def OnInit(self):
"""Initialize the context"""
'''== Phong and Blinn Reflectance ==
A shiny surface will tend to have a "bright spot" at the point
on the surface where the angle of incidence for the reflected
light ray and the viewer's ray are (close to) equal.
A perfect mirror would have the brights spot solely when the
two vectors are exactly equal, while a perfect Lambertian
surface would have the "bright spot" spread across the entire
surface.
The Phong rendering process models this as a setting, traditionally
called material "shininess" in Legacy OpenGL. This setting acts
as a power which raises the cosine (dot product) of the
angle between the reflected ray and the eye. The calculation of
the cosine (dot product) of the two angles requires that we do
a dot product of the two angles once for each vertex/fragment
for which we wish to calculate the specular reflectance, we also
have to find the angle of reflectance before we can do the
calculation:'''
"""
L_dir = (V_pos-L_pos)
R = 2N*(dot( N, L_dir))-L_dir
// Note: in eye-coordinate system, Eye_pos == (0,0,0)
Spec_factor = pow( dot( R, V_pos-Eye_pos ), shininess)
"""
'''which, as we can see, involves the vertex position in a number
of stages of the operation, so requires recalculation all through
the rendering operation.
There is, however, a simplified version of Phong Lighting called
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinn%E2%80%93Phong_shading_model Blinn-Phong]
which notes that if we were to do all of our calculations in
"eye space", and were to assume that (as is normal), the eye
and light coordinates will not change for a rendering pass,
(note: this limits us to directional lights!) we
can use a pre-calculated value which is the bisecting angle
between the light-vector and the view-vector, called the
"half vector" to
perform approximately the same calculation. With this value:'''
"""
// note that in Eye coordinates, Eye_EC_dir == 0,0,-1
H = normalize( Eye_EC_dir + Light_EC_dir )
Spec_factor = pow( dot( H, N ), shininess )
"""
'''Note: however, that the resulting Spec_factor is not *precisely*
the same value as the original calculation, so the "shininess"
exponent must be slightly lower to approximate the value that
Phong rendering would achieve. The value is, however, considered
close to "real world" materials, so the Blinn method is generally
preferred to Phong.
Traditionally, n_dot_pos would be cut off at 0.0, but that would
create extremely hard-edged cut-offs for specular color. Here
we "fudge" the result by 0.05
'''
phong_weightCalc = """
vec2 phong_weightCalc(
in vec3 light_pos, // light position
in vec3 half_light, // half-way vector between light and view
in vec3 frag_normal, // geometry normal
in float shininess
) {
// returns vec2( ambientMult, diffuseMult )
float n_dot_pos = max( 0.0, dot(
frag_normal, light_pos
));
float n_dot_half = 0.0;
if (n_dot_pos > -.05) {
n_dot_half = pow(max(0.0,dot(
half_light, frag_normal
)), shininess);
}
return vec2( n_dot_pos, n_dot_half);
}
"""
'''We are going to use per-fragment rendering.
As a result, our vertex shader becomes very simple, just arranging
for the Normals to be varied across the surface.
'''
vertex = shaders.compileShader(
"""
attribute vec3 Vertex_position;
attribute vec3 Vertex_normal;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(
Vertex_position, 1.0
);
baseNormal = gl_NormalMatrix * normalize(Vertex_normal);
}""", GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
'''Our fragment shader looks much like our previous tutorial's
vertex shader. As before, we have lots of uniform values,
but now we also calculate the light's half-vector (in eye-space
coordinates). The phong_weightCalc function does the core Blinn
calculation, and we simply use the resulting factor to add to
the colour value for the fragment.
Note the use of the eye-coordinate-space to simplify the
half-vector calculation, the eye-space eye-vector is always
the same value (pointing down the negative Z axis),
and the eye-space eye-coordinate is always (0,0,0), so the
eye-to-vertex vector is always the eye-space vector position.
'''
fragment = shaders.compileShader(
phong_weightCalc + """
uniform vec4 Global_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_diffuse;
uniform vec4 Light_specular;
uniform vec3 Light_location;
uniform float Material_shininess;
uniform vec4 Material_specular;
uniform vec4 Material_ambient;
uniform vec4 Material_diffuse;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
// normalized eye-coordinate Light location
vec3 EC_Light_location = normalize(
gl_NormalMatrix * Light_location
);
// half-vector calculation
vec3 Light_half = normalize(
EC_Light_location - vec3( 0,0,-1 )
);
vec2 weights = phong_weightCalc(
EC_Light_location,
Light_half,
baseNormal,
Material_shininess
);
gl_FragColor = clamp(
(
(Global_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_diffuse * Material_diffuse * weights.x)
// material's shininess is the only change here...
+ (Light_specular * Material_specular * weights.y)
), 0.0, 1.0);
}
""", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.shader = shaders.compileProgram(vertex, fragment)
'''Here's the call that creates the two VBOs and the
count of records to render from them. If you're curious
you can read through the source code of the
OpenGLContext.scenegraph.quadrics module to read the
mechanism that generates the values.
The sphere is a simple rendering mechanism, as for a
unit-sphere at the origin, the sphere's normals are the
same as the sphere's vertex coordinate. The complexity
comes primarily in generating the triangle indices that
link the points generated.
'''
#self.coords,self.indices,self.count = Sphere(
# radius = 3
#).compile()
self.coords, self.indices, self.count = Sphere(radius=3).compile()
'''We have a few more uniforms to control the specular
components. Real-world coding would also calculate the
light's half-vector and provide it as a uniform (so that
it would only need to be calculated once), but we are going
to do the half-vector calculation in the shader to make
it obvious what is going on. The legacy OpenGL pipeline
provides the value pre-calculated as part of the light structure
in GLSL.
'''
for uniform in (
'Global_ambient',
'Light_ambient',
'Light_diffuse',
'Light_location',
'Light_specular',
'Material_ambient',
'Material_diffuse',
'Material_shininess',
'Material_specular',
):
location = glGetUniformLocation(self.shader, uniform)
if location in (None, -1):
print 'Warning, no uniform: %s' % (uniform)
setattr(self, uniform + '_loc', location)
for attribute in (
'Vertex_position',
'Vertex_normal',
):
location = glGetAttribLocation(self.shader, attribute)
if location in (None, -1):
print 'Warning, no attribute: %s' % (uniform)
setattr(self, attribute + '_loc', location)
#Add a timer
self.time = Timer(duration=8.0, repeating=1)
self.time.addEventHandler("fraction", self.OnTimerFraction)
self.time.register(self)
self.time.start()
self.rotation = 0
self.sensor = PhotoSensor()
self.sensor.calibrate_ambient()
def OnInit( self ):
"""Initialize the context"""
'''== Phong and Blinn Reflectance ==
A shiny surface will tend to have a "bright spot" at the point
on the surface where the angle of incidence for the reflected
light ray and the viewer's ray are (close to) equal.
A perfect mirror would have the brights spot solely when the
two vectors are exactly equal, while a perfect Lambertian
surface would have the "bright spot" spread across the entire
surface.
The Phong rendering process models this as a setting, traditionally
called material "shininess" in Legacy OpenGL. This setting acts
as a power which raises the cosine (dot product) of the
angle between the reflected ray and the eye. The calculation of
the cosine (dot product) of the two angles requires that we do
a dot product of the two angles once for each vertex/fragment
for which we wish to calculate the specular reflectance, we also
have to find the angle of reflectance before we can do the
calculation:'''
"""
L_dir = (V_pos-L_pos)
R = 2N*(dot( N, L_dir))-L_dir
// Note: in eye-coordinate system, Eye_pos == (0,0,0)
Spec_factor = pow( dot( R, V_pos-Eye_pos ), shininess)
"""
'''which, as we can see, involves the vertex position in a number
of stages of the operation, so requires recalculation all through
the rendering operation.
There is, however, a simplified version of Phong Lighting called
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinn%E2%80%93Phong_shading_model Blinn-Phong]
which notes that if we were to do all of our calculations in
"eye space", and were to assume that (as is normal), the eye
and light coordinates will not change for a rendering pass,
(note: this limits us to directional lights!) we
can use a pre-calculated value which is the bisecting angle
between the light-vector and the view-vector, called the
"half vector" to
perform approximately the same calculation. With this value:'''
"""
// note that in Eye coordinates, Eye_EC_dir == 0,0,-1
H = normalize( Eye_EC_dir + Light_EC_dir )
Spec_factor = pow( dot( H, N ), shininess )
"""
'''Note: however, that the resulting Spec_factor is not *precisely*
the same value as the original calculation, so the "shininess"
exponent must be slightly lower to approximate the value that
Phong rendering would achieve. The value is, however, considered
close to "real world" materials, so the Blinn method is generally
preferred to Phong.
Traditionally, n_dot_pos would be cut off at 0.0, but that would
create extremely hard-edged cut-offs for specular color. Here
we "fudge" the result by 0.05
'''
phong_weightCalc = """
vec2 phong_weightCalc(
in vec3 light_pos, // light position
in vec3 half_light, // half-way vector between light and view
in vec3 frag_normal, // geometry normal
in float shininess
) {
// returns vec2( ambientMult, diffuseMult )
float n_dot_pos = max( 0.0, dot(
frag_normal, light_pos
));
float n_dot_half = 0.0;
if (n_dot_pos > -.05) {
n_dot_half = pow(max(0.0,dot(
half_light, frag_normal
)), shininess);
}
return vec2( n_dot_pos, n_dot_half);
}
"""
'''We are going to use per-fragment rendering.
As a result, our vertex shader becomes very simple, just arranging
for the Normals to be varied across the surface.
'''
vertex = shaders.compileShader(
"""
attribute vec3 Vertex_position;
attribute vec3 Vertex_normal;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(
Vertex_position, 1.0
);
baseNormal = gl_NormalMatrix * normalize(Vertex_normal);
}""", GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
'''Our fragment shader looks much like our previous tutorial's
vertex shader. As before, we have lots of uniform values,
but now we also calculate the light's half-vector (in eye-space
coordinates). The phong_weightCalc function does the core Blinn
calculation, and we simply use the resulting factor to add to
the colour value for the fragment.
Note the use of the eye-coordinate-space to simplify the
half-vector calculation, the eye-space eye-vector is always
the same value (pointing down the negative Z axis),
and the eye-space eye-coordinate is always (0,0,0), so the
eye-to-vertex vector is always the eye-space vector position.
'''
fragment = shaders.compileShader( phong_weightCalc + """
uniform vec4 Global_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_diffuse;
uniform vec4 Light_specular;
uniform vec3 Light_location;
uniform float Material_shininess;
uniform vec4 Material_specular;
uniform vec4 Material_ambient;
uniform vec4 Material_diffuse;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
// normalized eye-coordinate Light location
vec3 EC_Light_location = normalize(
gl_NormalMatrix * Light_location
);
// half-vector calculation
vec3 Light_half = normalize(
EC_Light_location - vec3( 0,0,-1 )
);
vec2 weights = phong_weightCalc(
EC_Light_location,
Light_half,
baseNormal,
Material_shininess
);
gl_FragColor = clamp(
(
(Global_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_diffuse * Material_diffuse * weights.x)
// material's shininess is the only change here...
+ (Light_specular * Material_specular * weights.y)
), 0.0, 1.0);
}
""", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.shader = shaders.compileProgram(vertex,fragment)
'''Here's the call that creates the two VBOs and the
count of records to render from them. If you're curious
you can read through the source code of the
OpenGLContext.scenegraph.quadrics module to read the
mechanism that generates the values.
The sphere is a simple rendering mechanism, as for a
unit-sphere at the origin, the sphere's normals are the
same as the sphere's vertex coordinate. The complexity
comes primarily in generating the triangle indices that
link the points generated.
'''
#self.coords,self.indices,self.count = Sphere(
# radius = 3
#).compile()
self.coords,self.indices,self.count = Sphere(radius=3).compile()
'''We have a few more uniforms to control the specular
components. Real-world coding would also calculate the
light's half-vector and provide it as a uniform (so that
it would only need to be calculated once), but we are going
to do the half-vector calculation in the shader to make
it obvious what is going on. The legacy OpenGL pipeline
provides the value pre-calculated as part of the light structure
in GLSL.
'''
for uniform in (
'Global_ambient',
'Light_ambient','Light_diffuse','Light_location',
'Light_specular',
'Material_ambient','Material_diffuse',
'Material_shininess','Material_specular',
):
location = glGetUniformLocation( self.shader, uniform )
if location in (None,-1):
print 'Warning, no uniform: %s'%( uniform )
setattr( self, uniform+ '_loc', location )
for attribute in (
'Vertex_position','Vertex_normal',
):
location = glGetAttribLocation( self.shader, attribute )
if location in (None,-1):
print 'Warning, no attribute: %s'%( uniform )
setattr( self, attribute+ '_loc', location )
#Add a timer
self.time = Timer( duration = 8.0, repeating = 1 )
self.time.addEventHandler( "fraction", self.OnTimerFraction )
self.time.register (self)
self.time.start ()
self.rotation = 0
self.sensor = PhotoSensor()
self.sensor.calibrate_ambient()
class TestContext(BaseContext):
"""Demonstrates use of attribute types in GLSL
"""
def OnInit(self):
"""Initialize the context"""
'''== Phong and Blinn Reflectance ==
A shiny surface will tend to have a "bright spot" at the point
on the surface where the angle of incidence for the reflected
light ray and the viewer's ray are (close to) equal.
A perfect mirror would have the brights spot solely when the
two vectors are exactly equal, while a perfect Lambertian
surface would have the "bright spot" spread across the entire
surface.
The Phong rendering process models this as a setting, traditionally
called material "shininess" in Legacy OpenGL. This setting acts
as a power which raises the cosine (dot product) of the
angle between the reflected ray and the eye. The calculation of
the cosine (dot product) of the two angles requires that we do
a dot product of the two angles once for each vertex/fragment
for which we wish to calculate the specular reflectance, we also
have to find the angle of reflectance before we can do the
calculation:'''
"""
L_dir = (V_pos-L_pos)
R = 2N*(dot( N, L_dir))-L_dir
// Note: in eye-coordinate system, Eye_pos == (0,0,0)
Spec_factor = pow( dot( R, V_pos-Eye_pos ), shininess)
"""
'''which, as we can see, involves the vertex position in a number
of stages of the operation, so requires recalculation all through
the rendering operation.
There is, however, a simplified version of Phong Lighting called
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinn%E2%80%93Phong_shading_model Blinn-Phong]
which notes that if we were to do all of our calculations in
"eye space", and were to assume that (as is normal), the eye
and light coordinates will not change for a rendering pass,
(note: this limits us to directional lights!) we
can use a pre-calculated value which is the bisecting angle
between the light-vector and the view-vector, called the
"half vector" to
perform approximately the same calculation. With this value:'''
"""
// note that in Eye coordinates, Eye_EC_dir == 0,0,-1
H = normalize( Eye_EC_dir + Light_EC_dir )
Spec_factor = pow( dot( H, N ), shininess )
"""
'''Note: however, that the resulting Spec_factor is not *precisely*
the same value as the original calculation, so the "shininess"
exponent must be slightly lower to approximate the value that
Phong rendering would achieve. The value is, however, considered
close to "real world" materials, so the Blinn method is generally
preferred to Phong.
Traditionally, n_dot_pos would be cut off at 0.0, but that would
create extremely hard-edged cut-offs for specular color. Here
we "fudge" the result by 0.05
'''
phong_weightCalc = """
vec2 phong_weightCalc(
in vec3 light_pos, // light position
in vec3 half_light, // half-way vector between light and view
in vec3 frag_normal, // geometry normal
in float shininess
) {
// returns vec2( ambientMult, diffuseMult )
float n_dot_pos = max( 0.0, dot(
frag_normal, light_pos
));
float n_dot_half = 0.0;
if (n_dot_pos > -.05) {
n_dot_half = pow(max(0.0,dot(
half_light, frag_normal
)), shininess);
}
return vec2( n_dot_pos, n_dot_half);
}
"""
'''We are going to use per-fragment rendering.
As a result, our vertex shader becomes very simple, just arranging
for the Normals to be varied across the surface.
'''
vertex = shaders.compileShader(
"""
attribute vec3 Vertex_position;
attribute vec3 Vertex_normal;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(
Vertex_position, 1.0
);
baseNormal = gl_NormalMatrix * normalize(Vertex_normal);
}""", GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
'''Our fragment shader looks much like our previous tutorial's
vertex shader. As before, we have lots of uniform values,
but now we also calculate the light's half-vector (in eye-space
coordinates). The phong_weightCalc function does the core Blinn
calculation, and we simply use the resulting factor to add to
the colour value for the fragment.
Note the use of the eye-coordinate-space to simplify the
half-vector calculation, the eye-space eye-vector is always
the same value (pointing down the negative Z axis),
and the eye-space eye-coordinate is always (0,0,0), so the
eye-to-vertex vector is always the eye-space vector position.
'''
fragment = shaders.compileShader(
phong_weightCalc + """
uniform vec4 Global_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_diffuse;
uniform vec4 Light_specular;
uniform vec3 Light_location;
uniform float Material_shininess;
uniform vec4 Material_specular;
uniform vec4 Material_ambient;
uniform vec4 Material_diffuse;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
// normalized eye-coordinate Light location
vec3 EC_Light_location = normalize(
gl_NormalMatrix * Light_location
);
// half-vector calculation
vec3 Light_half = normalize(
EC_Light_location - vec3( 0,0,-1 )
);
vec2 weights = phong_weightCalc(
EC_Light_location,
Light_half,
baseNormal,
Material_shininess
);
gl_FragColor = clamp(
(
(Global_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_diffuse * Material_diffuse * weights.x)
// material's shininess is the only change here...
+ (Light_specular * Material_specular * weights.y)
), 0.0, 1.0);
}
""", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.shader = shaders.compileProgram(vertex, fragment)
'''Here's the call that creates the two VBOs and the
count of records to render from them. If you're curious
you can read through the source code of the
OpenGLContext.scenegraph.quadrics module to read the
mechanism that generates the values.
The sphere is a simple rendering mechanism, as for a
unit-sphere at the origin, the sphere's normals are the
same as the sphere's vertex coordinate. The complexity
comes primarily in generating the triangle indices that
link the points generated.
'''
#self.coords,self.indices,self.count = Sphere(
# radius = 3
#).compile()
self.coords, self.indices, self.count = Sphere(radius=3).compile()
'''We have a few more uniforms to control the specular
components. Real-world coding would also calculate the
light's half-vector and provide it as a uniform (so that
it would only need to be calculated once), but we are going
to do the half-vector calculation in the shader to make
it obvious what is going on. The legacy OpenGL pipeline
provides the value pre-calculated as part of the light structure
in GLSL.
'''
for uniform in (
'Global_ambient',
'Light_ambient',
'Light_diffuse',
'Light_location',
'Light_specular',
'Material_ambient',
'Material_diffuse',
'Material_shininess',
'Material_specular',
):
location = glGetUniformLocation(self.shader, uniform)
if location in (None, -1):
print 'Warning, no uniform: %s' % (uniform)
setattr(self, uniform + '_loc', location)
for attribute in (
'Vertex_position',
'Vertex_normal',
):
location = glGetAttribLocation(self.shader, attribute)
if location in (None, -1):
print 'Warning, no attribute: %s' % (uniform)
setattr(self, attribute + '_loc', location)
#Add a timer
self.time = Timer(duration=8.0, repeating=1)
self.time.addEventHandler("fraction", self.OnTimerFraction)
self.time.register(self)
self.time.start()
self.rotation = 0
self.sensor = PhotoSensor()
self.sensor.calibrate_ambient()
def OnTimerFraction(self, event):
r = self.sensor.getSensorReading()
angle = self.sensor.getAngle(r)
self.rotation = angle / 180.0 * pi
def getLightLocation(self):
# read from serial port
return [math.cos(self.rotation), math.sin(self.rotation), 0] * 5
def Render(self, mode=None):
"""Render the geometry for the scene."""
BaseContext.Render(self, mode)
glUseProgram(self.shader)
try:
'''==Indexed VBO Rendering==
You'll notice here that we are binding two different VBO
objects. As we mentioned above, the Sphere renderer
generated both VBOs, but doesn't the second binding replace
the first binding? That is, why doesn't OpenGL try to read
the Vertex data out of the indices VBO?
OpenGL defines multiple binding "targets" for VBOs, the
first VBO (vertices) was bound to the GL_ARRAY_BUFFER
target (the default for the class), which is used for reading
per-vertex data arrays, while the indices buffer was defined
as targetting the GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, which is used
solely for reading indices.
Each target can be bound to a different VBO, and thus we can
bind both VBOs at the same time without confusion.
'''
self.coords.bind()
self.indices.bind()
'''Here, being lazy, we use the numpy array's nbytes value
to specify the stride between records. The VBO object has
a "data" value which is the data-set which was initially
passed to the VBO constructor. The first element in this
array is a single vertex record. This array happens to have
8 floating-point values (24 bytes), the first three being
the vertex position, the next two being the texture coordinate
and the last three being the vertex normal. We'll ignore
the texture coordinate for now.
'''
stride = self.coords.data[0].nbytes
try:
glUniform4f(self.Global_ambient_loc, .05, .05, .05, .1)
glUniform4f(self.Light_ambient_loc, .1, .1, .1, 1.0)
glUniform4f(self.Light_diffuse_loc, .25, .25, .25, 1)
'''We set up a yellow-ish specular component in the
light and move it to rest "just over our right shoulder"
in relation to the initial camera.'''
glUniform4f(self.Light_specular_loc, 0.0, 1.0, 0, 1)
lloc = self.getLightLocation()
glUniform3f(self.Light_location_loc, lloc[0], lloc[1], lloc[2])
glUniform4f(self.Material_ambient_loc, .1, .1, .1, 1.0)
glUniform4f(self.Material_diffuse_loc, .15, .15, .15, 1)
'''We make the material have a bright specular white
colour and an extremely "shiny" surface. The shininess
value has the effect of reducing the area of the
highlight, as the cos of the angle is raised
to the power of the (fractional) shininess.'''
glUniform4f(self.Material_specular_loc, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
glUniform1f(self.Material_shininess_loc, .95)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(self.Vertex_position_loc)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(self.Vertex_normal_loc)
glVertexAttribPointer(self.Vertex_position_loc, 3, GL_FLOAT,
False, stride, self.coords)
glVertexAttribPointer(self.Vertex_normal_loc, 3, GL_FLOAT,
False, stride, self.coords + (5 * 4))
'''Here we introduce the OpenGL call which renders via
an index-array rather than just rendering vertices in
definition order. The last two arguments tell OpenGL
what data-type we've used for the indices (the Sphere
renderer uses shorts). The indices VBO is actually
just passing the value c_void_p( 0 ) (i.e. a null pointer),
which causes OpenGL to use the currently bound VBO for
the GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER target.
'''
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, self.count, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT,
self.indices)
finally:
'''Note the need to unbind *both* VBOs, we have to free
*both* VBO targets to avoid any other rendering operation
from trying to access the VBOs.'''
self.coords.unbind()
self.indices.unbind()
glDisableVertexAttribArray(self.Vertex_position_loc)
glDisableVertexAttribArray(self.Vertex_normal_loc)
finally:
glUseProgram(0)
class TestContext( BaseContext ):
"""Demonstrates use of attribute types in GLSL
"""
def OnInit( self ):
"""Initialize the context"""
'''== Phong and Blinn Reflectance ==
A shiny surface will tend to have a "bright spot" at the point
on the surface where the angle of incidence for the reflected
light ray and the viewer's ray are (close to) equal.
A perfect mirror would have the brights spot solely when the
two vectors are exactly equal, while a perfect Lambertian
surface would have the "bright spot" spread across the entire
surface.
The Phong rendering process models this as a setting, traditionally
called material "shininess" in Legacy OpenGL. This setting acts
as a power which raises the cosine (dot product) of the
angle between the reflected ray and the eye. The calculation of
the cosine (dot product) of the two angles requires that we do
a dot product of the two angles once for each vertex/fragment
for which we wish to calculate the specular reflectance, we also
have to find the angle of reflectance before we can do the
calculation:'''
"""
L_dir = (V_pos-L_pos)
R = 2N*(dot( N, L_dir))-L_dir
// Note: in eye-coordinate system, Eye_pos == (0,0,0)
Spec_factor = pow( dot( R, V_pos-Eye_pos ), shininess)
"""
'''which, as we can see, involves the vertex position in a number
of stages of the operation, so requires recalculation all through
the rendering operation.
There is, however, a simplified version of Phong Lighting called
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinn%E2%80%93Phong_shading_model Blinn-Phong]
which notes that if we were to do all of our calculations in
"eye space", and were to assume that (as is normal), the eye
and light coordinates will not change for a rendering pass,
(note: this limits us to directional lights!) we
can use a pre-calculated value which is the bisecting angle
between the light-vector and the view-vector, called the
"half vector" to
perform approximately the same calculation. With this value:'''
"""
// note that in Eye coordinates, Eye_EC_dir == 0,0,-1
H = normalize( Eye_EC_dir + Light_EC_dir )
Spec_factor = pow( dot( H, N ), shininess )
"""
'''Note: however, that the resulting Spec_factor is not *precisely*
the same value as the original calculation, so the "shininess"
exponent must be slightly lower to approximate the value that
Phong rendering would achieve. The value is, however, considered
close to "real world" materials, so the Blinn method is generally
preferred to Phong.
Traditionally, n_dot_pos would be cut off at 0.0, but that would
create extremely hard-edged cut-offs for specular color. Here
we "fudge" the result by 0.05
'''
phong_weightCalc = """
vec2 phong_weightCalc(
in vec3 light_pos, // light position
in vec3 half_light, // half-way vector between light and view
in vec3 frag_normal, // geometry normal
in float shininess
) {
// returns vec2( ambientMult, diffuseMult )
float n_dot_pos = max( 0.0, dot(
frag_normal, light_pos
));
float n_dot_half = 0.0;
if (n_dot_pos > -.05) {
n_dot_half = pow(max(0.0,dot(
half_light, frag_normal
)), shininess);
}
return vec2( n_dot_pos, n_dot_half);
}
"""
'''We are going to use per-fragment rendering.
As a result, our vertex shader becomes very simple, just arranging
for the Normals to be varied across the surface.
'''
vertex = shaders.compileShader(
"""
attribute vec3 Vertex_position;
attribute vec3 Vertex_normal;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(
Vertex_position, 1.0
);
baseNormal = gl_NormalMatrix * normalize(Vertex_normal);
}""", GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
'''Our fragment shader looks much like our previous tutorial's
vertex shader. As before, we have lots of uniform values,
but now we also calculate the light's half-vector (in eye-space
coordinates). The phong_weightCalc function does the core Blinn
calculation, and we simply use the resulting factor to add to
the colour value for the fragment.
Note the use of the eye-coordinate-space to simplify the
half-vector calculation, the eye-space eye-vector is always
the same value (pointing down the negative Z axis),
and the eye-space eye-coordinate is always (0,0,0), so the
eye-to-vertex vector is always the eye-space vector position.
'''
fragment = shaders.compileShader( phong_weightCalc + """
uniform vec4 Global_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_ambient;
uniform vec4 Light_diffuse;
uniform vec4 Light_specular;
uniform vec3 Light_location;
uniform float Material_shininess;
uniform vec4 Material_specular;
uniform vec4 Material_ambient;
uniform vec4 Material_diffuse;
varying vec3 baseNormal;
void main() {
// normalized eye-coordinate Light location
vec3 EC_Light_location = normalize(
gl_NormalMatrix * Light_location
);
// half-vector calculation
vec3 Light_half = normalize(
EC_Light_location - vec3( 0,0,-1 )
);
vec2 weights = phong_weightCalc(
EC_Light_location,
Light_half,
baseNormal,
Material_shininess
);
gl_FragColor = clamp(
(
(Global_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_ambient * Material_ambient)
+ (Light_diffuse * Material_diffuse * weights.x)
// material's shininess is the only change here...
+ (Light_specular * Material_specular * weights.y)
), 0.0, 1.0);
}
""", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.shader = shaders.compileProgram(vertex,fragment)
'''Here's the call that creates the two VBOs and the
count of records to render from them. If you're curious
you can read through the source code of the
OpenGLContext.scenegraph.quadrics module to read the
mechanism that generates the values.
The sphere is a simple rendering mechanism, as for a
unit-sphere at the origin, the sphere's normals are the
same as the sphere's vertex coordinate. The complexity
comes primarily in generating the triangle indices that
link the points generated.
'''
#self.coords,self.indices,self.count = Sphere(
# radius = 3
#).compile()
self.coords,self.indices,self.count = Sphere(radius=3).compile()
'''We have a few more uniforms to control the specular
components. Real-world coding would also calculate the
light's half-vector and provide it as a uniform (so that
it would only need to be calculated once), but we are going
to do the half-vector calculation in the shader to make
it obvious what is going on. The legacy OpenGL pipeline
provides the value pre-calculated as part of the light structure
in GLSL.
'''
for uniform in (
'Global_ambient',
'Light_ambient','Light_diffuse','Light_location',
'Light_specular',
'Material_ambient','Material_diffuse',
'Material_shininess','Material_specular',
):
location = glGetUniformLocation( self.shader, uniform )
if location in (None,-1):
print 'Warning, no uniform: %s'%( uniform )
setattr( self, uniform+ '_loc', location )
for attribute in (
'Vertex_position','Vertex_normal',
):
location = glGetAttribLocation( self.shader, attribute )
if location in (None,-1):
print 'Warning, no attribute: %s'%( uniform )
setattr( self, attribute+ '_loc', location )
#Add a timer
self.time = Timer( duration = 8.0, repeating = 1 )
self.time.addEventHandler( "fraction", self.OnTimerFraction )
self.time.register (self)
self.time.start ()
self.rotation = 0
self.sensor = PhotoSensor()
self.sensor.calibrate_ambient()
def OnTimerFraction( self, event ):
r = self.sensor.getSensorReading()
angle = self.sensor.getAngle(r)
self.rotation = angle/180.0 * pi
def getLightLocation(self):
# read from serial port
return [math.cos(self.rotation),
math.sin(self.rotation),0]*5
def Render( self, mode = None):
"""Render the geometry for the scene."""
BaseContext.Render( self, mode )
glUseProgram(self.shader)
try:
'''==Indexed VBO Rendering==
You'll notice here that we are binding two different VBO
objects. As we mentioned above, the Sphere renderer
generated both VBOs, but doesn't the second binding replace
the first binding? That is, why doesn't OpenGL try to read
the Vertex data out of the indices VBO?
OpenGL defines multiple binding "targets" for VBOs, the
first VBO (vertices) was bound to the GL_ARRAY_BUFFER
target (the default for the class), which is used for reading
per-vertex data arrays, while the indices buffer was defined
as targetting the GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, which is used
solely for reading indices.
Each target can be bound to a different VBO, and thus we can
bind both VBOs at the same time without confusion.
'''
self.coords.bind()
self.indices.bind()
'''Here, being lazy, we use the numpy array's nbytes value
to specify the stride between records. The VBO object has
a "data" value which is the data-set which was initially
passed to the VBO constructor. The first element in this
array is a single vertex record. This array happens to have
8 floating-point values (24 bytes), the first three being
the vertex position, the next two being the texture coordinate
and the last three being the vertex normal. We'll ignore
the texture coordinate for now.
'''
stride = self.coords.data[0].nbytes
try:
glUniform4f( self.Global_ambient_loc, .05,.05,.05,.1 )
glUniform4f( self.Light_ambient_loc, .1,.1,.1, 1.0 )
glUniform4f( self.Light_diffuse_loc, .25,.25,.25,1 )
'''We set up a yellow-ish specular component in the
light and move it to rest "just over our right shoulder"
in relation to the initial camera.'''
glUniform4f( self.Light_specular_loc, 0.0,1.0,0,1 )
lloc = self.getLightLocation()
glUniform3f( self.Light_location_loc, lloc[0],
lloc[1], lloc[2])
glUniform4f( self.Material_ambient_loc, .1,.1,.1, 1.0 )
glUniform4f( self.Material_diffuse_loc, .15,.15,.15, 1 )
'''We make the material have a bright specular white
colour and an extremely "shiny" surface. The shininess
value has the effect of reducing the area of the
highlight, as the cos of the angle is raised
to the power of the (fractional) shininess.'''
glUniform4f( self.Material_specular_loc, 1.0,1.0,1.0, 1.0 )
glUniform1f( self.Material_shininess_loc, .95)
glEnableVertexAttribArray( self.Vertex_position_loc )
glEnableVertexAttribArray( self.Vertex_normal_loc )
glVertexAttribPointer(
self.Vertex_position_loc,
3, GL_FLOAT,False, stride, self.coords
)
glVertexAttribPointer(
self.Vertex_normal_loc,
3, GL_FLOAT,False, stride, self.coords+(5*4)
)
'''Here we introduce the OpenGL call which renders via
an index-array rather than just rendering vertices in
definition order. The last two arguments tell OpenGL
what data-type we've used for the indices (the Sphere
renderer uses shorts). The indices VBO is actually
just passing the value c_void_p( 0 ) (i.e. a null pointer),
which causes OpenGL to use the currently bound VBO for
the GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER target.
'''
glDrawElements(
GL_TRIANGLES, self.count,
GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, self.indices
)
finally:
'''Note the need to unbind *both* VBOs, we have to free
*both* VBO targets to avoid any other rendering operation
from trying to access the VBOs.'''
self.coords.unbind()
self.indices.unbind()
glDisableVertexAttribArray( self.Vertex_position_loc )
glDisableVertexAttribArray( self.Vertex_normal_loc )
finally:
glUseProgram( 0 )
