Example #1
0
def __last_error(namespace, args):
    """Data to send to do a lastError.
    """
    cmd = SON([("getlasterror", 1)])
    cmd.update(args)
    splitns = namespace.split('.', 1)
    return query(0, splitns[0] + '.$cmd', 0, -1, cmd)
Example #2
0
def __last_error(namespace, args):
    """Data to send to do a lastError.
    """
    cmd = SON([("getlasterror", 1)])
    cmd.update(args)
    splitns = namespace.split('.', 1)
    return query(0, splitns[0] + '.$cmd', 0, -1, cmd)
Example #3
0
 def transform_incoming(self, son, collection):
     """Move _id to the front if it's there.
     """
     if not "_id" in son:
         return son
     transformed = SON({"_id": son["_id"]})
     transformed.update(son)
     return transformed
Example #4
0
 def transform_incoming(self, son, collection):
     """Move _id to the front if it's there.
     """
     if not "_id" in son:
         return son
     transformed = SON({"_id": son["_id"]})
     transformed.update(son)
     return transformed
Example #5
0
    def as_doc(self):
        """Get the SON document representation of this DBRef.

        Generally not needed by application developers
        """
        doc = SON([("$ref", self.collection),
                   ("$id", self.id)])
        if self.database is not None:
            doc["$db"] = self.database
        doc.update(self.__kwargs)
        return doc
Example #6
0
def _authenticate_x509(credentials, sock_info, cmd_func):
    """Authenticate using MONGODB-X509.
    """
    dummy, username = credentials
    query = SON([('authenticate', 1), ('mechanism', 'MONGODB-X509'),
                 ('user', username)])
    cmd_func(sock_info, '$external', query)
Example #7
0
def _index_document(index_list):
    """Helper to generate an index specifying document.

    Takes a list of (key, direction) pairs.
    """
    if isinstance(index_list, dict):
        raise TypeError("passing a dict to sort/create_index/hint is not "
                        "allowed - use a list of tuples instead. did you "
                        "mean %r?" % list(index_list.items()))
    elif not isinstance(index_list, list):
        raise TypeError("must use a list of (key, direction) pairs, "
                        "not: " + repr(index_list))
    if not len(index_list):
        raise ValueError("key_or_list must not be the empty list")

    index = SON()
    for (key, value) in index_list:
        if not isinstance(key, str):
            raise TypeError("first item in each key pair must be a string")
        if not isinstance(value, (str, int)):
            raise TypeError("second item in each key pair must be 1, -1, "
                            "'2d', 'geoHaystack', or another valid MongoDB "
                            "index specifier.")
        index[key] = value
    return index
Example #8
0
 def transform_value(value):
     if isinstance(value, DBRef):
         return self.database.dereference(value)
     elif isinstance(value, list):
         return [transform_value(v) for v in value]
     elif isinstance(value, dict):
         return transform_dict(SON(value))
     return value
Example #9
0
def _authenticate_plain(credentials, sock_info, cmd_func):
    """Authenticate using SASL PLAIN (RFC 4616)
    """
    source, username, password = credentials
    payload = ('\x00%s\x00%s' % (username, password)).encode('utf-8')
    cmd = SON([('saslStart', 1), ('mechanism', 'PLAIN'),
               ('payload', Binary(payload)), ('autoAuthorize', 1)])
    cmd_func(sock_info, source, cmd)
Example #10
0
 def transform_value(value):
     if isinstance(value, dict):
         if "_id" in value and "_ns" in value:
             return DBRef(value["_ns"], transform_value(value["_id"]))
         else:
             return transform_dict(SON(value))
     elif isinstance(value, list):
         return [transform_value(v) for v in value]
     return value
Example #11
0
    def transform_incoming(self, son, collection):
        """Manipulate an incoming SON object.

        :Parameters:
          - `son`: the SON object to be inserted into the database
          - `collection`: the collection the object is being inserted into
        """
        if self.will_copy():
            return SON(son)
        return son
Example #12
0
    def transform_outgoing(self, son, collection):
        """Manipulate an outgoing SON object.

        :Parameters:
          - `son`: the SON object being retrieved from the database
          - `collection`: the collection this object was stored in
        """
        if self.will_copy():
            return SON(son)
        return son
Example #13
0
def _authenticate_mongo_cr(credentials, sock_info, cmd_func):
    """Authenticate using MONGODB-CR.
    """
    source, username, password = credentials
    # Get a nonce
    response, _ = cmd_func(sock_info, source, {'getnonce': 1})
    nonce = response['nonce']
    key = _auth_key(nonce, username, password)

    # Actually authenticate
    query = SON([('authenticate', 1), ('user', username), ('nonce', nonce),
                 ('key', key)])
    cmd_func(sock_info, source, query)
Example #14
0
    def transform_outgoing(self, son, collection):
        """Replace DBRefs with embedded documents.
        """
        def transform_value(value):
            if isinstance(value, DBRef):
                return self.database.dereference(value)
            elif isinstance(value, list):
                return [transform_value(v) for v in value]
            elif isinstance(value, dict):
                return transform_dict(SON(value))
            return value

        def transform_dict(object):
            for (key, value) in list(object.items()):
                object[key] = transform_value(value)
            return object

        return transform_dict(SON(son))
Example #15
0
    def transform_incoming(self, son, collection):
        """Replace embedded documents with DBRefs.
        """
        def transform_value(value):
            if isinstance(value, dict):
                if "_id" in value and "_ns" in value:
                    return DBRef(value["_ns"], transform_value(value["_id"]))
                else:
                    return transform_dict(SON(value))
            elif isinstance(value, list):
                return [transform_value(v) for v in value]
            return value

        def transform_dict(object):
            for (key, value) in list(object.items()):
                object[key] = transform_value(value)
            return object

        return transform_dict(SON(son))
Example #16
0
    def command(self,
                command,
                value=1,
                check=True,
                allowable_errors=[],
                uuid_subtype=OLD_UUID_SUBTYPE,
                **kwargs):
        """Issue a MongoDB command.

        Send command `command` to the database and return the
        response. If `command` is an instance of :class:`basestring`
        (:class:`str` in python 3) then the command {`command`: `value`}
        will be sent. Otherwise, `command` must be an instance of
        :class:`dict` and will be sent as is.

        Any additional keyword arguments will be added to the final
        command document before it is sent.

        For example, a command like ``{buildinfo: 1}`` can be sent
        using:

        >>> db.command("buildinfo")

        For a command where the value matters, like ``{collstats:
        collection_name}`` we can do:

        >>> db.command("collstats", collection_name)

        For commands that take additional arguments we can use
        kwargs. So ``{filemd5: object_id, root: file_root}`` becomes:

        >>> db.command("filemd5", object_id, root=file_root)

        :Parameters:
          - `command`: document representing the command to be issued,
            or the name of the command (for simple commands only).

            .. note:: the order of keys in the `command` document is
               significant (the "verb" must come first), so commands
               which require multiple keys (e.g. `findandmodify`)
               should use an instance of :class:`~bson.son.SON` or
               a string and kwargs instead of a Python `dict`.

          - `value` (optional): value to use for the command verb when
            `command` is passed as a string
          - `check` (optional): check the response for errors, raising
            :class:`~pymongo.errors.OperationFailure` if there are any
          - `allowable_errors`: if `check` is ``True``, error messages
            in this list will be ignored by error-checking
          - `uuid_subtype` (optional): The BSON binary subtype to use
            for a UUID used in this command.
          - `read_preference`: The read preference for this connection.
            See :class:`~pymongo.read_preferences.ReadPreference` for available
            options.
          - `tag_sets`: Read from replica-set members with these tags.
            To specify a priority-order for tag sets, provide a list of
            tag sets: ``[{'dc': 'ny'}, {'dc': 'la'}, {}]``. A final, empty tag
            set, ``{}``, means "read from any member that matches the mode,
            ignoring tags." ReplicaSetConnection tries each set of tags in turn
            until it finds a set of tags with at least one matching member.
          - `secondary_acceptable_latency_ms`: Any replica-set member whose
            ping time is within secondary_acceptable_latency_ms of the nearest
            member may accept reads. Default 15 milliseconds.
            **Ignored by mongos** and must be configured on the command line.
            See the localThreshold_ option for more information.
          - `**kwargs` (optional): additional keyword arguments will
            be added to the command document before it is sent

        .. note:: ``command`` ignores the ``network_timeout`` parameter.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.3
           Added `tag_sets` and `secondary_acceptable_latency_ms` options.
        .. versionchanged:: 2.2
           Added support for `as_class` - the class you want to use for
           the resulting documents
        .. versionchanged:: 1.6
           Added the `value` argument for string commands, and keyword
           arguments for additional command options.
        .. versionchanged:: 1.5
           `command` can be a string in addition to a full document.
        .. versionadded:: 1.4

        .. mongodoc:: commands
        .. _localThreshold: http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/mongos/#cmdoption-mongos--localThreshold
        """

        if isinstance(command, str):
            command = SON([(command, value)])

        command_name = list(command.keys())[0].lower()
        must_use_master = kwargs.pop('_use_master', False)
        if command_name not in rp.secondary_ok_commands:
            must_use_master = True

        # Special-case: mapreduce can go to secondaries only if inline
        if command_name == 'mapreduce':
            out = command.get('out') or kwargs.get('out')
            if not isinstance(out, dict) or not out.get('inline'):
                must_use_master = True

        extra_opts = {
            'as_class': kwargs.pop('as_class', None),
            'slave_okay': kwargs.pop('slave_okay', self.slave_okay),
            '_must_use_master': must_use_master,
            '_uuid_subtype': uuid_subtype
        }

        extra_opts['read_preference'] = kwargs.pop('read_preference',
                                                   self.read_preference)
        extra_opts['tag_sets'] = kwargs.pop('tag_sets', self.tag_sets)
        extra_opts['secondary_acceptable_latency_ms'] = kwargs.pop(
            'secondary_acceptable_latency_ms',
            self.secondary_acceptable_latency_ms)

        fields = kwargs.get('fields')
        if fields is not None and not isinstance(fields, dict):
            kwargs['fields'] = helpers._fields_list_to_dict(fields)

        command.update(kwargs)

        result = self["$cmd"].find_one(command, **extra_opts)

        if check:
            msg = "command %s failed: %%s" % repr(command).replace("%", "%%")
            helpers._check_command_response(result, self.connection.disconnect,
                                            msg, allowable_errors)

        return result
Example #17
0
    def command(self, command, value=1,
                check=True, allowable_errors=[],
                uuid_subtype=OLD_UUID_SUBTYPE, **kwargs):
        """Issue a MongoDB command.

        Send command `command` to the database and return the
        response. If `command` is an instance of :class:`basestring`
        (:class:`str` in python 3) then the command {`command`: `value`}
        will be sent. Otherwise, `command` must be an instance of
        :class:`dict` and will be sent as is.

        Any additional keyword arguments will be added to the final
        command document before it is sent.

        For example, a command like ``{buildinfo: 1}`` can be sent
        using:

        >>> db.command("buildinfo")

        For a command where the value matters, like ``{collstats:
        collection_name}`` we can do:

        >>> db.command("collstats", collection_name)

        For commands that take additional arguments we can use
        kwargs. So ``{filemd5: object_id, root: file_root}`` becomes:

        >>> db.command("filemd5", object_id, root=file_root)

        :Parameters:
          - `command`: document representing the command to be issued,
            or the name of the command (for simple commands only).

            .. note:: the order of keys in the `command` document is
               significant (the "verb" must come first), so commands
               which require multiple keys (e.g. `findandmodify`)
               should use an instance of :class:`~bson.son.SON` or
               a string and kwargs instead of a Python `dict`.

          - `value` (optional): value to use for the command verb when
            `command` is passed as a string
          - `check` (optional): check the response for errors, raising
            :class:`~pymongo.errors.OperationFailure` if there are any
          - `allowable_errors`: if `check` is ``True``, error messages
            in this list will be ignored by error-checking
          - `uuid_subtype` (optional): The BSON binary subtype to use
            for a UUID used in this command.
          - `read_preference`: The read preference for this connection.
            See :class:`~pymongo.read_preferences.ReadPreference` for available
            options.
          - `tag_sets`: Read from replica-set members with these tags.
            To specify a priority-order for tag sets, provide a list of
            tag sets: ``[{'dc': 'ny'}, {'dc': 'la'}, {}]``. A final, empty tag
            set, ``{}``, means "read from any member that matches the mode,
            ignoring tags." ReplicaSetConnection tries each set of tags in turn
            until it finds a set of tags with at least one matching member.
          - `secondary_acceptable_latency_ms`: Any replica-set member whose
            ping time is within secondary_acceptable_latency_ms of the nearest
            member may accept reads. Default 15 milliseconds.
            **Ignored by mongos** and must be configured on the command line.
            See the localThreshold_ option for more information.
          - `**kwargs` (optional): additional keyword arguments will
            be added to the command document before it is sent

        .. note:: ``command`` ignores the ``network_timeout`` parameter.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.3
           Added `tag_sets` and `secondary_acceptable_latency_ms` options.
        .. versionchanged:: 2.2
           Added support for `as_class` - the class you want to use for
           the resulting documents
        .. versionchanged:: 1.6
           Added the `value` argument for string commands, and keyword
           arguments for additional command options.
        .. versionchanged:: 1.5
           `command` can be a string in addition to a full document.
        .. versionadded:: 1.4

        .. mongodoc:: commands
        .. _localThreshold: http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/mongos/#cmdoption-mongos--localThreshold
        """

        if isinstance(command, str):
            command = SON([(command, value)])

        command_name = list(command.keys())[0].lower()
        must_use_master = kwargs.pop('_use_master', False)
        if command_name not in rp.secondary_ok_commands:
            must_use_master = True

        # Special-case: mapreduce can go to secondaries only if inline
        if command_name == 'mapreduce':
            out = command.get('out') or kwargs.get('out')
            if not isinstance(out, dict) or not out.get('inline'):
                must_use_master = True

        extra_opts = {
            'as_class': kwargs.pop('as_class', None),
            'slave_okay': kwargs.pop('slave_okay', self.slave_okay),
            '_must_use_master': must_use_master,
            '_uuid_subtype': uuid_subtype
        }

        extra_opts['read_preference'] = kwargs.pop(
            'read_preference',
            self.read_preference)
        extra_opts['tag_sets'] = kwargs.pop(
            'tag_sets',
            self.tag_sets)
        extra_opts['secondary_acceptable_latency_ms'] = kwargs.pop(
            'secondary_acceptable_latency_ms',
            self.secondary_acceptable_latency_ms)

        fields = kwargs.get('fields')
        if fields is not None and not isinstance(fields, dict):
            kwargs['fields'] = helpers._fields_list_to_dict(fields)

        command.update(kwargs)

        result = self["$cmd"].find_one(command, **extra_opts)

        if check:
            msg = "command %s failed: %%s" % repr(command).replace("%", "%%")
            helpers._check_command_response(result, self.connection.disconnect,
                                            msg, allowable_errors)

        return result
Example #18
0
def _authenticate_gssapi(credentials, sock_info, cmd_func):
    """Authenticate using GSSAPI.
    """
    try:
        dummy, username, gsn = credentials
        # Starting here and continuing through the while loop below - establish
        # the security context. See RFC 4752, Section 3.1, first paragraph.
        result, ctx = kerberos.authGSSClientInit(gsn + '@' + sock_info.host,
                                                 kerberos.GSS_C_MUTUAL_FLAG)
        if result != kerberos.AUTH_GSS_COMPLETE:
            raise OperationFailure('Kerberos context failed to initialize.')

        try:
            # pykerberos uses a weird mix of exceptions and return values
            # to indicate errors.
            # 0 == continue, 1 == complete, -1 == error
            # Only authGSSClientStep can return 0.
            if kerberos.authGSSClientStep(ctx, '') != 0:
                raise OperationFailure('Unknown kerberos '
                                       'failure in step function.')

            # Start a SASL conversation with mongod/s
            # Note: pykerberos deals with base64 encoded byte strings.
            # Since mongo accepts base64 strings as the payload we don't
            # have to use bson.binary.Binary.
            payload = kerberos.authGSSClientResponse(ctx)
            cmd = SON([('saslStart', 1), ('mechanism', 'GSSAPI'),
                       ('payload', payload), ('autoAuthorize', 1)])
            response, _ = cmd_func(sock_info, '$external', cmd)

            # Limit how many times we loop to catch protocol / library issues
            for _ in range(10):
                result = kerberos.authGSSClientStep(ctx,
                                                    str(response['payload']))
                if result == -1:
                    raise OperationFailure('Unknown kerberos '
                                           'failure in step function.')

                payload = kerberos.authGSSClientResponse(ctx) or ''

                cmd = SON([('saslContinue', 1),
                           ('conversationId', response['conversationId']),
                           ('payload', payload)])
                response, _ = cmd_func(sock_info, '$external', cmd)

                if result == kerberos.AUTH_GSS_COMPLETE:
                    break
            else:
                raise OperationFailure('Kerberos '
                                       'authentication failed to complete.')

            # Once the security context is established actually authenticate.
            # See RFC 4752, Section 3.1, last two paragraphs.
            if kerberos.authGSSClientUnwrap(ctx, str(
                    response['payload'])) != 1:
                raise OperationFailure('Unknown kerberos '
                                       'failure during GSS_Unwrap step.')

            if kerberos.authGSSClientWrap(
                    ctx, kerberos.authGSSClientResponse(ctx), username) != 1:
                raise OperationFailure('Unknown kerberos '
                                       'failure during GSS_Wrap step.')

            payload = kerberos.authGSSClientResponse(ctx)
            cmd = SON([('saslContinue', 1),
                       ('conversationId', response['conversationId']),
                       ('payload', payload)])
            response, _ = cmd_func(sock_info, '$external', cmd)

        finally:
            kerberos.authGSSClientClean(ctx)

    except kerberos.KrbError as exc:
        raise OperationFailure(str(exc))
Example #19
0
    def __query_spec(self):
        """Get the spec to use for a query.
        """
        operators = {}
        if self.__ordering:
            operators["$orderby"] = self.__ordering
        if self.__explain:
            operators["$explain"] = True
        if self.__hint:
            operators["$hint"] = self.__hint
        if self.__snapshot:
            operators["$snapshot"] = True
        if self.__max_scan:
            operators["$maxScan"] = self.__max_scan
        # Only set $readPreference if it's something other than
        # PRIMARY to avoid problems with mongos versions that
        # don't support read preferences.
        if (self.__collection.database.connection.is_mongos and
            self.__read_preference != ReadPreference.PRIMARY):

            has_tags = self.__tag_sets and self.__tag_sets != [{}]

            # For maximum backwards compatibility, don't set $readPreference
            # for SECONDARY_PREFERRED unless tags are in use. Just rely on
            # the slaveOkay bit (set automatically if read preference is not
            # PRIMARY), which has the same behavior.
            if (self.__read_preference != ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED or
                has_tags):

                read_pref = {
                    'mode': read_preferences.mongos_mode(self.__read_preference)
                }
                if has_tags:
                    read_pref['tags'] = self.__tag_sets

                operators['$readPreference'] = read_pref

        if operators:
            # Make a shallow copy so we can cleanly rewind or clone.
            spec = self.__spec.copy()

            # Only commands that can be run on secondaries should have any
            # operators added to the spec.  Command queries can be issued
            # by db.command or calling find_one on $cmd directly
            if self.collection.name == "$cmd":
                # Don't change commands that can't be sent to secondaries
                command_name = spec and list(spec.keys())[0].lower() or ""
                if command_name not in secondary_ok_commands:
                    return spec
                elif command_name == 'mapreduce':
                    # mapreduce shouldn't be changed if its not inline
                    out = spec.get('out')
                    if not isinstance(out, dict) or not out.get('inline'):
                        return spec

            # White-listed commands must be wrapped in $query.
            if "$query" not in spec:
                # $query has to come first
                spec = SON([("$query", spec)])

            if not isinstance(spec, SON):
                # Ensure the spec is SON. As order is important this will
                # ensure its set before merging in any extra operators.
                spec = SON(spec)

            spec.update(operators)
            return spec
        # Have to wrap with $query if "query" is the first key.
        # We can't just use $query anytime "query" is a key as
        # that breaks commands like count and find_and_modify.
        # Checking spec.keys()[0] covers the case that the spec
        # was passed as an instance of SON or OrderedDict.
        elif ("query" in self.__spec and
              (len(self.__spec) == 1 or list(self.__spec.keys())[0] == "query")):
            return SON({"$query": self.__spec})

        return self.__spec
Example #20
0
    def __query_spec(self):
        """Get the spec to use for a query.
        """
        operators = {}
        if self.__ordering:
            operators["$orderby"] = self.__ordering
        if self.__explain:
            operators["$explain"] = True
        if self.__hint:
            operators["$hint"] = self.__hint
        if self.__snapshot:
            operators["$snapshot"] = True
        if self.__max_scan:
            operators["$maxScan"] = self.__max_scan
        # Only set $readPreference if it's something other than
        # PRIMARY to avoid problems with mongos versions that
        # don't support read preferences.
        if (self.__collection.database.connection.is_mongos
                and self.__read_preference != ReadPreference.PRIMARY):

            has_tags = self.__tag_sets and self.__tag_sets != [{}]

            # For maximum backwards compatibility, don't set $readPreference
            # for SECONDARY_PREFERRED unless tags are in use. Just rely on
            # the slaveOkay bit (set automatically if read preference is not
            # PRIMARY), which has the same behavior.
            if (self.__read_preference != ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED
                    or has_tags):

                read_pref = {
                    'mode':
                    read_preferences.mongos_mode(self.__read_preference)
                }
                if has_tags:
                    read_pref['tags'] = self.__tag_sets

                operators['$readPreference'] = read_pref

        if operators:
            # Make a shallow copy so we can cleanly rewind or clone.
            spec = self.__spec.copy()

            # Only commands that can be run on secondaries should have any
            # operators added to the spec.  Command queries can be issued
            # by db.command or calling find_one on $cmd directly
            if self.collection.name == "$cmd":
                # Don't change commands that can't be sent to secondaries
                command_name = spec and list(spec.keys())[0].lower() or ""
                if command_name not in secondary_ok_commands:
                    return spec
                elif command_name == 'mapreduce':
                    # mapreduce shouldn't be changed if its not inline
                    out = spec.get('out')
                    if not isinstance(out, dict) or not out.get('inline'):
                        return spec

            # White-listed commands must be wrapped in $query.
            if "$query" not in spec:
                # $query has to come first
                spec = SON([("$query", spec)])

            if not isinstance(spec, SON):
                # Ensure the spec is SON. As order is important this will
                # ensure its set before merging in any extra operators.
                spec = SON(spec)

            spec.update(operators)
            return spec
        # Have to wrap with $query if "query" is the first key.
        # We can't just use $query anytime "query" is a key as
        # that breaks commands like count and find_and_modify.
        # Checking spec.keys()[0] covers the case that the spec
        # was passed as an instance of SON or OrderedDict.
        elif (
                "query" in self.__spec and
            (len(self.__spec) == 1 or list(self.__spec.keys())[0] == "query")):
            return SON({"$query": self.__spec})

        return self.__spec
Example #21
0
def _element_to_bson(key, value, check_keys, uuid_subtype):
    if not isinstance(key, str):
        raise InvalidDocument("documents must have only string keys, "
                              "key was %r" % key)

    if check_keys:
        if key.startswith("$"):
            raise InvalidDocument("key %r must not start with '$'" % key)
        if "." in key:
            raise InvalidDocument("key %r must not contain '.'" % key)

    name = _make_c_string(key, True)
    if isinstance(value, float):
        return BSONNUM + name + struct.pack("<d", value)

    if _use_uuid:
        if isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
            # Java Legacy
            if uuid_subtype == JAVA_LEGACY:
                # Python 3.0(.1) returns a bytearray instance for bytes (3.1
                # and newer just return a bytes instance). Convert that to
                # binary_type (here and below) for compatibility.
                from_uuid = binary_type(value.bytes)
                as_legacy_java = from_uuid[0:8][::-1] + from_uuid[8:16][::-1]
                value = Binary(as_legacy_java, subtype=OLD_UUID_SUBTYPE)
            # C# legacy
            elif uuid_subtype == CSHARP_LEGACY:
                # Microsoft GUID representation.
                value = Binary(binary_type(value.bytes_le),
                               subtype=OLD_UUID_SUBTYPE)
            # Python
            else:
                value = Binary(binary_type(value.bytes), subtype=uuid_subtype)

    if isinstance(value, Binary):
        subtype = value.subtype
        if subtype == 2:
            value = struct.pack("<i", len(value)) + value
        return (BSONBIN + name + struct.pack("<i", len(value)) +
                b(chr(subtype)) + value)
    if isinstance(value, Code):
        cstring = _make_c_string(value)
        if not value.scope:
            length = struct.pack("<i", len(cstring))
            return BSONCOD + name + length + cstring
        scope = _dict_to_bson(value.scope, False, uuid_subtype, False)
        full_length = struct.pack("<i", 8 + len(cstring) + len(scope))
        length = struct.pack("<i", len(cstring))
        return BSONCWS + name + full_length + length + cstring + scope
    if isinstance(value, binary_type):
        if PY3:
            # Python3 special case. Store 'bytes' as BSON binary subtype 0.
            return (BSONBIN + name + struct.pack("<i", len(value)) + ZERO +
                    value)
        cstring = _make_c_string(value)
        length = struct.pack("<i", len(cstring))
        return BSONSTR + name + length + cstring
    if isinstance(value, str):
        cstring = _make_c_string(value)
        length = struct.pack("<i", len(cstring))
        return BSONSTR + name + length + cstring
    if isinstance(value, dict):
        return BSONOBJ + name + _dict_to_bson(value, check_keys, uuid_subtype,
                                              False)
    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
        as_dict = SON(list(zip([str(i) for i in range(len(value))], value)))
        return BSONARR + name + _dict_to_bson(as_dict, check_keys,
                                              uuid_subtype, False)
    if isinstance(value, ObjectId):
        return BSONOID + name + value.binary
    if value is True:
        return BSONBOO + name + ONE
    if value is False:
        return BSONBOO + name + ZERO
    if isinstance(value, int):
        # TODO this is an ugly way to check for this...
        if value > MAX_INT64 or value < MIN_INT64:
            raise OverflowError("BSON can only handle up to 8-byte ints")
        if value > MAX_INT32 or value < MIN_INT32:
            return BSONLON + name + struct.pack("<q", value)
        return BSONINT + name + struct.pack("<i", value)
    # 2to3 will convert long to int here since there is no long in python3.
    # That's OK. The previous if block will match instead.
    if isinstance(value, int):
        if value > MAX_INT64 or value < MIN_INT64:
            raise OverflowError("BSON can only handle up to 8-byte ints")
        return BSONLON + name + struct.pack("<q", value)
    if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
        if value.utcoffset() is not None:
            value = value - value.utcoffset()
        millis = int(
            calendar.timegm(value.timetuple()) * 1000 +
            value.microsecond / 1000)
        return BSONDAT + name + struct.pack("<q", millis)
    if isinstance(value, Timestamp):
        time = struct.pack("<I", value.time)
        inc = struct.pack("<I", value.inc)
        return BSONTIM + name + inc + time
    if value is None:
        return BSONNUL + name
    if isinstance(value, RE_TYPE):
        pattern = value.pattern
        flags = ""
        if value.flags & re.IGNORECASE:
            flags += "i"
        if value.flags & re.LOCALE:
            flags += "l"
        if value.flags & re.MULTILINE:
            flags += "m"
        if value.flags & re.DOTALL:
            flags += "s"
        if value.flags & re.UNICODE:
            flags += "u"
        if value.flags & re.VERBOSE:
            flags += "x"
        return BSONRGX + name + _make_c_string(pattern, True) + \
            _make_c_string(flags)
    if isinstance(value, DBRef):
        return _element_to_bson(key, value.as_doc(), False, uuid_subtype)
    if isinstance(value, MinKey):
        return BSONMIN + name
    if isinstance(value, MaxKey):
        return BSONMAX + name

    raise InvalidDocument("cannot convert value of type %s to bson" %
                          type(value))