def _setup_analysis_modules(self):
"""Set up analysis modules.
"""
# Basic block.
self.bb_builder = CFGRecoverer(
RecursiveDescent(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator, self.arch_info))
# Code analyzer.
self.code_analyzer = None
if self.smt_translator:
self.code_analyzer = CodeAnalyzer(self.smt_solver,
self.smt_translator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets classifier.
self.gadget_classifier = GadgetClassifier(self.ir_emulator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets finder.
self.gadget_finder = GadgetFinder(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator,
self.binary.architecture,
self.binary.architecture_mode)
# Gadget verifier.
self.gadget_verifier = None
if self.code_analyzer:
self.gadget_verifier = GadgetVerifier(self.code_analyzer,
self.arch_info)
def _setup_analysis_modules(self):
"""Set up analysis modules.
"""
# Basic block.
self.bb_builder = CFGRecoverer(RecursiveDescent(self.disassembler, self.text_section, self.ir_translator,
self.arch_info))
# Code analyzer.
self.code_analyzer = None
if self.smt_translator:
self.code_analyzer = CodeAnalyzer(self.smt_solver, self.smt_translator, self.arch_info)
# Gadgets classifier.
self.gadget_classifier = GadgetClassifier(self.ir_emulator, self.arch_info)
# Gadgets finder.
self.gadget_finder = GadgetFinder(self.disassembler, self.text_section, self.ir_translator,
self.binary.architecture, self.binary.architecture_mode)
# Gadget verifier.
self.gadget_verifier = None
if self.code_analyzer:
self.gadget_verifier = GadgetVerifier(self.code_analyzer, self.arch_info)
class BARF(object):
"""Binary Analysis Framework."""
def __init__(self, filename, load_bin=True):
logger.info("Initializing BARF")
self.name = None
self.code_analyzer = None
self.ir_translator = None
self.binary = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.gadget_classifier = None
self.gadget_verifier = None
self.arch_info = None
self.gadget_finder = None
self.text_section = None
self.disassembler = None
self.smt_translator = None
self.ir_emulator = None
self.bb_builder = None
self.ip = None
self.sp = None
self.ws = None
self._load_bin = load_bin
self._arch_mode = None
self.open(filename)
def _load(self, arch_mode=None):
# setup architecture
self._setup_arch(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# set up core modules
self._setup_core_modules()
# setup analysis modules
self._setup_analysis_modules()
if self._load_bin:
self.load_binary()
def _setup_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up architecture.
"""
# set up architecture information
self.arch_info = None
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
self._setup_x86_arch(arch_mode)
else:
# TODO: add arch to the binary file class.
self._setup_arm_arch(arch_mode)
def _setup_arm_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up ARM architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB
self.name = "ARM"
self.arch_info = ArmArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = ArmDisassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = ArmTranslator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
# Load instruction pointer register.
if self.arch_info.architecture_mode == arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB:
self.ip = "r15"
self.sp = "r13"
self.ws = 2 # TODO Check.
elif self.arch_info.architecture_mode == arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_ARM:
self.ip = "r15"
self.sp = "r13"
self.ws = 4
else:
raise Exception("Invalid architecture mode.")
def _setup_x86_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up x86 architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Set up architecture information
self.name = "x86"
self.arch_info = X86ArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = X86Disassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = X86Translator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
# Load instruction pointer register.
if self.arch_info.architecture_mode == arch.ARCH_X86_MODE_32:
self.ip = "eip"
self.sp = "esp"
self.ws = 4
elif self.arch_info.architecture_mode == arch.ARCH_X86_MODE_64:
self.ip = "rip"
self.sp = "rsp"
self.ws = 8
else:
raise Exception("Invalid architecture mode.")
def _setup_core_modules(self):
"""Set up core modules.
"""
self.ir_emulator = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.smt_translator = None
if self.arch_info:
# Set REIL emulator.
self.ir_emulator = ReilEmulator(self.arch_info)
# Set SMT Solver.
self.smt_solver = None
if SMT_SOLVER == "Z3":
if _check_solver_installation("z3"):
self.smt_solver = Z3Solver()
else:
logger.warn(
"z3 solver is not installed. Run 'barf-install-solvers.sh' to install it."
)
elif SMT_SOLVER == "CVC4":
if _check_solver_installation("cvc4"):
self.smt_solver = CVC4Solver()
else:
logger.warn(
"cvc4 solver is not installed. Run 'barf-install-solvers.sh' to install it."
)
elif SMT_SOLVER is not None:
raise Exception("Invalid SMT solver.")
# Set SMT translator.
self.smt_translator = None
if self.smt_solver:
self.smt_translator = SmtTranslator(
self.smt_solver, self.arch_info.address_size)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_alias_mapper(
self.arch_info.alias_mapper)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_registers_size(
self.arch_info.registers_size)
def _setup_analysis_modules(self):
"""Set up analysis modules.
"""
# Basic block.
self.bb_builder = CFGRecoverer(
RecursiveDescent(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator, self.arch_info))
# Code analyzer.
self.code_analyzer = None
if self.smt_translator:
self.code_analyzer = CodeAnalyzer(self.smt_solver,
self.smt_translator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets classifier.
self.gadget_classifier = GadgetClassifier(self.ir_emulator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets finder.
self.gadget_finder = GadgetFinder(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator,
self.binary.architecture,
self.binary.architecture_mode)
# Gadget verifier.
self.gadget_verifier = None
if self.code_analyzer:
self.gadget_verifier = GadgetVerifier(self.code_analyzer,
self.arch_info)
# ======================================================================== #
def open(self, filename):
"""Open a file for analysis.
Args:
filename (str): Name of an executable file.
"""
if filename:
self.binary = BinaryFile(filename)
self.text_section = self.binary.text_section
print("[open] self.binary.architecture_mode: {}".format(
self.binary.architecture_mode))
self._load(arch_mode=self.binary.architecture_mode)
def load_architecture(self, name, arch_info, disassembler, translator):
"""Translate to REIL instructions.
Args:
name (str): Architecture's name.
arch_info (ArchitectureInformation): Architecture information object.
disassembler (Disassembler): Disassembler for the architecture.
translator (Translator): Translator for the architecture.
"""
# Set up architecture information.
self.name = name
self.arch_info = arch_info
self.disassembler = disassembler
self.ir_translator = translator
# Setup analysis modules.
self._setup_analysis_modules()
def translate(self, start=None, end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Translate to REIL instructions.
Args:
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
(int, Instruction, list): A tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, REIL instructions).
"""
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
self.ir_translator.reset()
for addr, asm, _ in self.disassemble(start=start_addr,
end=end_addr,
arch_mode=arch_mode):
yield addr, asm, self.ir_translator.translate(asm)
def disassemble(self, start=None, end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Disassemble native instructions.
Args:
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
(int, Instruction, int): A tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, instruction size).
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
curr_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
while curr_addr < end_addr:
# Fetch the instruction.
encoding = self.__fetch_instr(curr_addr)
# Decode it.
asm_instr = self.disassembler.disassemble(
encoding, curr_addr, architecture_mode=arch_mode)
if not asm_instr:
return
yield curr_addr, asm_instr, asm_instr.size
# update instruction pointer
curr_addr += asm_instr.size
def recover_cfg(self,
start=None,
end=None,
symbols=None,
callback=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG.
Args:
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
symbols (dict): Symbol table.
callback (function): A callback function which is called after each successfully recovered CFG.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
ControlFlowGraph: A CFG.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# Check start address.
start = start if start else self.binary.entry_point
cfg, _ = self._recover_cfg(start=start,
end=end,
symbols=symbols,
callback=callback)
return cfg
def recover_cfg_all(self,
entries,
symbols=None,
callback=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG for all functions from an entry point and/or symbol table.
Args:
entries (list): A list of function addresses' to start the CFG recovery process.
symbols (dict): Symbol table.
callback (function): A callback function which is called after each successfully recovered CFG.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
list: A list of recovered CFGs.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# Set symbols.
symbols = {} if not symbols else symbols
# Recover the CFGs.
cfgs = []
addrs_processed = set()
calls = entries
while len(calls) > 0:
start, calls = calls[0], calls[1:]
cfg, calls_tmp = self._recover_cfg(start=start,
symbols=symbols,
callback=callback)
addrs_processed.add(start)
cfgs.append(cfg)
for addr in sorted(calls_tmp):
if addr not in addrs_processed and addr not in calls:
calls.append(addr)
return cfgs
def _recover_cfg(self, start=None, end=None, symbols=None, callback=None):
"""Recover CFG
"""
# Retrieve symbol name in case it is available.
if symbols and start in symbols:
name = symbols[start][0]
size = symbols[start][1] - 1 if symbols[start][1] != 0 else 0
else:
name = "sub_{:x}".format(start)
size = 0
# Compute start and end address.
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
# Set callback.
if callback:
callback(start, name, size)
# Recover basic blocks.
bbs, calls = self.bb_builder.build(start_addr, end_addr, symbols)
# Build CFG.
cfg = ControlFlowGraph(bbs, name=name)
return cfg, calls
def emulate(self,
context=None,
start=None,
end=None,
arch_mode=None,
hooks=None,
max_instrs=None):
"""Emulate native code.
Args:
context (dict): Processor context (register and/or memory).
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
hooks (dict): Hooks by address.
max_instrs (int): Maximum number of instructions to execute.
Returns:
dict: Processor context.
"""
if arch_mode is not None:
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
context = context if context else {}
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
hooks = hooks if hooks else {}
# Load registers
for reg, val in context.get('registers', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.registers[reg] = val
# Load memory
# TODO Memory content should be encoded as hex strings so each
# entry can be of different sizes.
for addr, val in context.get('memory', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.memory.write(addr, 4, val)
# Execute the code.
# Switch arch mode accordingly for ARM base on the start address.
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_ARM:
if start_addr & 0x1 == 0x1:
start_addr = start_addr & ~0x1
end_addr = end_addr & ~0x1
self._arch_mode = arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB
else:
self._arch_mode = arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_ARM
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
self._arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
execution_cache = ExecutionCache()
next_addr = start_addr
instr_count = 0
asm_instr = None
while next_addr != end_addr:
if max_instrs and instr_count > max_instrs:
break
# Process hooks.
if next_addr in hooks:
fn, param = hooks[next_addr]
fn(self.ir_emulator, param)
# Compute next address after hook.
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
next_addr = asm_instr.address + asm_instr.size
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_ARM:
next_addr = asm_instr.address + asm_instr.size
try:
# Retrieve next instruction from the execution cache.
asm_instr, reil_container = execution_cache.retrieve(next_addr)
except InvalidAddressError:
# Fetch the instruction.
encoding = self.__fetch_instr(next_addr)
# Decode it.
asm_instr = self.disassembler.disassemble(
encoding, next_addr, architecture_mode=self._arch_mode)
# Translate it.
reil_container = self.__build_reil_container(asm_instr)
# Add it to the execution cache.
execution_cache.add(next_addr, asm_instr, reil_container)
# Update the instruction pointer.
self.__update_ip(asm_instr)
# Execute instruction.
print("{:#x} {}".format(asm_instr.address, asm_instr))
target_addr = self.__process_reil_container(
reil_container, to_reil_address(next_addr))
# Get next address to execute.
next_addr = to_asm_address(
target_addr
) if target_addr else asm_instr.address + asm_instr.size
# Count instruction.
instr_count += 1
context_out = {'registers': {}, 'memory': {}}
# save registers
for reg, val in self.ir_emulator.registers.items():
context_out['registers'][reg] = val
return context_out
def __process_reil_container(self, container, ip):
next_addr = None
while ip:
# Fetch instruction.
try:
reil_instr = container.fetch(ip)
except ReilContainerInvalidAddressError:
next_addr = ip
break
next_ip = self.ir_emulator.single_step(reil_instr)
# Update instruction pointer.
ip = next_ip if next_ip else container.get_next_address(ip)
# Delete temporal registers.
regs = self.ir_emulator.registers.keys()
for r in regs:
if r.startswith("t"):
del self.ir_emulator.registers[r]
return next_addr
def __build_reil_container(self, asm_instr):
reil_translator = self.ir_translator
container = ReilContainer()
instr_seq = ReilSequence()
for reil_instr in reil_translator.translate(asm_instr):
instr_seq.append(reil_instr)
container.add(instr_seq)
return container
def __fetch_instr(self, next_addr):
start, end = next_addr, next_addr + self.arch_info.max_instruction_size
encoding = ""
for i in xrange(end - start):
encoding += chr(self.ir_emulator.read_memory(start + i, 1))
return encoding
def __update_ip(self, asm_instr):
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
self.ir_emulator.registers[
self.ip] = asm_instr.address + asm_instr.size
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_ARM:
if self._arch_mode == arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_ARM:
self.ir_emulator.registers[self.ip] = asm_instr.address + 8
elif self._arch_mode == arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB:
self.ir_emulator.registers[self.ip] = asm_instr.address + 4
def _load_binary_elf(self, filename):
logger.info("Loading ELF image into memory")
f = open(filename, 'rb')
elffile = ELFFile(f)
for index, segment in enumerate(elffile.iter_segments()):
logger.info("Loading segment #{} ({:#x}-{:#x})".format(
index, segment.header.p_vaddr,
segment.header.p_vaddr + segment.header.p_filesz))
for i, b in enumerate(bytearray(segment.data())):
self.ir_emulator.write_memory(segment.header.p_vaddr + i, 1, b)
f.close()
def _load_binary_pe(self, filename):
raise NotImplementedError()
def load_binary(self):
try:
fd = open(self.binary.filename, 'rb')
signature = fd.read(4)
fd.close()
except:
raise Exception("Error loading file.")
if signature[:4] == b"\x7f\x45\x4c\x46":
self._load_binary_elf(self.binary.filename)
elif signature[:2] == b"\x4d\x5a":
self._load_binary_pe(self.binary.filename)
else:
raise Exception("Unknown file format.")
class BARF(object):
"""Binary Analysis Framework."""
def __init__(self, filename, load_bin=True):
logger.info("Initializing BARF")
self.name = None
self.code_analyzer = None
self.ir_translator = None
self.binary = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.gadget_classifier = None
self.gadget_verifier = None
self.arch_info = None
self.gadget_finder = None
self.text_section = None
self.disassembler = None
self.smt_translator = None
self.ir_emulator = None
self.bb_builder = None
self._load_bin = load_bin
self.emulator = None
self._arch_mode = None
self.open(filename)
def _load(self, arch_mode=None):
# setup architecture
self._setup_arch(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# set up core modules
self._setup_core_modules()
# setup analysis modules
self._setup_analysis_modules()
if self._load_bin:
self.emulator.load_binary(self.binary)
def _setup_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up architecture.
"""
# set up architecture information
self.arch_info = None
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
self._setup_x86_arch(arch_mode)
else:
# TODO: add arch to the binary file class.
self._setup_arm_arch(arch_mode)
def _setup_arm_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up ARM architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB
self.name = "ARM"
self.arch_info = ArmArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = ArmDisassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = ArmTranslator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
def _setup_x86_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up x86 architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Set up architecture information
self.name = "x86"
self.arch_info = X86ArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = X86Disassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = X86Translator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
def _setup_core_modules(self):
"""Set up core modules.
"""
self.ir_emulator = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.smt_translator = None
if self.arch_info:
# Set REIL emulator.
self.ir_emulator = ReilEmulator(self.arch_info)
# Set SMT Solver.
self.smt_solver = None
if SMT_SOLVER not in ("Z3", "CVC4"):
raise Exception(
"{} SMT solver not supported.".format(SMT_SOLVER))
try:
if SMT_SOLVER == "Z3":
self.smt_solver = Z3Solver()
elif SMT_SOLVER == "CVC4":
self.smt_solver = CVC4Solver()
except SmtSolverNotFound:
logger.warn(
"{} Solver is not installed. Run 'barf-install-solvers.sh' to install it."
.format(SMT_SOLVER))
# Set SMT translator.
self.smt_translator = None
if self.smt_solver:
self.smt_translator = SmtTranslator(
self.smt_solver, self.arch_info.address_size)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_alias_mapper(
self.arch_info.alias_mapper)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_registers_size(
self.arch_info.registers_size)
def _setup_analysis_modules(self):
"""Set up analysis modules.
"""
# Basic block.
self.bb_builder = CFGRecoverer(
RecursiveDescent(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator, self.arch_info))
# Code analyzer.
self.code_analyzer = None
if self.smt_translator:
self.code_analyzer = CodeAnalyzer(self.smt_solver,
self.smt_translator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets classifier.
self.gadget_classifier = GadgetClassifier(self.ir_emulator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets finder.
self.gadget_finder = GadgetFinder(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator,
self.binary.architecture,
self.binary.architecture_mode)
# Gadget verifier.
self.gadget_verifier = None
if self.code_analyzer:
self.gadget_verifier = GadgetVerifier(self.code_analyzer,
self.arch_info)
self.emulator = Emulator(self.arch_info, self.ir_emulator,
self.ir_translator, self.disassembler)
# ======================================================================== #
def open(self, filename):
"""Open a file for analysis.
Args:
filename (str): Name of an executable file.
"""
if filename:
self.binary = BinaryFile(filename)
self.text_section = self.binary.text_section
self._load(arch_mode=self.binary.architecture_mode)
def load_architecture(self, name, arch_info, disassembler, translator):
"""Translate to REIL instructions.
Args:
name (str): Architecture's name.
arch_info (ArchitectureInformation): Architecture information object.
disassembler (Disassembler): Disassembler for the architecture.
translator (Translator): Translator for the architecture.
"""
# Set up architecture information.
self.name = name
self.arch_info = arch_info
self.disassembler = disassembler
self.ir_translator = translator
# Setup analysis modules.
self._setup_analysis_modules()
def translate(self, start=None, end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Translate to REIL instructions.
Args:
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
(int, Instruction, list): A tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, REIL instructions).
"""
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
self.ir_translator.reset()
for addr, asm, _ in self.disassemble(start=start_addr,
end=end_addr,
arch_mode=arch_mode):
yield addr, asm, self.ir_translator.translate(asm)
def disassemble(self, start=None, end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Disassemble native instructions.
Args:
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
(int, Instruction, int): A tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, instruction size).
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
curr_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
while curr_addr < end_addr:
# Fetch the instruction.
encoding = self.__fetch_instr(curr_addr)
# Decode it.
asm_instr = self.disassembler.disassemble(
encoding, curr_addr, architecture_mode=arch_mode)
if not asm_instr:
return
yield curr_addr, asm_instr, asm_instr.size
# update instruction pointer
curr_addr += asm_instr.size
def recover_cfg(self,
start=None,
end=None,
symbols=None,
callback=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG.
Args:
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
symbols (dict): Symbol table.
callback (function): A callback function which is called after each successfully recovered CFG.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
ControlFlowGraph: A CFG.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# Check start address.
start = start if start else self.binary.entry_point
cfg, _ = self._recover_cfg(start=start,
end=end,
symbols=symbols,
callback=callback)
return cfg
def recover_cfg_all(self,
entries,
symbols=None,
callback=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG for all functions from an entry point and/or symbol table.
Args:
entries (list): A list of function addresses' to start the CFG recovery process.
symbols (dict): Symbol table.
callback (function): A callback function which is called after each successfully recovered CFG.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
Returns:
list: A list of recovered CFGs.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# Set symbols.
symbols = {} if not symbols else symbols
# Recover the CFGs.
cfgs = []
addrs_processed = set()
calls = entries
while len(calls) > 0:
start, calls = calls[0], calls[1:]
cfg, calls_tmp = self._recover_cfg(start=start,
symbols=symbols,
callback=callback)
addrs_processed.add(start)
cfgs.append(cfg)
for addr in sorted(calls_tmp):
if addr not in addrs_processed and addr not in calls:
calls.append(addr)
return cfgs
def _recover_cfg(self, start=None, end=None, symbols=None, callback=None):
"""Recover CFG
"""
# Retrieve symbol name in case it is available.
if symbols and start in symbols:
name = symbols[start][0]
size = symbols[start][1] - 1 if symbols[start][1] != 0 else 0
else:
name = "sub_{:x}".format(start)
size = 0
# Compute start and end address.
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
# Set callback.
if callback:
callback(start, name, size)
# Recover basic blocks.
bbs, calls = self.bb_builder.build(start_addr, end_addr, symbols)
# Build CFG.
cfg = ControlFlowGraph(bbs, name=name)
return cfg, calls
def emulate(self,
context=None,
start=None,
end=None,
arch_mode=None,
hooks=None,
max_instrs=None,
print_asm=False):
"""Emulate native code.
Args:
context (dict): Processor context (register and/or memory).
start (int): Start address.
end (int): End address.
arch_mode (int): Architecture mode.
hooks (dict): Hooks by address.
max_instrs (int): Maximum number of instructions to execute.
print_asm (bool): Print asm.
Returns:
dict: Processor context.
"""
if arch_mode is not None:
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
context = context if context else {}
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
hooks = hooks if hooks else {}
# Load registers
for reg, val in context.get('registers', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.registers[reg] = val
# Load memory
# TODO Memory content should be encoded as hex strings so each
# entry can be of different sizes.
for addr, val in context.get('memory', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.memory.write(addr, 4, val)
# Execute the code.
self.emulator.emulate(start_addr, end_addr, hooks, max_instrs,
print_asm)
context_out = {'registers': {}, 'memory': {}}
# save registers
for reg, val in self.ir_emulator.registers.items():
context_out['registers'][reg] = val
return context_out
def __fetch_instr(self, next_addr):
start, end = next_addr, next_addr + self.arch_info.max_instruction_size
encoding = ""
for i in xrange(end - start):
encoding += chr(self.ir_emulator.read_memory(start + i, 1))
return encoding
class BARF(object):
"""Binary Analysis Framework."""
def __init__(self, filename):
logger.info("[+] BARF: Initializing...")
self.code_analyzer = None
self.ir_translator = None
self.binary = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.gadget_classifier = None
self.gadget_verifier = None
self.arch_info = None
self.gadget_finder = None
self.text_section = None
self.disassembler = None
self.smt_translator = None
self.ir_emulator = None
self.bb_builder = None
self.open(filename)
def _load(self, arch_mode=None):
# setup architecture
self._setup_arch(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# set up core modules
self._setup_core_modules()
# setup analysis modules
self._setup_analysis_modules()
def _setup_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up architecture.
"""
# set up architecture information
self.arch_info = None
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
self._setup_x86_arch(arch_mode)
else:
# TODO: add arch to the binary file class.
self._setup_arm_arch(arch_mode)
def _setup_arm_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up ARM architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB
self.arch_info = ArmArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = ArmDisassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = ArmTranslator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
def _setup_x86_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up x86 architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Set up architecture information
self.arch_info = X86ArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = X86Disassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = X86Translator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
def _setup_core_modules(self):
"""Set up core modules.
"""
self.ir_emulator = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.smt_translator = None
if self.arch_info:
# Set REIL emulator.
self.ir_emulator = ReilEmulator(self.arch_info)
# Set SMT Solver.
if SMT_SOLVER == "Z3":
self.smt_solver = Z3Solver()
elif SMT_SOLVER == "CVC4":
self.smt_solver = CVC4Solver()
elif SMT_SOLVER is not None:
raise Exception("Invalid SMT solver.")
# Set SMT translator.
if self.smt_solver:
self.smt_translator = SmtTranslator(
self.smt_solver, self.arch_info.address_size)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_alias_mapper(
self.arch_info.alias_mapper)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_registers_size(
self.arch_info.registers_size)
def _setup_analysis_modules(self):
"""Set up analysis modules.
"""
# Basic block.
self.bb_builder = CFGRecoverer(
RecursiveDescent(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator, self.arch_info))
# Code analyzer.
self.code_analyzer = CodeAnalyzer(self.smt_solver, self.smt_translator,
self.arch_info)
# Gadgets.
self.gadget_classifier = GadgetClassifier(self.ir_emulator,
self.arch_info)
self.gadget_finder = GadgetFinder(self.disassembler, self.text_section,
self.ir_translator,
self.binary.architecture,
self.binary.architecture_mode)
self.gadget_verifier = GadgetVerifier(self.code_analyzer,
self.arch_info)
# ======================================================================== #
def open(self, filename):
"""Open a file for analysis.
:param filename: name of an executable file
:type filename: str
"""
if filename:
self.binary = BinaryFile(filename)
self.text_section = self.binary.text_section
self._load()
def load_architecture(self, name, arch_info, disassembler, translator):
# Set up architecture information
self.arch_info = arch_info
self.disassembler = disassembler
self.ir_translator = translator
# setup analysis modules
self._setup_analysis_modules()
def translate(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Translate to REIL instructions.
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, instruction size)
:rtype: (int, Instruction, int)
"""
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
self.ir_translator.reset()
for addr, asm, _ in self.disassemble(ea_start=start_addr,
ea_end=end_addr,
arch_mode=arch_mode):
yield addr, asm, self.ir_translator.translate(asm)
def disassemble(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Disassemble assembler instructions.
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, instruction size)
:rtype: (int, Instruction, int)
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
curr_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
while curr_addr < end_addr:
# disassemble instruction
start, end = curr_addr, min(curr_addr + 16, self.binary.ea_end + 1)
asm = self.disassembler.disassemble(self.text_section[start:end],
curr_addr,
architecture_mode=arch_mode)
if not asm:
return
yield curr_addr, asm, asm.size
# update instruction pointer
curr_addr += asm.size
def recover_cfg(self,
ea_start=None,
ea_end=None,
symbols=None,
callback=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG
:int start: Start address.
:int end: End address.
:returns: A CFG.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
cfg, _ = self._recover_cfg(start=ea_start,
end=ea_end,
symbols=symbols,
callback=callback)
return cfg
def recover_cfg_all(self,
entries,
symbols=None,
callback=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG for all functions from an entry point and/or symbol table.
:int start: Start address.
:returns: A list of CFGs.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# Set symbols.
symbols = {} if not symbols else symbols
# Recover the CFGs.
cfgs = []
addrs_processed = set()
calls = entries
while len(calls) > 0:
start, calls = calls[0], calls[1:]
cfg, calls_tmp = self._recover_cfg(start=start,
symbols=symbols,
callback=callback)
addrs_processed.add(start)
cfgs.append(cfg)
for addr in sorted(calls_tmp):
if addr not in addrs_processed and addr not in calls:
calls.append(addr)
return cfgs
def _recover_cfg(self, start=None, end=None, symbols=None, callback=None):
"""Recover CFG
"""
# Retrieve symbol name in case it is available.
if symbols and start in symbols:
name = symbols[start][0]
size = symbols[start][1] - 1 if symbols[start][1] != 0 else 0
else:
name = "sub_{:x}".format(start)
size = 0
# Compute start and end address.
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
# Set callback.
if callback:
callback(start, name, size)
# Recover basic blocks.
bbs, calls = self.bb_builder.build(start_addr, end_addr, symbols)
# Build CFG.
cfg = ControlFlowGraph(bbs, name=name)
return cfg, calls
def recover_bbs(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None):
"""Recover basic blocks.
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:returns: a list of basic blocks
:rtype: list
"""
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
bb_list = self.bb_builder.build(start_addr, end_addr)
return bb_list
def emulate_full(self,
context,
ea_start=None,
ea_end=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Emulate REIL instructions.
:param context: processor context (register and/or memory)
:type context: dict
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a context
:rtype: dict
"""
def _translate_asm_instruction(asm_instr):
reil_translator = self.ir_translator
# Create ReilContainer
instr_container = ReilContainer()
instr_seq = ReilSequence()
for reil_instr in reil_translator.translate(asm_instr):
instr_seq.append(reil_instr)
instr_container.add(instr_seq)
return instr_container
def _process_asm_instruction(reil_emulator, asm_instr):
instr_container = _translate_asm_instruction(asm_instr)
ip = asm_instr.address << 8 | 0x0
next_addr = None
while ip:
# Fetch instruction.
try:
reil_instr = instr_container.fetch(ip)
except ReilContainerInvalidAddressError:
next_addr = split_address(ip)[0]
break
next_ip = reil_emulator.single_step(reil_instr)
# Update instruction pointer.
ip = next_ip if next_ip else instr_container.get_next_address(
ip)
if next_addr is None:
next_addr = asm_instr.address + asm_instr.size
return next_addr
if arch_mode is not None:
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
# Load registers
for reg, val in context.get('registers', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.registers[reg] = val
# Load memory
for addr, val in context.get('memory', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.memory.write(addr, 4, val)
next_addr = start_addr
while next_addr != end_addr:
start, end = next_addr, next_addr + self.arch_info.max_instruction_size
asm_instr = self.disassembler.disassemble(
self.text_section[start:end], next_addr)
next_addr = _process_asm_instruction(self.ir_emulator, asm_instr)
context_out = {'registers': {}, 'memory': {}}
# save registers
for reg, val in self.ir_emulator.registers.items():
context_out['registers'][reg] = val
return context_out
def emulate_full_ex(self,
context,
instr_container,
ea_start=None,
ea_end=None,
arch_mode=None):
"""Emulate REIL instructions from an instruction container.
:param context: processor context (register and/or memory)
:type context: dict
:param instr_container: instruction container
:type instr_container: ReilContainer
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a context
:rtype: dict
"""
if arch_mode is not None:
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
# Load registers
for reg, val in context.get('registers', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.registers[reg] = val
# Load memory
for addr, val in context.get('memory', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.memory.write(addr, 4, val)
self.ir_emulator.execute(instr_container,
start=start_addr << 8,
end=end_addr << 8)
context_out = {'registers': {}, 'memory': {}}
# save registers
for reg, val in self.ir_emulator.registers.items():
context_out['registers'][reg] = val
return context_out
class BARF(object):
"""Binary Analysis Framework."""
def __init__(self, filename):
logger.info("[+] BARF: Initializing...")
self.code_analyzer = None
self.ir_translator = None
self.binary = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.gadget_classifier = None
self.gadget_verifier = None
self.arch_info = None
self.gadget_finder = None
self.text_section = None
self.disassembler = None
self.smt_translator = None
self.ir_emulator = None
self.bb_builder = None
self.open(filename)
def _load(self, arch_mode=None):
# setup architecture
self._setup_arch(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# set up core modules
self._setup_core_modules()
# setup analysis modules
self._setup_analysis_modules()
def _setup_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up architecture.
"""
# set up architecture information
self.arch_info = None
if self.binary.architecture == arch.ARCH_X86:
self._setup_x86_arch(arch_mode)
else:
# TODO: add arch to the binary file class.
self._setup_arm_arch(arch_mode)
def _setup_arm_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up ARM architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = arch.ARCH_ARM_MODE_THUMB
self.arch_info = ArmArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = ArmDisassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = ArmTranslator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
def _setup_x86_arch(self, arch_mode=None):
"""Set up x86 architecture.
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Set up architecture information
self.arch_info = X86ArchitectureInformation(arch_mode)
self.disassembler = X86Disassembler(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
self.ir_translator = X86Translator(architecture_mode=arch_mode)
def _setup_core_modules(self):
"""Set up core modules.
"""
self.ir_emulator = None
self.smt_solver = None
self.smt_translator = None
if self.arch_info:
# Set REIL emulator.
self.ir_emulator = ReilEmulator(self.arch_info)
# Set SMT Solver.
self.smt_solver = None
if SMT_SOLVER == "Z3":
if _check_solver_installation("z3"):
self.smt_solver = Z3Solver()
else:
logger.warn("z3 solver is not installed. Run 'barf-install-solvers.sh' to install it.")
elif SMT_SOLVER == "CVC4":
if _check_solver_installation("cvc4"):
self.smt_solver = CVC4Solver()
else:
logger.warn("cvc4 solver is not installed. Run 'barf-install-solvers.sh' to install it.")
elif SMT_SOLVER is not None:
raise Exception("Invalid SMT solver.")
# Set SMT translator.
self.smt_translator = None
if self.smt_solver:
self.smt_translator = SmtTranslator(self.smt_solver, self.arch_info.address_size)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_alias_mapper(self.arch_info.alias_mapper)
self.smt_translator.set_arch_registers_size(self.arch_info.registers_size)
def _setup_analysis_modules(self):
"""Set up analysis modules.
"""
# Basic block.
self.bb_builder = CFGRecoverer(RecursiveDescent(self.disassembler, self.text_section, self.ir_translator,
self.arch_info))
# Code analyzer.
self.code_analyzer = None
if self.smt_translator:
self.code_analyzer = CodeAnalyzer(self.smt_solver, self.smt_translator, self.arch_info)
# Gadgets classifier.
self.gadget_classifier = GadgetClassifier(self.ir_emulator, self.arch_info)
# Gadgets finder.
self.gadget_finder = GadgetFinder(self.disassembler, self.text_section, self.ir_translator,
self.binary.architecture, self.binary.architecture_mode)
# Gadget verifier.
self.gadget_verifier = None
if self.code_analyzer:
self.gadget_verifier = GadgetVerifier(self.code_analyzer, self.arch_info)
# ======================================================================== #
def open(self, filename):
"""Open a file for analysis.
:param filename: name of an executable file
:type filename: str
"""
if filename:
self.binary = BinaryFile(filename)
self.text_section = self.binary.text_section
self._load()
def load_architecture(self, name, arch_info, disassembler, translator):
# Set up architecture information
self.arch_info = arch_info
self.disassembler = disassembler
self.ir_translator = translator
# setup analysis modules
self._setup_analysis_modules()
def translate(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Translate to REIL instructions.
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, instruction size)
:rtype: (int, Instruction, int)
"""
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
self.ir_translator.reset()
for addr, asm, _ in self.disassemble(ea_start=start_addr, ea_end=end_addr, arch_mode=arch_mode):
yield addr, asm, self.ir_translator.translate(asm)
def disassemble(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Disassemble assembler instructions.
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a tuple of the form (address, assembler instruction, instruction size)
:rtype: (int, Instruction, int)
"""
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
curr_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
while curr_addr < end_addr:
# disassemble instruction
start, end = curr_addr, min(curr_addr + 16, self.binary.ea_end + 1)
asm = self.disassembler.disassemble(self.text_section[start:end], curr_addr, architecture_mode=arch_mode)
if not asm:
return
yield curr_addr, asm, asm.size
# update instruction pointer
curr_addr += asm.size
def recover_cfg(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, symbols=None, callback=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG
:int start: Start address.
:int end: End address.
:returns: A CFG.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
cfg, _ = self._recover_cfg(start=ea_start, end=ea_end, symbols=symbols, callback=callback)
return cfg
def recover_cfg_all(self, entries, symbols=None, callback=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Recover CFG for all functions from an entry point and/or symbol table.
:int start: Start address.
:returns: A list of CFGs.
"""
# Set architecture in case it wasn't already set.
if arch_mode is None:
arch_mode = self.binary.architecture_mode
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
# Set symbols.
symbols = {} if not symbols else symbols
# Recover the CFGs.
cfgs = []
addrs_processed = set()
calls = entries
while len(calls) > 0:
start, calls = calls[0], calls[1:]
cfg, calls_tmp = self._recover_cfg(start=start, symbols=symbols, callback=callback)
addrs_processed.add(start)
cfgs.append(cfg)
for addr in sorted(calls_tmp):
if addr not in addrs_processed and addr not in calls:
calls.append(addr)
return cfgs
def _recover_cfg(self, start=None, end=None, symbols=None, callback=None):
"""Recover CFG
"""
# Retrieve symbol name in case it is available.
if symbols and start in symbols:
name = symbols[start][0]
size = symbols[start][1] - 1 if symbols[start][1] != 0 else 0
else:
name = "sub_{:x}".format(start)
size = 0
# Compute start and end address.
start_addr = start if start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = end if end else self.binary.ea_end
# Set callback.
if callback:
callback(start, name, size)
# Recover basic blocks.
bbs, calls = self.bb_builder.build(start_addr, end_addr, symbols)
# Build CFG.
cfg = ControlFlowGraph(bbs, name=name)
return cfg, calls
def recover_bbs(self, ea_start=None, ea_end=None):
"""Recover basic blocks.
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:returns: a list of basic blocks
:rtype: list
"""
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
bb_list = self.bb_builder.build(start_addr, end_addr)
return bb_list
def emulate_full(self, context, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Emulate REIL instructions.
:param context: processor context (register and/or memory)
:type context: dict
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a context
:rtype: dict
"""
def _translate_asm_instruction(asm_instr):
reil_translator = self.ir_translator
# Create ReilContainer
instr_container = ReilContainer()
instr_seq = ReilSequence()
for reil_instr in reil_translator.translate(asm_instr):
instr_seq.append(reil_instr)
instr_container.add(instr_seq)
return instr_container
def _process_asm_instruction(reil_emulator, asm_instr):
instr_container = _translate_asm_instruction(asm_instr)
ip = asm_instr.address << 8 | 0x0
next_addr = None
while ip:
# Fetch instruction.
try:
reil_instr = instr_container.fetch(ip)
except ReilContainerInvalidAddressError:
next_addr = split_address(ip)[0]
break
next_ip = reil_emulator.single_step(reil_instr)
# Update instruction pointer.
ip = next_ip if next_ip else instr_container.get_next_address(ip)
if next_addr is None:
next_addr = asm_instr.address + asm_instr.size
return next_addr
if arch_mode is not None:
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
# Load registers
for reg, val in context.get('registers', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.registers[reg] = val
# Load memory
for addr, val in context.get('memory', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.memory.write(addr, 4, val)
next_addr = start_addr
while next_addr != end_addr:
start, end = next_addr, next_addr + self.arch_info.max_instruction_size
asm_instr = self.disassembler.disassemble(self.text_section[start:end], next_addr)
next_addr = _process_asm_instruction(self.ir_emulator, asm_instr)
context_out = {
'registers': {},
'memory': {}
}
# save registers
for reg, val in self.ir_emulator.registers.items():
context_out['registers'][reg] = val
return context_out
def emulate_full_ex(self, context, instr_container, ea_start=None, ea_end=None, arch_mode=None):
"""Emulate REIL instructions from an instruction container.
:param context: processor context (register and/or memory)
:type context: dict
:param instr_container: instruction container
:type instr_container: ReilContainer
:param ea_start: start address
:type ea_start: int
:param ea_end: end address
:type ea_end: int
:param arch_mode: architecture mode
:type arch_mode: int
:returns: a context
:rtype: dict
"""
if arch_mode is not None:
# Reload modules.
self._load(arch_mode=arch_mode)
start_addr = ea_start if ea_start else self.binary.ea_start
end_addr = ea_end if ea_end else self.binary.ea_end
# Load registers
for reg, val in context.get('registers', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.registers[reg] = val
# Load memory
for addr, val in context.get('memory', {}).items():
self.ir_emulator.memory.write(addr, 4, val)
self.ir_emulator.execute(instr_container, start=start_addr << 8, end=end_addr << 8)
context_out = {
'registers': {},
'memory': {}
}
# save registers
for reg, val in self.ir_emulator.registers.items():
context_out['registers'][reg] = val
return context_out