def prioritySend(self, msg):
self.activePriority = True
_startTime = time.time()
while self.sending:
_diffTime = time.time() - _startTime
if _diffTime > 5:
# In case two threads start at the same time
break
continue
msg = DDFunc.toBytes(msg)
# Figure out what function needed to use
backupKey = self.key[::]
funcIndex ,self.sigbytes = DDFunc.functionSelection(self.key, self.sigbytes)
# print '[>] [', self.sigbytes, funcIndex, ']'
# Encrypt message
encryptedMsg = DDFunc.messageEncryption(funcIndex, self.key, msg)
self.key = backupKey[::]
encryptedMsg = ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(encryptedMsg))
msgLength = len(encryptedMsg.decode('hex'))
# Log about data being sent
# print '[.] Sending ', msgLength, ' bytes'
# print '[.] Encrypted Data: ', encryptedMsg
# Send data
try:
self.socket.sendall(encryptedMsg.decode('hex'))
except:
# Something went wrong, return False
print '[.] Errors occured, message has not been sent'
self.activePriority = False
return False
# Successfully sent the message, return True
# print '[.] Message has been sent'
self.activePriority = False
return True
def prioritySend(self, msg):
self.activePriority = True
_startTime = time.time()
while self.sending:
_diffTime = time.time() - _startTime
if _diffTime > 5:
# In case two threads start at the same time
break
continue
msg = DDFunc.toBytes(msg)
# Figure out what function needed to use
backupKey = self.key[::]
funcIndex, self.sigbytes = DDFunc.functionSelection(
self.key, self.sigbytes)
# print '[>] [', self.sigbytes, funcIndex, ']'
# Encrypt message
encryptedMsg = DDFunc.messageEncryption(funcIndex, self.key, msg)
self.key = backupKey[::]
encryptedMsg = ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(encryptedMsg))
msgLength = len(encryptedMsg.decode('hex'))
# Log about data being sent
# print '[.] Sending ', msgLength, ' bytes'
# print '[.] Encrypted Data: ', encryptedMsg
# Send data
try:
self.socket.sendall(encryptedMsg.decode('hex'))
except:
# Something went wrong, return False
print '[.] Errors occured, message has not been sent'
self.activePriority = False
return False
# Successfully sent the message, return True
# print '[.] Message has been sent'
self.activePriority = False
return True
def run(self):
global CortexMemory
while True:
if CortexMemory.empty():
continue
data = CortexMemory.get()
# Sort out signals
backupData = data[::]
# 4010 = Character Packet
# print '[>] ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(backupData)))
if data[:2:] == '\x40\x10':
Character['aspd'] = struct.unpack('<h', data[12:14:])[0]
if data[2:4:] == '\x00\x00':
data = data[33::]
else:
# UID of character
if data[2:4:] == '\x00\x20':
Character['uid'] = struct.unpack('<i', data[18:22:])[0]
Character['money'] = struct.unpack('<i', data[14:18:])[0]
# Playing safe with regex
_next = re.search(r'' + data[2:10:], data[10::], flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
continue
_next = _next.start() + 10
data = data[_next+15::]
# Assign latest attributes of character
Character['maxhp'] = struct.unpack('<h', data[1:3:])[0]
Character['maxsp'] = struct.unpack('<h', data[3:5:])[0]
Character['hp'] = struct.unpack('<h', data[5:7:])[0]
Character['sp'] = struct.unpack('<h', data[7:9:])[0]
Character['pos'] = (struct.unpack('<h', data[9:11:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[11:13:])[0])
# It seems like this robot is death?
if Character['hp'] <= 0:
print 'Error packet: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(backupData)))
"""print 'HP:', Character['maxhp'], '/', Character['hp']
def getKey(self):
# Request key from server
print '[.] Requesting encryption key from server'
self.socket.sendall('0f08005100646273637068'.decode('hex'))
print '[.] Sending packet...'
keyPacket = DDFunc.toBytes(self.socket.recv(65535)[4::])
# Split to key and 2 significant bytes
self.sigbytes = int('0x' + ''.join(['{0:x}'.format(x) for x in keyPacket[16:18][::-1]]),0)
self.key = keyPacket[0:16]
print '[.] Got an encryption key, [', ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(self.key)), self.sigbytes, ']'
def getKey(self):
# Request key from server
print '[.] Requesting encryption key from server'
self.socket.sendall('0f08005100646273637068'.decode('hex'))
print '[.] Sending packet...'
keyPacket = DDFunc.toBytes(self.socket.recv(65535)[4::])
# Split to key and 2 significant bytes
self.sigbytes = int(
'0x' + ''.join(['{0:x}'.format(x)
for x in keyPacket[16:18][::-1]]), 0)
self.key = keyPacket[0:16]
print '[.] Got an encryption key, [', ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(
self.key)), self.sigbytes, ']'
def read(self):
# Get message length
try:
recvLength = self.socket.recv(3)
except:
# Got nothing, return false
return False
# Something was sent to us
recvLength = DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(recvLength))
try:
recvLength = int(recvLength[2] + recvLength[1], 16)
except:
recvLength = 0
# Receive remaining data
if recvLength == 0:
# Still nothing?
return False
recvMsg = self.socket.recv(recvLength)
return recvMsg
def read(self): # Get message length try: recvLength = self.socket.recv(3) except: # Got nothing, return false return False # Something was sent to us recvLength = DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(recvLength)) try: recvLength = int( recvLength[2] + recvLength[1], 16 ) except: recvLength = 0 # Receive remaining data if recvLength == 0: # Still nothing? return False recvMsg = self.socket.recv(recvLength) return recvMsg
def run(self):
lastResponse = ''
overflow = False
while True:
if self.stopFlag:
continue
if not overflow:
response = self.connection.read()
else:
response = lastResponse
overflow = False
if not response:
continue
signal = response[1:3:]
if signal == '4110'.decode('hex'):
# re-read to get the rest packet.
while True:
_response = self.connection.read()
if not _response:
continue
if _response[0] == '\x0a':
lastResponse = _response
overflow = True
break
else:
response += _response
responseLength = len(response)
# Transmission signal
if signal == '4110'.decode('hex'):
VisionMemory.put(response[1::])
elif signal == '4010'.decode('hex'):
_next = 0
if response[3] == '\x00' and response[4] == '\x00':
_next = re.search(r'.{2}\x00\x00.{2}\x00\x00', response[50::], flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
if response[51::][:5:] == '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00':
_next = 52
else:
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/relay-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('-'*20)
_f.write('- Error -\n' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(response))) + '\n')
_f.close()
else:
_next = _next.start() + 50
else:
__next = re.search(r'' + response[3:5:], response[11::], flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(__next, types.NoneType):
__next = -32
_f = open('logs/relay-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('-'*20)
_f.write('- Error -\n' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(response))) + '\n')
_f.close()
else:
__next = __next.start() + 11
_next = re.search(r'.{2}\x00\x00.{2}\x00\x00', response[__next + 32::], flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
if response[__next + 32::][:5:] == '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00':
_next = __next + 33
else:
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/relay-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('-'*20)
_f.write('- Error -\n' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(response))) + '\n')
_f.close()
else:
_next = _next.start() + __next + 32
if not isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
CortexMemory.put(response[1:_next-1:])
VisionMemory.put('\x40\x10' + response[_next-1::])
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/relay-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('-'*20)
_f.write('- Cortex -\n' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(response[1:_next-1:]))) + '\n')
_f.write('- Vision -\n' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(response[_next-1::]))) + '\n')
_f.close()
elif signal == '4210'.decode('hex'):
VisionMemory.put(response[1::])
elif signal == '2540'.decode('hex'):
VisionMemory.put(response[1::])
# Log
if DEBUG:
self.logging('Length: ' + str(responseLength))
self.logging('Message: ' + response)
response = ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(response)))
self.logging(response, 1)
def run(self):
global VisionMemory, PlayerMemory, ItemMemory, MonsterMemory, Inventory, MonsterMemoryLatestUpdate
while True:
if VisionMemory.empty():
continue
data = VisionMemory.get()
# Sort out signal
# --- 4110 --- Players (START)
if data[:2:] == '\x41\x10':
_num = ord(data[2])
data = data[3::]
backupData = data[::]
__num = _num
#_num = 0
while _num:
#print '*'*10
#print 'Backup: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(backupData)))
backupData = data[::]
#print '-'*10
#print 'Raw: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data)))
if len(data) == 0:
# print '[>] Not complete analysis'
break
#handling error
if len(data) <= 4:
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 1'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
id = str(struct.unpack('<i', data[1:5:])[0])
notmet = 1 if not id in PlayerMemory else 0
#print 'notmet', notmet
if not notmet: # double check
if len(re.findall(PlayerMemory[id]['name'], data)):
notmet = 1
if notmet:
# handling error
if len(data) <= 18:
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 2'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
level = ord(data[13])
job = data[14:16:]
_namelen = ord(data[16])
# handling error
if _namelen <= 0:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
name = data[17:17+_namelen:]
try:
tmp = name.decode('utf-8')
except:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
data = data[17+_namelen::]
# handling error
if len(data) == 0:
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 3'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
cursor = 0
# wearing hat?
if data[0] == '\xff':
cursor += 1
else:
cursor += 3
# holding weapon?
# handling error
if cursor >= len(data):
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 4'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if data[cursor] == '\xff':
cursor += 1
else:
cursor += 4
# have a guild?
if cursor >= len(data):
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 5'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if data[cursor] == '\x00':
cursor += 8
else:
cursor += 2 + ord(data[cursor]) + 8
data = data[cursor::]
else:
if data[13] == '\xff':
data = data[20::]
else:
if data[14] == '\x00':
data = data[24::]
else:
data = data[25::]
# handling error
if len(data) <= 12:
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 6'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
# get player current status
direction = data[0]
hp = (struct.unpack('<h', data[1:3:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[5:7:])[0])
sp = (struct.unpack('<h', data[3:5:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[7:9:])[0])
pos = (struct.unpack('<h', data[9:11:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[11:13:])[0])
distance = ((pos[0] - Character['pos'][0])**2 + (pos[1] - Character['pos'][1])**2)**0.5
#print 'Distance:', distance
if distance >= 50000:
#print '[>] Stuck at Distance'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if (hp[0] <= 0) or (sp[0] <= 0) or (hp[1] > hp[0]) or (sp[1] > sp[0]):
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 7'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if (pos[0] < 0) or (pos[1] < 0):
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 8'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if (notmet == 1) and (level <= 0 or level > 75) :
#print '[>] Stuck at Loop 9'
data = backupData[1::]
continue
data = data[13::]
data = data[4::]
if notmet:
PlayerMemory[id] = {}
PlayerMemory[id]['name'] = name
PlayerMemory[id]['level'] = level
PlayerMemory[id]['job'] = job
PlayerMemory[id]['direction'] = direction
PlayerMemory[id]['hp'] = hp
PlayerMemory[id]['sp'] = sp
PlayerMemory[id]['pos'] = pos
"""try:
print '[.] Just meet "' + PlayerMemory[id]['name'] + '"'
except:
print '[.] Cannot print'"""
else:
PlayerMemory[id]['direction'] = direction
PlayerMemory[id]['hp'] = hp
PlayerMemory[id]['sp'] = sp
PlayerMemory[id]['pos'] = pos
""" print '[.] Updating "' + PlayerMemory[id]['name'] + '"'
# shout it out loud
print ' [.] Level: ' + str(PlayerMemory[id]['level'])
print ' [.] HP:', hp
print ' [.] SP:', sp
print ' [.] Pos:', pos"""
_num -= 1
# Log each processed packet
if DEBUG:
f = open('logs/player-memory.txt', 'a+')
for object in PlayerMemory.iteritems():
f.write(object[0])
f.write('\n')
f.write('[.] ' + object[1]['name'] + ' Lv.' + str(object[1]['level']))
f.write('\n')
f.write('*'*20)
f.close()
# --- 4110 --- Players (END)
# --- 4010 --- Monsters (START)
elif data[:2:] == '\x40\x10':
_num = ord(data[2])
data = data[3::]
backupData = data[::]
if len(data) < 25*_num:
continue
#_num = 0
_start = time.time()
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/monster-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('\n' + '-'*10 + '\n')
_f.write('monsterLarge: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data))) + '\n' + '*'*10 + '\n')
_f.close()
fullData = backupData[::]
while _num:
if time.time() - _start > 30:
print '[.] Program is trapped'
continue
backupData = data[::]
if len(data) < 4:
data = ''
_f = open('Character-Emergency.txt', 'a+')
_f.write( ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(fullData))) + '\n' )
_f.close()
Character['emergency'] = True
break
uid = struct.unpack('<i', data[:4:])[0]
if uid <= 0:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
notmet = 1 if not str(uid) in MonsterMemory else 0
if notmet:
dataLength = len(data)
if dataLength < 33:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
id = struct.unpack('<h', data[12:14:])[0]
level = ord(data[18])
if data[16:18:] != '\x00\x00':
level = -1
hp = (struct.unpack('<h', data[14:16:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[20:22:])[0])
pos = (struct.unpack('<h', data[24:26:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[26:28:])[0])
target = 0 if data[29:33:] == '\xff\xff\xff\xff' or data[31:33:] == '\x00\x00' else struct.unpack('<i', data[29:33:])[0]
distance = ((pos[0] - Character['pos'][0])**2 + (pos[1] - Character['pos'][1])**2)**0.5
if str(id) in MonsterList:
if MonsterList[str(id)]['level'] != level:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
else:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if hp[0] < hp[1]:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/monster-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('notmet:' + str(notmet) + '\n')
_f.write('num:' + str(_num) + '\n')
_f.write('monster: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data))) + '\n' + '*'*10 + '\n')
_f.close()
data = data[33::]
if _num > 1:
_next = re.search(r'.{2}\x00\x00.{2}\x00\x00', data, flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
data = backupData[1::]
continue
else:
_next = _next.start()
data = data[_next::]
MonsterMemory[str(uid)] = {}
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['uid'] = uid
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['id'] = id
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['level'] = level
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['hp'] = hp
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['pos'] = pos
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['target'] = target
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['name'] = MonsterList[str(id)]['name']
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['distance'] = distance
else:
hp = (MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['hp'][0], struct.unpack('<h', data[12:14:])[0])
pos = (struct.unpack('<h', data[16:18:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[18:20:])[0])
target = 0 if data[21:25:] == '\xff\xff\xff\xff' or data[23:25:] == '\x00\x00' else struct.unpack('<i', data[21:25:])[0]
distance = ((pos[0] - Character['pos'][0])**2 + (pos[1] - Character['pos'][1])**2)**0.5
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/monster-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('notmet:' + str(notmet) + '\n')
_f.write('num:' + str(_num) + '\n')
_f.write('monster: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data))) + '\n' + '*'*10 + '\n')
_f.close()
if hp[0] < hp[1]:
data = backupData[1::]
continue
data = data[25::]
if _num > 1:
_next = re.search(r'.{2}\x00\x00.{2}\x00\x00', data, flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
data = backupData[1::]
continue
else:
_next = _next.start()
data = data[_next::]
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['hp'] = hp
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['pos'] = pos
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['target'] = target
MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['distance'] = distance
"""print str(uid)
print MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['hp']
print MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['pos']
print MonsterMemory[str(uid)]['distance']"""
_num -= 1
MonsterMemoryLatestUpdate = time.time()
_next = re.search(r'.{5}\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00', data, flags=re.DOTALL)
_next = 12 if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType) else _next.start()
if _next >= 12:
_next = re.search(r'.{5}\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00', data, flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
continue
else:
_next = _next.start()
data = data[_next::]
"""if len(data) < 14:
continue
data = data[:len(data)-3:] + '\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0a'
_next = re.search(r'.{5}[\x00]{6}[^\x00]', data, flags=re.DOTALL)
if isinstance(_next, types.NoneType):
continue
else:
_next = _next.start()
if str(struct.unpack('<i', data[_next-2::][:4:])[0]) in ItemMemory:
data = data[_next-3::]
else:
data = data[_next-2::]"""
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/item-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('item: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data))) + '\n')
_f.close()
_inum = ord(data[0])
if _inum:
data = data[1::]
while _inum:
dataLength = len(data)
uid = struct.unpack('<i', data[0:4:])[0]
# notmet = 1 if not str(uid) in ItemMemory else 0
notmet = 1 if data[4] == '\x10' else 0
if notmet:
type = ord(data[12])
id = struct.unpack('<h', data[13:15:])[0]
pos = (struct.unpack('<h', data[15:17:])[0], struct.unpack('<h', data[17:19:])[0])
owner = struct.unpack('<i', data[19:23:])[0]
if _num > 1:
data = data[25::]
ItemMemory[str(uid)] = {}
ItemMemory[str(uid)]['type'] = type
ItemMemory[str(uid)]['id'] = id
ItemMemory[str(uid)]['pos'] = pos
ItemMemory[str(uid)]['owner'] = owner
ItemMemory[str(uid)]['uid'] = uid
else:
if _num > 1:
data = data[12::]
_inum -= 1
# --- 4010 --- Monsters (END)
# --- 4210 --- Monsters out of sight (START)
elif data[:2:] == '\x42\x10':
_num = ord(data[2])
data = data[3::]
while _num:
uid = struct.unpack('<i', data[1:5:])[0]
if str(uid) in MonsterMemory:
MonsterMemory.pop(str(uid), None)
elif str(uid) in ItemMemory:
ItemMemory.pop(str(uid), None)
data = data[4::]
_num -= 1
# --- 4210 --- Monsters out of sight (END)
# --- 2540 --- Inventory (START)
elif data[:2:] == '\x25\x40':
_num = ord(data[6])
data = data[7::]
print _num
if DEBUG:
_f = open('logs/inventory-log.txt', 'a+')
_f.write('inventory: ' + ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data))) + '\n')
_f.close()
while _num:
#print ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(data)))
#print '-'*10
if len(data) == 0:
break
slot = ord(data[0])
type = ord(data[1])
id = struct.unpack('<h', data[2:4:])[0]
num = ord(data[7])
if not type in [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]:
num = 1
Inventory[str(slot)] = {}
Inventory[str(slot)]['slot'] = slot
Inventory[str(slot)]['type'] = type
Inventory[str(slot)]['id'] = id
Inventory[str(slot)]['num'] = num
if data[8] == '\x00' or data[8] == '\x01':
data = data[9::]
else:
data = data[10::]
_num -= 1
Inventory['latestUpdated'] = time.time()
def warp(self, ch, mapCode, mapKey):
global PlayerMemory, MonsterMemory, ItemMemory, CortexMemory, VisionMemory
# Stop reading packet from relay station
self.relaystation.stop()
self.busyFlag = True
print '[.] Pause RelayStation'
time.sleep(3.0)
print 'Monster: ', MonsterMemory
print 'Vision', VisionMemory
# Wipe out all memories
PlayerMemory = {}
MonsterMemory = {}
ItemMemory = {}
CortexMemory.queue.clear()
VisionMemory.queue.clear()
print '[.] Waiting other threads to shutdown'
print 'Monster: ', MonsterMemory
print 'Vision', VisionMemory
time.sleep(3.0)
# Declare sending packets
print '[.] Request travelling to', mapCode
# Switch channel, or change map?
if Character['map'].lower() != mapCode.lower():
mapPacket = '0a901001'.decode('hex') + mapCode
mapPacket2 = '0a007001' + '0' + str(ch)
else:
mapPacket = '0a901003'.decode('hex') + mapCode
mapPacket2 = '0a007003' + '0' + str(ch)
mapPacket2 = mapPacket2.decode('hex') + mapCode
# Send packets
self.connection.send(mapPacket)
self.connection.send(mapPacket2)
# If a map server is changed, try make connection with new one
print '[.] Getting map server'
while True:
_response = self.connection.read()
if _response == False:
gameServer = [ self.connection.dest, self.connection.port ]
break
if _response[1:3:] == '\x10\x70':
gameServer = [ _response[15:15+ord(_response[14]):], struct.unpack('<h', _response[15+ord(_response[14]):17+ord(_response[14]):])[0] ]
break
self.connection.send('\x02')
while True:
_response = self.connection.read()
if not _response:
break
self.connection.close()
self.connection.dest = gameServer[0]
self.connection.port = gameServer[1]
self.connection.connect()
self.connection.getKey()
self.connection.send(mapKey)
while True:
_response = self.connection.read()
print DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(_response))
if _response[:3:] == '\x01\xe9\x03':
break
self.connection.mapKey = self.connection.mapKey[:2:] + _response[::-1][:4:][::-1] + self.connection.mapKey[6::]
self.connection.multipleSend(['\x0a\x81\x10', '\x0a\x95\x10', '\x0a\x50\x30', '\x0a\x40\x62', '\x0a\x18\x10'])
print '[.] Waking up...'
self.relaystation.restart()
self.timer = time.time()
print '[.] Opening both eyes...'
time.sleep(3.0)
self.busyFlag = False
def pack(msg): return ''.join(DDFunc.toHex(DDFunc.toBytes(msg)))