ind] )
code += asm(cb_after) #Save the new address over the original
code += asm('pop rax') #Restore rax
return code
def get_indirect_uncond_code(self,ins,mapping,target):
#Commented assembly
'''
mov [esp-28], eax ;save old eax value (very far above the stack because of future push/call)
mov eax, %s ;read location in memory from which we will get destination
%s ;if a call, we push return address here
call $+%s ;call lookup function
mov [esp-4], eax ;save new eax value (destination mapping)
mov eax, [esp-%s] ;restore old eax value (offset depends on whether return address pushed)
jmp [esp-4] ;jmp to new address
'''
#If the argument is an offset from rip, then we must change the reference to rip. Any rip-relative
#addressing is destroyed because all the offsets are completely different; we need the
#original address that rip WOULD have pointed to, so we must replace any references to it.
template_before = '''
mov [rsp-64], rax
mov rax, %s
%s
'''
exec_call = '''
push %s
'''
so_call_before = '''
push rbx
'''
so_call_after = '''
lea rbx,[rip - 0x%x]
xchg rbx,[rsp]
'''
template_after = '''
call $+%s
mov [rsp-8], rax
mov rax, [rsp-%s]
jmp [rsp-8]
'''
template_nopic = '''
call $+%s
mov [rsp-8], rax
mov rax, [rsp-%s]
%s [rsp-8]
'''
#TODO: This is somehow still the bottleneck, so this needs to be optimized
code = b''
if self.context.exec_only:
code += self.get_remap_callbacks_code(ins,mapping,target)
#NOTE: user instrumentation code comes after callbacks code. No particular reason to put it either way,
#other than perhaps consistency, but for now this is easier.
inserted = self.before_inst_callback(ins)
if inserted is not None:
code += inserted
#Replace references to rip with the original address after this instruction so that we
#can look up the new address using the original
if 'rip' in target:
'''if len( asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping) ) ) ) != len( asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,None) ) ) ):
print '%s %s @ 0x%x LENGTH FAIL2: %s vs %s' % (ins.mnemonic, ins.op_str, ins.address, str(asm('%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping) ))).encode('hex'), str(asm('%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,None)) )).encode('hex') )
newone = len( asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,mapping) ) ) )
oldone = len( asm( '%s %s' % (ins.mnemonic, self.replace_rip(ins,None) ) ) )
print '%d vs %d, %s' % (newone,oldone,newone == oldone)'''
# The new "instruction length" is the length of all preceding code, plus the instructions up through the one referencing rip
target = self.replace_rip(ins,mapping,len(code) + len(asm('mov [rsp-64],rax\nmov rax,[rip]')) )
if self.context.no_pic:
if ins.mnemonic == 'call':
self.context.stat['indcall']+=1
else:
self.context.stat['indjmp']+=1
code += asm( template_before%(target,'') )
elif ins.mnemonic == 'call':
self.context.stat['indcall']+=1
if self.context.write_so:
code += asm( template_before%(target,so_call_before) )
if mapping is not None:
# 7 is the length of the lea rbx,[rip-%s] instruction, which needs to be added to the length of the code preceding where we access RIP
code += asm(so_call_after%( (mapping[ins.address]+len(code)+7+self.context.newbase) - (ins.address+len(ins.bytes)) ) )
else:
code += asm(so_call_after%( (0x8f+self.context.newbase) - (ins.address+len(ins.bytes)) ) )
else:
code += asm(template_before%(target,exec_call%(ins.address+len(ins.bytes)) ))
else:
self.context.stat['indjmp']+=1
code += asm(template_before%(target,''))
size = len(code)
lookup_target = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,self.context.lookup_function_offset,size)
#Always transform an unconditional control transfer to a jmp, but
#for a call, insert a push instruction to push the original return address on the stack.
#At runtime, our rewritten ret will look up the right address to return to and jmp there.
#If we push a value on the stack, we have to store even FURTHER away from the stack.
#Note that calling the lookup function can move the stack pointer temporarily up to
#20 bytes, which will obliterate anything stored too close to the stack pointer. That, plus
#the return value we push on the stack, means we need to put it at least 28 bytes away.
if self.context.no_pic:
#Change target to secondary lookup function instead
lookup_target = self.remap_target(ins.address,mapping,self.context.secondary_lookup_function_offset,size)
code += asm( template_nopic%(lookup_target,64,ins.mnemonic) )
elif ins.mnemonic == 'call':
code += asm(template_after%(lookup_target,56))
else:
code += asm(template_after%(lookup_target,64))
return code