def load_dataset(path, pattern='(.*)', ftype='xy', delimiter='\t',
var_from_name=False, masked=False, xlim=None, ylim=None):
"""Loads an entire dataset.
It uses the numpy.loadtxt function and therefore accepts regular
ASCII files or GZIP compressed ones.
PARAMETERS
path (string) :
The path in which the data files are located.
pattern (string, optional) :
Regular expression pattern correspondig to valid file names
to be loaded.
ftype (string, optional) :
Specifies the file type that is loaded. The accepted values
are 'xy', 'xt' and 'ty'.
For 'xy', or map, files, the first line contains the
longitude coordinates, the first column contains the
latitude coordinates and the rest contains the data in
matrix style. If var_from_name is set to True, it assumes
that the time is given at the upper left cell.
For 'xt', or zonal-temporal, files, the first line contains
the longitude coordinates, the first column contains the
time and the rest contains the data in matrix style. If
var_from_name is set to True, it assumes that the latitude
is given at the upper left cell.
For 'ty', or temporal-meridional, files, the first line
contains the time, the first column contains the longitude
and the rest contains the data in matrix style. If
var_from_name is set to True, it assumes that the latitude
is given at the upper left cell.
delimiter (string, optional) :
Specifies the data delimiter used while loading the data.
The default value is '\t' (tab)
var_from_name (boolean, optional) :
If set to true, it tries to infer eather the time, latitude
or longitude from the first match in pattern according to
the chosen file type. If set to true, the pattern has to be
set in such a way that the last matches contain the value
and the hemisphere ('N', 'S', 'E' or 'W') if appropriate.
masked (boolean, optional) :
Returnes masked array. Default is False.
xlim, ylim (array like, optional) :
List containing the upper and lower zonal and meridional
limits, respectivelly.
RETURNS
lon (array like) :
Longitude.
lat (array like) :
Latitude.
t (array like) :
Time.
z (array like) :
Loaded variable.
"""
t0 = 0
t1 = time()
s = 'Loading data...'
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
# Generates list of files and tries to match them to the pattern
flist = os.listdir(path)
flist, match = common.reglist(flist, pattern)
# Loads all the data from the file list
N = len(flist)
if N == 0:
raise Warning, 'No files to be loaded.'
Lon, Lat, Tm, Z, Sh = [], [], [], [], []
i = 0
for n, fname in enumerate(flist):
t2 = time()
dat = numpy.loadtxt('%s/%s' % (path, fname), delimiter=delimiter)
if ftype == 'xy':
lon = dat[0, 1:]
lat = dat[1:, 0]
tm = dat[0, 0]
elif ftype == 'xt':
lon = dat[0, 1:]
lat = dat[0, 0]
tm = dat[1:, 0]
elif ftype == 'ty':
lon = dat[0, 0]
lat = dat[1:, 0]
tm = dat[0, 1:]
z = dat[1:, 1:]
if var_from_name:
if (ftype == 'xt') | (ftype == 'ty'):
var = atof(match[n][-2]) # Gets coordinate out of match ...
rav = match[n][-1].upper() # ... and also its hemisphere.
if (rav == 'S' | rav == 'W'):
var *= -1
if ftype == 'xt':
lat = var
else:
lon = var
elif ftype == 'xy':
tm = atof(match[n][-1]) # Gets time out of last match.
Lon.append(numpy.asarray(lon))
Lat.append(numpy.asarray(lat))
Tm.append(numpy.asarray(tm))
Z.append(numpy.asarray(z))
Sh.append(numpy.asarray(z.shape))
os.sys.stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Loading data (%s)... %s ' % (fname, common.profiler(N, n + 1, t0,
t1, t2),)
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
#
os.sys.stdout.write('\n')
# Reshaping and rearranging the arrays to form an uniform data matrix.
t1 = time()
s = 'Reshaping arrays...'
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
try:
lon = numpy.unique(numpy.concatenate(Lon))
except:
lon = numpy.unique(numpy.asarray(Lon))
try:
lat = numpy.unique(numpy.concatenate(Lat))
except:
lat = numpy.unique(numpy.asarray(Lat))
try:
tm = numpy.unique(numpy.concatenate(Tm))
except:
tm = numpy.unique(numpy.asarray(Tm))
if numpy.isnan(tm).all():
tm = numpy.array([numpy.nan])
#elif ftype == 'ty':
# raise Warning, 'Loading of temporal-meridional files not implemented yet.'
#
dx = numpy.diff(lon).mean()
dy = numpy.diff(lat).mean()
dt = numpy.diff(tm).mean()
# To ensure that the edges are padded with NaN's to avoid distortions when
# generating maps.
lon = numpy.concatenate([[lon[0] - dx], lon, [lon[-1] + dx]])
lat = numpy.concatenate([[lat[0] - dy], lat, [lat[-1] + dy]])
a, b, c = lon.size, lat.size, tm.size
if masked:
z = numpy.ma.empty([c, b, a], dtype=float) * numpy.nan
else:
z = numpy.empty([c, b, a], dtype=float) * numpy.nan
for n in range(N):
t2 = time()
if ftype == 'xt':
i = [pylab.find(lon == x)[0] for x in Lon[n]]
j = pylab.find(lat == Lat[n])[0]
z[:, j, i] = Z[n]
elif ftype == 'xy':
i = [pylab.find(lon == x)[0] for x in Lon[n]]
j = [pylab.find(lat == y)[0] for y in Lat[n]]
if numpy.isnan(Tm[n]) :
k = pylab.find(numpy.isnan(tm))[0]
else:
k = pylab.find(tm == Tm[n])
i, j = numpy.meshgrid(i, j)
z[k, j, i] = Z[n]
elif ftype == 'ty':
i = pylab.find(lon == Lon[n])[0]
j = [pylab.find(lat == y)[0] for y in Lat[n]]
i, j = numpy.meshgrid(i, j)
z[:, j, i] = Z[n]
os.sys.stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Reshaping arrays... %s ' % (common.profiler(N, n + 1, t0, t1, t2))
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
#
os.sys.stdout.write('\n')
# Finds the upper and lower zonal and meridional limits to return only the
# selected ranges.
if masked and ((xlim != None) or (ylim != None)):
if xlim != None:
xsel = pylab.find((lon < min(xlim)) | (lon > max(xlim)))
else:
xsel = range(a)
if ylim != None:
ysel = pylab.find((lat < min(ylim)) | (lat > max(ylim)))
else:
ysel = range(b)
xsel, ysel = numpy.meshgrid(xsel, ysel)
z[:, ysel, xsel] = numpy.nan
else:
if xlim != None:
xsel = pylab.find((lon >= min(xlim)) & (lon <= max(xlim)))
else:
xsel = range(a)
if ylim != None:
ysel = pylab.find((lat >= min(ylim)) & (lat <= max(ylim)))
else:
ysel = range(b)
lon = lon[xsel]
lat = lat[ysel]
xsel, ysel = numpy.meshgrid(xsel, ysel)
z = z[:, ysel, xsel]
if c == 1:
z = z[0, :, :]
if masked:
z.mask = numpy.isnan(z)
z.data[z.mask] = 0
return lon, lat, tm, z
def load_dataset(path, pattern='(.*)', ftype='xy', flist=None, delimiter='\t',
var_from_name=False, masked=False, xlim=None, ylim=None,
lon=None, lat=None, tm=None, topomask=None, verbose=False):
"""Loads an entire dataset.
It uses the numpy.loadtxt function and therefore accepts regular
ASCII files or GZIP compressed ones.
PARAMETERS
path (string) :
The path in which the data files are located.
pattern (string, optional) :
Regular expression pattern correspondig to valid file names
to be loaded.
ftype (string, optional) :
Specifies the file type that is loaded. The accepted values
are 'xy', 'xt' and 'ty'.
For 'xy', or map, files, the first line contains the
longitude coordinates, the first column contains the
latitude coordinates and the rest contains the data in
matrix style. If var_from_name is set to True, it assumes
that the time is given at the upper left cell.
For 'xt', or zonal-temporal, files, the first line contains
the longitude coordinates, the first column contains the
time and the rest contains the data in matrix style. If
var_from_name is set to True, it assumes that the latitude
is given at the upper left cell.
For 'ty', or temporal-meridional, files, the first line
contains the time, the first column contains the longitude
and the rest contains the data in matrix style. If
var_from_name is set to True, it assumes that the latitude
is given at the upper left cell.
flist (array like, optional) :
Lists the files to be loaded in path. If set, it ignores the
pattern.
delimiter (string, optional) :
Specifies the data delimiter used while loading the data.
The default value is '\t' (tab)
var_from_name (boolean, optional) :
If set to true, it tries to infer eather the time, latitude
or longitude from the first match in pattern according to
the chosen file type. If set to true, the pattern has to be
set in such a way that the last matches contain the value
and the hemisphere ('N', 'S', 'E' or 'W') if appropriate.
masked (boolean, optional) :
Returnes masked array. Default is False.
xlim, ylim (array like, optional) :
List containing the upper and lower zonal and meridional
limits, respectivelly.
lon, lat, tm (array like, optional):
topomask (string, optional) :
Topography mask.
verbose (boolean, optional) :
If set to true, does not print anything on screen.
RETURNS
lon (array like) :
Longitude.
lat (array like) :
Latitude.
t (array like) :
Time.
z (array like) :
Loaded variable.
"""
t0 = time()
if topomask != None:
masked = True
S = 'Preparing data'
s = '%s...' % (S)
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
# Generates list of files and tries to match them to the pattern
if flist == None:
flist = os.listdir(path)
flist, match = common.reglist(flist, pattern)
# Loads all the data from file list to create arrays
N = len(flist)
if N == 0:
raise Warning, 'No files to be loaded.'
# Initializes the set of array limits
Lon = set()
Lat = set()
Tm = set()
# Walks through the file loading process twice. At the first step loads
# all the files to get all the geographical and temporal boundaries. At the
# second step, reloads all files and fits them to the initialized data
# arrays
for step in range(2):
t1 = time()
for n, fname in enumerate(flist):
t2 = time()
if (lon != None) and (lat != None) and (tm !=None):
continue
x, y, t, z = load_map('%s/%s' % (path, fname), ftype=ftype,
delimiter=delimiter, lon=lon, lat=lat, tm=tm, masked=masked,
topomask=topomask)
if var_from_name:
if (ftype == 'xt') | (ftype == 'ty'):
var = atof(match[n][-2]) # Gets coordinate out of ...
rav = match[n][-1].upper() # ... match and also its ...
if (rav == 'S' | rav == 'W'): # ... hemisphere.
var *= -1
if ftype == 'xt':
y = var
else:
x = var
elif ftype == 'xy':
t = atof(match[n][-1]) # Gets time out of last match.
if numpy.isnan(t).all():
t = 0
if type(x).__name__ in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'float64']:
x = [x]
if type(y).__name__ in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'float64']:
y = [y]
if type(t).__name__ in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'float64']:
t = [t]
###################################################################
# FIRST STEP
###################################################################
if step == 0:
Lon.update(x)
Lat.update(y)
Tm.update(t)
###################################################################
# SECOND STEP
###################################################################
elif step == 1:
selx = [pylab.find(Lon == i)[0] for i in x]
sely = [pylab.find(Lat == i)[0] for i in y]
selt = [pylab.find(Tm == i)[0] for i in t]
i, j, k = common.meshgrid2(selx, sely, selt)
if ftype == 'xt':
a, b, c = i.shape
z = z.reshape((a, 1, c))
# Makes sure only to overwrite values not previously assigned.
if masked:
Z[k, j, i] = numpy.ma.where(~Z[k, j, i].mask,
Z[k, j, i], z)
else:
Z[k, j, i] = numpy.where(~numpy.isnan(Z[k, j, i]),
Z[k, j, i], z)
###################################################################
# PROFILING
###################################################################
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = '%s (%s)... %s ' % (S, fname, common.profiler(N, n + 1, t0, t1,
t2))
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
#
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write('\n')
# Now creates data array based on input parameters xlim, ylim and
# the loaded coordinate sets.
if step == 0:
if lon == None:
Lon = numpy.asarray(list(Lon))
else:
Lon = lon
if lat == None:
Lat = numpy.asarray(list(Lat))
else:
Lat = lat
if tm == None:
Tm = numpy.asarray(list(Tm))
else:
Tm = tm
Lon.sort()
Lat.sort()
Tm.sort()
# Makes sure that all the coordinates are continuous, equally
# spaced and that they are inside the coordinate limits.
dx, dy, dt = numpy.diff(Lon), numpy.diff(Lat), numpy.diff(Tm)
if len(dx) == 0: dx = numpy.array([1.])
if len(dy) == 0: dy = numpy.array([1.])
if len(dt) == 0: dt = numpy.array([1.])
#if ((not (dx == dx[0]).all()) or (not (dy == dy[0]).all()) or
# (not (dt == dt[0]).all())):
# raise Warning, 'One or more coordinates are not evenly spaced.'
dx = dx[0]
dy = dy[0]
dt = dt[0]
if xlim == None:
xlim = [Lon.min(), Lon.max()]
if ylim == None:
ylim = [Lat.min(), Lat.max()]
selx = pylab.find((Lon >= min(xlim)) & (Lon <= max(xlim)))
Lon = Lon[selx]
sely = pylab.find((Lat >= min(ylim)) & (Lat <= max(ylim)))
Lat = Lat[sely]
# Pads edges with NaN's to avoid distortions when generating maps.
if lon == None:
Lon = numpy.concatenate([[Lon[0] - dx], Lon, [Lon[-1] + dx]])
if lat == None:
Lat = numpy.concatenate([[Lat[0] - dy], Lat, [Lat[-1] + dy]])
# Initializes data arrays
a, b, c = Lon.size, Lat.size, Tm.size
if masked:
Z = numpy.ma.empty([c, b, a], dtype=float) * numpy.nan
Z.mask = True
else:
Z = numpy.empty([c, b, a], dtype=float) * numpy.nan
lon, lat = numpy.array(Lon), numpy.array(Lat)
# Now everything might be ready for the second step in the loop,
# filling in the data array.
S, s = 'Loading data', ''
# Interpolates topography into data grid.
if topomask != None:
if not verbose:
print 'Masking topographic features...'
ezi, _, _ = interpolate.nearest([common.etopo.x,
common.etopo.y], common.etopo.z, [Lon, Lat])
if topomask == 'ocean':
tmask = (ezi > 0)
elif topomask == 'land':
tmask = (ezi < 0)
#
tmask = tmask.reshape([1, b, a])
tmask = tmask.repeat(c, axis=0)
#
Z.mask = Z.mask | tmask
if masked:
Z.mask = Z.mask | numpy.isnan(Z.data)
Z.data[Z.mask] = 0
return Lon, Lat, Tm, Z
def save_dataset(lon, lat, tm, z, path, fname=None, prefix='', fmt='%.3f'):
"""Saves an entire dataset of maps to files.
Function accepts only three-dimensional data variables, for now.
PARAMTERS
lon, lat (array like) :
Longitude and latitude coordinates.
tm (floag) :
Time or other relevant information (i.e. period) to append
to the upper left cell.
z (array like) :
Variable data.
path (string) :
Path to the dataset directory.
fnames (string, array like, optional) :
Forces the file name of the data. If omitted then the
default 'xy%s_%d' % (prefix, tm[i]), where i is a counter
starting at zero.
prefix (string, optional) :
Prefix to retain naming conventions such as basin.
fmt (string, optional) :
Format string for the values saved in the map. Default is a
floating point number with three digits precision ('%.3f').
OUTPUTS
Saved map files to directory specified in path.
RETURNS
Nothing.
"""
t1 = time()
c, b, a = z.shape
if lon.size != a:
raise Warning, 'Longitude and data lengths do not match.'
if lat.size != b:
raise Warning, 'Latitude and data lengths do not match.'
if tm.size != c:
raise Warning, 'Time and data lengths do not match.'
if type(fname).__name__ == 'str':
fname = ['%s%d' % (fname, i) for i in range(c)]
elif type(fname).__name__ in ['list', 'tuple', 'ndarray']:
C = len(fname)
if c > C:
for i in range(int(numpy.ceil(float(c) / C))):
for j in range(C):
fname = '%s%d' % (fname[j], i)
else:
fname = ['xy%s_%06d' % (prefix, tm[i]) for i in range(c)]
# Starts saving the maps to gziped files.
if c == 1:
plural = ''
else:
plural = 's'
s = 'Saving %d file%s... ' % (c, plural)
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
for i in range(c):
t2 = time()
s = '%s/%s.gz' % (path, fname[i])
save_map(lon, lat, z[i, :, :], s, tm[i], fmt)
os.sys.stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Saving %d file%s... %s ' % (c, plural, common.profiler(c, i + 1,
0, t1, t2),)
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
#
os.sys.stdout.write('\n')
def wavelet_analysis(z,
tm,
lon=None,
lat=None,
mother='Morlet',
alpha=0.0,
siglvl=0.95,
loc=None,
onlyloc=False,
periods=None,
sel_periods=[],
show=False,
save='',
dsave='',
prefix='',
labels=dict(),
title=None,
name=None,
fpath='',
fpattern='',
std=dict(),
crange=None,
levels=None,
cmap=cm.GMT_no_green,
debug=False):
"""Continuous wavelet transform and significance analysis.
The analysis is made using the methodology and statistical approach
suggested by Torrence and Compo (1998).
Depending on the dimensions of the input array, three different
kinds of approaches are taken. If the input array is one-dimensional
then only a simple analysis is performed. If the array is
bi- or three-dimensional then spectral Hovmoller diagrams are drawn
for each Fourier period given within a range of +/-25%.
PARAMETERS
z (array like) :
Input data. The data array should have one of these forms,
z[tm], z[tm, lat] or z[tm, lat, lon].
tm (array like) :
Time axis. It should contain values in matplotlib date
format (i.e. number of days since 0001-01-01 UTC).
lon (array like, optional) :
Longitude.
lat (array like, optional) :
Latitude.
mother (string, optional) :
Gives the name of the mother wavelet to be used. Possible
values are 'Morlet' (default), 'Paul' or 'Mexican hat'.
alpha (float or dictionary, optional) :
Lag-1 autocorrelation for background noise. Default value
is 0.0 (white noise). If different autocorrelation
coefficients should be used for different locations, then
the input should contain a dictionary with 'lon', 'lat',
'map' keys as for the std parameter.
siglvl (float, optional) :
Significance level. Default value is 0.95.
loc (array like, optional) :
Special locations of interest. If the input array is of
higher dimenstions, the output of the simple wavelet
analysis of each of the locations is output. The list
should contain the pairs of (lon, lat) for each locations
of interest.
onlyloc (boolean, optional) :
If set to true then only the specified locations are
analysed. The default is false.
periods (array like, optional) :
Special Fourier periods of interest in case of analysis of
higher dimensions (in years).
sel_periods (array like, optional) :
Select which Fourier periods spectral power are averaged.
show (boolean, optional) :
If set to true the the resulting maps are shown on screen.
save (string, optional) :
The path in which the resulting plots are to be saved. If
not set, then no images will be saved.
dsave (string, optional) :
If set, saves the scale averaged power spectrum series to
this path. This is especially useful if memory is an issue.
prefix (string, optional) :
Prefix to retain naming conventions such as basin.
labels (dictionary, optional) :
Sets the labels for the plot axis.
title (string, array like, optional) :
Title of each of the selected periods.
name (string, array like, optional) :
Name of each of the selected periods. Used when saving the
results to files.
fpath (string, optional) :
Path for the source files to be loaded when memory issues
are a concern.
fpattern (string, optional) :
Regular expression pattern to match file names.
std (dictionary, optional) :
A dictionary containing a map of the standard deviation of
the analysed time series. To set the longitude and latitude
coordinates of the map, they should be included as
separate 'lon' and 'lat' key items. If they are omitted,
then the regular input parameters are assumed. Accepted
standard deviation error is set in key 'err' (default value
is 1e-2).
crange (array like, optional) :
Array of power levels to be used in average Hovmoler colour bar.
levels (array like, optional) :
Array of power levels to be used in spectrogram colour bar.
cmap (colormap, optional) :
Sets the colour map to be used in the plots. The default is
the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) no green.
debug (boolean, optional) :
If set to True then warnings are shown.
OUTPUT
If show or save are set, plots either on screen and or on file
according to the specified parameters.
If dsave parameter is set, also saves the scale averaged power
series to files.
RETURNS
wave (dictionary) :
Dictionary containing the resulting calculations from the
wavelet analysis according to the input parameters. The
output items might be:
scale --
Wavelet scales.
period --
Equivalent Fourier periods (in days).
power_spectrum --
Wavelet power spectrum (in units**2).
power_significance --
Relative significance of the power spectrum.
global_power --
Global wavelet power spectrum (in units**2).
scale_spectrum --
Scale averaged wavelet spectra (in units**2)
according to selected periods.
scale_significance --
Relative significance of the scale averaged wavelet
spectra.
fft --
Fourier spectrum.
fft_first --
Fourier spectrum of the first half of the
time-series.
fft_second --
Fourier spectrum of the second half of the
time-series.
fft_period --
Fourier periods (in days).
trend --
Signal trend (in units/yr).
wavelet_trend --
Wavelet spectrum trends (in units**2/yr).
"""
t1 = time()
result = {}
# Resseting unit labels for hovmoller plots
hlabels = dict(labels)
hlabels['units'] = ''
# Setting some titles and paths
if name == None:
name = title
# Working with the std parameter and setting its properties:
if 'val' in std.keys():
if 'lon' not in std.keys():
std['lon'] = lon
std['lon180'] = common.lon180(std['lon'])
if 'lat' not in std.keys():
std['lat'] = lat
if 'err' not in std.keys():
std['err'] = 1e-2
std['map'] = True
else:
std['map'] = False
# Lag-1 autocorrelation parameter
if type(alpha).__name__ == 'dict':
if 'lon' not in alpha.keys():
alpha['lon'] = lon
alpha['lon180'] = common.lon180(alpha['lon'])
if 'lat' not in alpha.keys():
alpha['lat'] = lat
alpha['mean'] = alpha['val'].mean()
alpha['map'] = True
alpha['calc'] = False
else:
if alpha == -1:
alpha = {'mean': -1, 'calc': True}
else:
alpha = {'val': alpha, 'mean': alpha, 'map': False, 'calc': False}
# Shows some of the options on screen.
print('Average Lag-1 autocorrelation for background noise: %.2f' %
(alpha['mean']))
if save:
print 'Saving result figures in \'%s\'.' % (save)
if dsave:
print 'Saving result data in \'%s\'.' % (dsave)
if fpath:
# Gets the list of files to be loaded individually extracts all the
# latitudes and loads the first file to get the main parameters.
flist = os.listdir(fpath)
flist, match = common.reglist(flist, fpattern)
if len(flist) == 0:
raise Warning, 'No files matched search pattern.'
flist = numpy.asarray(flist)
lst_lat = []
for item in match:
y = string.atof(item[-2])
if item[-1].upper() == 'S': y *= -1
lst_lat.append(y)
# Detect file type from file name
ftype = fm.detect_ftype(flist[0])
x, y, tm, z = fm.load_map('%s/%s' % (fpath, flist[0]),
ftype=ftype,
masked=True)
if lon == None:
lon = x
lat = numpy.unique(lst_lat)
dim = 2
else:
# Transforms input arrays in numpy arrays and numpy masked arrays.
tm = numpy.asarray(tm)
z = numpy.ma.asarray(z)
z.mask = numpy.isnan(z)
# Determines the number of dimensions of the variable to be plotted and
# the sizes of each dimension.
a = b = c = None
dim = len(z.shape)
if dim == 3:
c, b, a = z.shape
elif dim == 2:
c, a = z.shape
b = 1
z = z.reshape(c, b, a)
else:
c = z.shape[0]
a = b = 1
z = z.reshape(c, b, a)
if tm.size != c:
raise Warning, 'Time and data lengths do not match.'
# Transforms coordinate arrays into numpy arrays
s = type(lat).__name__
if s in ['int', 'float', 'float64']:
lat = numpy.asarray([lat])
elif s != 'NoneType':
lat = numpy.asarray(lat)
s = type(lon).__name__
if s in ['int', 'float', 'float64']:
lon = numpy.asarray([lon])
elif s != 'NoneType':
lon = numpy.asarray(lon)
# Starts the mother wavelet class instance and determines important
# analysis parameters
mother = mother.lower()
if mother == 'morlet':
mother = wavelet.Morlet()
elif mother == 'paul':
mother = wavelet.Paul()
elif mother in ['mexican hat', 'mexicanhat', 'mexican_hat']:
mother = wavelet.Mexican_hat()
else:
raise Warning, 'Mother wavelet unknown.'
t = tm / common.daysinyear # Time array in years
dt = tm[1] - tm[0] # Temporal sampling interval
try: # Zonal sampling interval
dx = lon[1] - lon[0]
except:
dx = 1
try: # Meridional sampling interval
dy = lat[1] - lat[0]
except:
dy = dx
if numpy.isnan(dt): dt = 1
if numpy.isnan(dx): dx = 1
if numpy.isnan(dy): dy = dx
dj = 0.25 # Four sub-octaves per octave
s0 = 2 * dt # Smallest scale
J = 7 / dj - 1 # Seven powers of two with dj sub-octaves
scales = period = None
if type(crange).__name__ == 'NoneType':
crange = numpy.arange(0, 1.1, 0.1)
if type(levels).__name__ == 'NoneType':
levels = 2.**numpy.arange(-3, 6)
if fpath:
N = lat.size
# TODO: refactoring # lon = numpy.arange(-81. - dx / 2., 290. + dx / 2, dx)
# TODO: refactoring # lat = numpy.unique(numpy.asarray(lst_lat))
c, b, a = tm.size, lat.size, lon.size
else:
N = a * b
# Making sure that the longitudes range from -180 to 180 degrees and
# setting the squared search radius R2.
try:
lon180 = common.lon180(lon)
except:
lon180 = None
R2 = dx**2 + dy**2
if numpy.isnan(R2):
R2 = 65535.
if loc != None:
loc = numpy.asarray([[common.lon180(item[0]), item[1]]
for item in loc])
# Initializes important result variables such as the global wavelet power
# spectrum map, scale avaraged spectrum time-series and their significance,
# wavelet power trend map.
global_power = numpy.ma.empty([J + 1, b, a]) * numpy.nan
try:
C = len(periods) + 1
dT = numpy.diff(periods)
pmin = numpy.concatenate([[periods[0] - dT[0] / 2],
0.5 * (periods[:-1] + periods[1:])])
pmax = numpy.concatenate(
[0.5 * (periods[:-1] + periods[1:]), [periods[-1] + dT[-1] / 2]])
except:
# Sets the lowest period to null and the highest to half the time
# series length.
C = 1
pmin = numpy.array([0])
pmax = numpy.array([(tm[-1] - tm[0]) / 2])
if type(sel_periods).__name__ in ['int', 'float']:
sel_periods = [sel_periods]
elif len(sel_periods) == 0:
sel_periods = [-1.]
try:
if fpath:
raise Warning, 'Process files individually'
avg_spectrum = numpy.ma.empty([C, c, b, a]) * numpy.nan
mem_error = False
except:
avg_spectrum = numpy.ma.empty([C, c, a]) * numpy.nan
mem_error = True
avg_spectrum_signif = numpy.ma.empty([C, b, a]) * numpy.nan
trend = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
wavelet_trend = numpy.ma.empty([C, b, a]) * numpy.nan
fft_trend = numpy.ma.empty([C, b, a]) * numpy.nan
std_map = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
zero = numpy.ma.empty([c, a])
fft_spectrum = None
fft_spectrum1 = None
fft_spectrum2 = None
# Walks through each latitude and then through each longitude to perform
# the temporal wavelet analysis.
if N == 1:
plural = ''
else:
plural = 's'
s = 'Spectral analysis of %d location%s... ' % (N, plural)
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
for j in range(b):
t2 = time()
isloc = False # Ressets 'is special location' flag
hloc = [] # Cleans location list for Hovmoller plots
zero *= numpy.nan
if mem_error:
# Clears average spectrum for next step.
avg_spectrum *= numpy.nan
avg_spectrum.mask = False
if fpath:
findex = pylab.find(lst_lat == lat[j])
if len(findex) == 0:
continue
ftype = fm.detect_ftype(flist[findex[0]])
try:
x, y, tm, z = fm.load_dataset(fpath,
flist=flist[findex],
ftype=ftype,
masked=True,
lon=lon,
lat=lat[j:j + 1],
verbose=True)
except:
continue
z = z[:, 0, :]
x180 = common.lon180(x)
# Determines the first and second halves of the time-series and some
# constants for the FFT
fft_ta = numpy.ceil(t.min())
fft_tb = numpy.floor(t.max())
fft_tc = numpy.round(fft_ta + fft_tb) / 2
fft_ia = pylab.find((t >= fft_ta) & (t <= fft_tc))
fft_ib = pylab.find((t >= fft_tc) & (t <= fft_tb))
fft_N = int(2**numpy.ceil(numpy.log2(max([len(fft_ia), len(fft_ib)]))))
fft_N2 = fft_N / 2 - 1
fft_dt = t[fft_ib].mean() - t[fft_ia].mean()
for i in range(a):
# Some string output.
try:
Y, X = common.num2latlon(lon[i],
lat[j],
mode='each',
padding=False)
except:
Y = X = '?'
# Extracts individual time-series from the whole dataset and
# sets or calculates its standard deviation, squared standard
# deviation and finally the normalized time-series.
if fpath:
try:
ilon = pylab.find(x == lon[i])[0]
fz = z[:, ilon]
except:
continue
else:
fz = z[:, j, i]
if fz.mask.all():
continue
if std['map']:
try:
u = pylab.find(std['lon180'] == lon180[i])[0]
v = pylab.find(std['lat'] == lat[j])[0]
except:
if debug:
warnings.warn(
'Unable to locate standard deviation '
'for (%s, %s)' % (X, Y), Warning)
continue
fstd = std['val'][v, u]
estd = fstd - fz.std()
if (estd < 0) & (abs(estd) > std['err']):
if debug:
warnings.warn('Discrepant input standard deviation '
'(%f) location (%.3f, %.3f) will be '
'disregarded.' %
(estd, lon180[i], lat[j]))
continue
else:
fstd = fz.std()
fstd2 = fstd**2
std_map[j, i] = fstd
zero[:, i] = fz
fz = (fz - fz.mean()) / fstd
# Calculates the distance of the current point to any special
# location set in the 'loc' parameter. If only special locations
# are to be analysed, then skips all other ones. If the input
# array is one dimensional, then do the analysis anyway.
if dim == 1:
dist = numpy.asarray([0.])
else:
try:
dist = numpy.asarray([
((item[0] - (lon180[i]))**2 + (item[1] - lat[j])**2)
for item in loc
])
except:
dist = []
if (dist > R2).all() & (loc != 'all') & onlyloc:
continue
# Determines the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient to be used in
# the significance test from the input parameter
if alpha['calc']:
ac = acorr(fz)
alpha_ij = (ac[c + 1] + ac[c + 2]**0.5) / 2
elif alpha['map']:
try:
u = pylab.find(alpha['lon180'] == lon180[i])[0]
v = pylab.find(alpha['lat'] == lat[j])[0]
alpha_ij = alpha['val'][v, u]
except:
if debug:
warnings.warn(
'Unable to locate standard deviation '
'for (%s, %s) using mean value instead' % (X, Y),
Warning)
alpha_ij = alpha['mean']
else:
alpha_ij = alpha['mean']
# Calculates the continuous wavelet transform using the wavelet
# Python module. Calculates the wavelet and Fourier power spectrum
# and the periods in days. Also calculates the Fourier power
# spectrum for the first and second halves of the timeseries.
wave, scales, freqs, coi, fft, fftfreqs = wavelet.cwt(
fz, dt, dj, s0, J, mother)
power = abs(wave * wave.conj())
fft_power = abs(fft * fft.conj())
period = 1. / freqs
fftperiod = 1. / fftfreqs
psel = pylab.find(period <= pmax.max())
# Calculates the Fourier transform for the first and the second
# halves ot the time-series for later trend analysis.
fft_1 = numpy.fft.fft(fz[fft_ia], fft_N)[1:fft_N / 2] / fft_N**0.5
fft_2 = numpy.fft.fft(fz[fft_ib], fft_N)[1:fft_N / 2] / fft_N**0.5
fft_p1 = abs(fft_1 * fft_1.conj())
fft_p2 = abs(fft_2 * fft_2.conj())
# Creates FFT return array and stores the spectrum accordingly
try:
fft_spectrum[:, j, i] = fft_power * fstd2
fft_spectrum1[:, j, i] = fft_p1 * fstd2
fft_spectrum2[:, j, i] = fft_p2 * fstd2
except:
fft_spectrum = (numpy.ma.empty([len(fft_power), b, a]) *
numpy.nan)
fft_spectrum1 = (numpy.ma.empty([fft_N2, b, a]) * numpy.nan)
fft_spectrum2 = (numpy.ma.empty([fft_N2, b, a]) * numpy.nan)
#
fft_spectrum[:, j, i] = fft_power * fstd2
fft_spectrum1[:, j, i] = fft_p1 * fstd2
fft_spectrum2[:, j, i] = fft_p2 * fstd2
# Performs the significance test according to the article by
# Torrence and Compo (1998). The wavelet power is significant
# if the ratio power/sig95 is > 1.
signif, fft_theor = wavelet.significance(1.,
dt,
scales,
0,
alpha_ij,
significance_level=siglvl,
wavelet=mother)
sig95 = (signif * numpy.ones((c, 1))).transpose()
sig95 = power / sig95
# Calculates the global wavelet power spectrum and its
# significance. The global wavelet spectrum is the average of the
# wavelet power spectrum over time. The degrees of freedom (dof)
# have to be corrected for padding at the edges.
glbl_power = power.mean(axis=1)
dof = c - scales
glbl_signif, tmp = wavelet.significance(1.,
dt,
scales,
1,
alpha_ij,
significance_level=siglvl,
dof=dof,
wavelet=mother)
global_power[:, j, i] = glbl_power * fstd2
# Calculates the average wavelet spectrum along the scales and its
# significance according to Torrence and Compo (1998) eq. 24. The
# scale_avg_full variable is used multiple times according to the
# selected periods range.
#
# Also calculates the average Fourier power spectrum.
Cdelta = mother.cdelta
scale_avg_full = (scales * numpy.ones((c, 1))).transpose()
scale_avg_full = power / scale_avg_full
for k in range(C):
if k == 0:
sel = pylab.find((period >= pmin[0])
& (period <= pmax[-1]))
pminmax = [period[sel[0]], period[sel[-1]]]
les = pylab.find((fftperiod >= pmin[0])
& (fftperiod <= pmax[-1]))
fminmax = [fftperiod[les[0]], fftperiod[les[-1]]]
else:
sel = pylab.find((period >= pmin[k - 1])
& (period < pmax[k - 1]))
pminmax = [pmin[k - 1], pmax[k - 1]]
les = pylab.find((fftperiod >= pmin[k - 1])
& (fftperiod <= pmax[k - 1]))
fminmax = [fftperiod[les[0]], fftperiod[les[-1]]]
scale_avg = numpy.ma.array(
(dj * dt / Cdelta * scale_avg_full[sel, :].sum(axis=0)))
scale_avg_signif, tmp = wavelet.significance(
1.,
dt,
scales,
2,
alpha_ij,
significance_level=siglvl,
dof=[scales[sel[0]], scales[sel[-1]]],
wavelet=mother)
scale_avg.mask = (scale_avg < scale_avg_signif)
if mem_error:
avg_spectrum[k, :, i] = scale_avg
else:
avg_spectrum[k, :, j, i] = scale_avg
avg_spectrum_signif[k, j, i] = scale_avg_signif
# Trend analysis using least square polynomial fit of one
# degree of the original input data and scale averaged
# wavelet power. The wavelet power trend is calculated only
# where the cone of influence spans the highest analyzed
# period. In the end, the returned value for the trend is in
# units**2.
#
# Also calculates the trends in the Fourier power spectrum.
# Note that the FFT power spectrum is already multiplied by
# the signal's standard deviation.
incoi = pylab.find(coi >= pmax[-1])
if len(incoi) == 0:
incoi = numpy.arange(c)
polyw = numpy.polyfit(t[incoi], scale_avg[incoi].data, 1)
wavelet_trend[k, j, i] = polyw[0] * fstd2
fft_trend[k, j, i] = (
fft_spectrum2[les[les < fft_N2], j, i] -
fft_spectrum1[les[les < fft_N2], j, i]).mean() / fft_dt
if k == 0:
polyz = numpy.polyfit(t, fz * fstd, 1)
trend[j, i] = polyz[0]
# Plots the wavelet analysis results for the individual
# series. The plot is only generated if the dimension of the
# input variable z is one, if a special location is within a
# range of the search radius R and if the show or save
# parameters are set.
if (show | (save != '')) & ((k in sel_periods)):
if (dist < R2).any() | (loc == 'all') | (dim == 1):
# There is an interesting spot within the search
# radius of location (%s, %s).' % (Y, X)
isloc = True
if (dist < R2).any():
try:
hloc.append(loc[(dist < R2)][0, 0])
except:
pass
if save:
try:
sv = '%s/tz_%s_%s_%d' % (
save, prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j]), k)
except:
sv = '%s' % (save)
else:
sv = ''
graphics.wavelet_plot(tm,
period[psel],
fz,
power[psel, :],
coi,
glbl_power[psel],
scale_avg.data,
fft=fft,
fft_period=fftperiod,
power_signif=sig95[psel, :],
glbl_signif=glbl_signif[psel],
scale_signif=scale_avg_signif,
pminmax=pminmax,
labels=labels,
normalized=True,
std=fstd,
ztrend=polyz,
wtrend=polyw,
show=show,
save=sv,
levels=levels,
cmap=cmap)
# Saves and/or plots the intermediate results as zonal temporal
# diagrams.
if dsave:
for k in range(C):
if k == 0:
sv = '%s/%s/%s_%s.xt.gz' % (
dsave, 'global', prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j], mode='each')[0])
else:
sv = '%s/%s/%s_%s.xt.gz' % (
dsave, name[k - 1].lower(), prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j], mode='each')[0])
if mem_error:
fm.save_map(lon, tm, avg_spectrum[k, :, :].data, sv,
lat[j])
else:
fm.save_map(lon, tm, avg_spectrum[k, :, j, :].data, sv,
lat[j])
if ((dim > 1) and (show or (save != '')) & (not onlyloc)
and len(hloc) > 0):
hloc = common.lon360(numpy.unique(hloc))
if save:
sv = '%s/xt_%s_%s' % (save, prefix,
common.num2latlon(
lon[i], lat[j], mode='each')[0])
else:
sv = ''
if mem_error:
# To include overlapping original signal, use zz=zero
gis.hovmoller(lon,
tm,
avg_spectrum[1:, :, :],
zo=avg_spectrum_signif[1:, j, :],
title=title,
crange=crange,
show=show,
save=sv,
labels=hlabels,
loc=hloc,
cmap=cmap,
bottom='avg',
right='avg',
std=std_map[j, :])
else:
gis.hovmoller(lon,
tm,
avg_spectrum[1:, :, j, :],
zo=avg_spectrum_signif[1:, j, :],
title=title,
crange=crange,
show=show,
save=sv,
labels=hlabels,
loc=hloc,
cmap=cmap,
bottom='avg',
right='avg',
std=std_map[j, :])
# Flushing profiling text.
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Spectral analysis of %d location%s (%s)... %s ' % (
N, plural, Y, common.profiler(b, j + 1, 0, t1, t2))
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
stdout.write('\n')
result['scale'] = scales
result['period'] = period
if dim == 1:
result['power_spectrum'] = power * fstd2
result['power_significance'] = sig95
result['cwt'] = wave
result['fft'] = fft
result['global_power'] = global_power
result['scale_spectrum'] = avg_spectrum
if fpath:
result['lon'] = lon
result['lat'] = lat
result['scale_significance'] = avg_spectrum_signif
result['trend'] = trend
result['wavelet_trend'] = wavelet_trend
result['fft_power'] = fft_spectrum
result['fft_first'] = fft_spectrum1
result['fft_second'] = fft_spectrum2
result['fft_period'] = fftperiod
result['fft_trend'] = fft_trend
return result
def basics(z, dt=None, oldschool=False):
"""Performs basic statistics on given data variable z.
Calculates the mean, standard deviation and trend along time.
Assumes fist dimension of the array to be time and the others to be
the coordinates. Maximum number of dimensions is three. The trend
is calculated by least square fit of a one degree polynomial
function.
PARAMETERS
z (array like) :
Variable to be analysed.
dt (float) :
Temporal sampling scale to normalize the trend.
oldschool (boolean, optional):
If set to true, calculates the avarages and standard deviation
using old school techniques.
RETURNS
mean, std, trend, alpha (array like) :
Calculated mean, standard deviation, trends and lag-1 auto-
correlation.
"""
t1 = time()
# Transforms input arrays numpy masked arrays.
z = numpy.ma.masked_invalid(z)
if dt == None:
dt = 1.
dim = len(z.shape)
if dim == 1:
z = z.reshape(z.size, 1, 1)
print 'Hey! ', z.shape
elif dim == 2:
c, b = z.shape
z = z.reshape(c, b, 1)
elif dim > 3:
raise Warning, 'Higher dimensions than three are not implemented.'
c, b, a = z.shape
t = numpy.arange(c) * dt
mask = z.mask
t2 = time()
s = 'Calculating mean... '
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
if oldschool:
zmean = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
zstd = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
for i in range(a):
t2 = time()
for j in range(b):
if not mask[j, i]:
zmean[j, i] = z[:, j, i].mean()
zstd[j, i] = z[:, j, i].std()
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = ('Calculating mean and standard deviation... %s ' %
(common.profiler(a, i + 1, 0, t1, t2)))
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
s = '\n'
else:
zmean = z.mean(axis=0)
s = '%s\n' % (common.profiler(1, 1, 0, t1, t2))
zmean[mask] = numpy.nan
zmean.mask = mask
stdout.write(s)
if not oldschool:
t2 = time()
s = 'Calculating standard deviation... '
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
zstd = z.std(axis=0)
s = '%s\n' % (common.profiler(1, 1, 0, t1, t2))
stdout.write(s)
zstd[mask] = numpy.nan
zstd.mask = mask
s = 'Calculating trends and lag-1 autocorrelation... '
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
ztrend = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
zalpha = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
for i in range(a):
t2 = time()
for j in range(b):
if not mask[j, i]:
p = numpy.polyfit(t, z[:, j, i], 1)
ztrend[j, i] = p[0]
#
ac = acorr(z[:, j, i])
zalpha[j, i] = (ac[c] + ac[c + 1]**0.5) / 2
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = ('Calculating trends and lag-1 autocorrelation... %s ' %
(common.profiler(a, i + 1, 0, t1, t2)))
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
ztrend.mask = mask
zalpha.mask = mask | numpy.isnan(zalpha)
stdout.write('\n')
return zmean, zstd, ztrend, zalpha
def save_dataset(lon, lat, tm, z, path, fname=None, prefix='', fmt='%.3f'):
"""Saves an entire dataset of maps to files.
Function accepts only three-dimensional data variables, for now.
PARAMTERS
lon, lat (array like) :
Longitude and latitude coordinates.
tm (floag) :
Time or other relevant information (i.e. period) to append
to the upper left cell.
z (array like) :
Variable data.
path (string) :
Path to the dataset directory.
fnames (string, array like, optional) :
Forces the file name of the data. If omitted then the
default 'xy%s_%d' % (prefix, tm[i]), where i is a counter
starting at zero.
prefix (string, optional) :
Prefix to retain naming conventions such as basin.
fmt (string, optional) :
Format string for the values saved in the map. Default is a
floating point number with three digits precision ('%.3f').
OUTPUTS
Saved map files to directory specified in path.
RETURNS
Nothing.
"""
t1 = time()
c, b, a = z.shape
if lon.size != a:
raise Warning, 'Longitude and data lengths do not match.'
if lat.size != b:
raise Warning, 'Latitude and data lengths do not match.'
if tm.size != c:
raise Warning, 'Time and data lengths do not match.'
if type(fname).__name__ == 'str':
fname = ['%s%d' % (fname, i) for i in range(c)]
elif type(fname).__name__ in ['list', 'tuple', 'ndarray']:
C = len(fname)
if c > C:
for i in range(int(numpy.ceil(float(c) / C))):
for j in range(C):
fname = '%s%d' % (fname[j], i)
else:
fname = ['%s_%06d.xy' % (prefix, tm[i]) for i in range(c)]
# Starts saving the maps to gziped files.
if c == 1:
plural = ''
else:
plural = 's'
s = 'Saving %d file%s... ' % (c, plural)
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
for i in range(c):
t2 = time()
f = '%s/%s.gz' % (path, fname[i])
save_map(lon, lat, z[i, :, :], f, tm[i], fmt)
os.sys.stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Saving %d file%s... %s ' % (
c,
plural,
common.profiler(c, i + 1, 0, t1, t2),
)
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
#
os.sys.stdout.write('\n')
def bin_average(x, y, dx=1., bins=None, nstd=2., interpolate='bins', k=3,
s=None, extrapolate='repeat', mode='mean', profile=False, usemask=True):
"""Calculates bin average from input data.
Inside each bin, calculates the average and standard deviation, and
selects only those values inside the confidence interval given in
`nstd`. Finally calculates the bin average using spline
interpolation at the middle points in each bin. Linearly
extrapolates values outside of the data boundaries.
Parameters
----------
x : array like
Input coordinate to be binned. It has to be 1-dimensional.
y : array like
The data input array.
dx: float, optional
bins : array like, optional
Array of bins. It has to be 1-dimensional and strictly
increasing.
nstd : float, optional
Confidence interval given as number of standard deviations.
interpolate : string or boolean, optional
Valid options are `bins` (default), `full` or `False` and
defines whether to interpolate data to central bin points only
in filled bins, over full time-series, or skip interpolation
respectively.
k : int, optional
Specifies the order of the interpolation spline. Default is 3,
`cubic`.
s : float, optional
Positive smoothing factor used to choose the number of knots.
extrapolate : string, bool, optional
Sets if averaging outside data boundaries should be
extrapolated. If `True` or `linear`, extrapolates data linearly,
if `repeat` (default) repeats values from nearest bin.
mode : string, optional
Sets averaging mode: `mean` (default), `median`.
Returns
-------
bin_x : array like
Coordinate at the center of the bins.
bin_y : array like
Interpolated array of bin averages.
avg_x : array like
Average coordinate in each bin.
avg_y : array like
Average values inside each bin.
std_x : array like
Coordinate standard deviation in each bin.
std_y : array like
Standard deviation in each bin.
min_y : array like
Minimum values in each bin.
max_y : array like
Maximum values in each bin.
"""
t0 = time()
# If no bins are given, calculate them from input data.
if bins == None:
x_min = floor(x.min() / dx) * dx
x_max = 0. # numpy.ceil(x.max() / dx) * dx
bins = arange(x_min-dx, x_max+dx, dx) + dx/2
# Checks if bin array is strictly increasing.
if not all(x < y for x, y in zip(bins, bins[1:])):
raise ValueError('Bin array must be strictly increasing.')
# Ensures that input coordinate `x` is monotonically increasing.
_i = x.argsort()
x = x[_i]
y = y[_i]
# Data types
dtype_x = x.dtype
dtype_y = y.dtype
# Some variable initializations
nbins = len(bins) - 1
ndata = len(y)
Sel = zeros(ndata, dtype=bool)
# Initializes ouput arrays, masked or not.
if usemask:
bin_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
avg_x = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
avg_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
std_x = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
std_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
min_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
max_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
else:
bin_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
avg_x = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
avg_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
std_x = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
std_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
min_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
max_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
# Determines indices of the bins to which each data points belongs.
bin_sel = digitize(x, bins) - 1
bin_sel_unique = unique(bin_sel)
_nbins = bin_sel_unique.size
#
t1 = time()
for i, bin_i in enumerate(bin_sel_unique):
if profile:
# Erase line ANSI terminal string when using return feed
# character.
# (source:http://www.termsys.demon.co.uk/vtansi.htm#cursor)
_s = '\x1b[2K\rBin-averaging... %s' % (common.profiler(_nbins, i, 0, t0,
t1))
stdout.write(_s)
stdout.flush()
# Ignores when data is not in valid range:
if (bin_i < 0) | (bin_i > nbins):
print 'Uhuuu (signal.py line 908)!!'
continue
# Calculate averages inside each bin in two steps: (i) calculate
# average and standard deviation; (ii) consider only those values
# within selected standard deviation range.
sel = flatnonzero(bin_sel == bin_i)
# Selects data within selected standard deviation or single
# data in current bin.
if sel.size > 1:
_avg_y = y[sel].mean()
_std_y = y[sel].std()
if _std_y > 1e-10:
_sel = ((y[sel] >= (_avg_y - nstd * _std_y)) &
(y[sel] <= (_avg_y + nstd * _std_y)))
#print bin_i, sel.size, _avg_y, _std_y
sel = sel[_sel]
#print sel.size
# Calculates final values
if mode == 'mean':
_avg_x = x[sel].mean()
_avg_y = y[sel].mean()
elif mode == 'median':
_avg_x = median(x[sel])
_avg_y = median(y[sel])
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid mode `{}`.'.format(mode))
_std_x = x[sel].std()
_std_y = y[sel].std()
_min_y = y[sel].min()
_max_y = y[sel].max()
else:
_avg_x, _avg_y = x[sel][0], y[sel][0]
_std_x, _std_y = 0, 0
_min_y, _max_y = nan, nan
#
#print i, sel_sum, _avg_x, _avg_y
#
avg_x[bin_i] = _avg_x
avg_y[bin_i] = _avg_y
std_x[bin_i] = _std_x
std_y[bin_i] = _std_y
min_y[bin_i] = _min_y
max_y[bin_i] = _max_y
#
if profile:
_s = '\rBin-averaging... %s' % (common.profiler(_nbins, i+1, 0, t0,
t1))
stdout.write(_s)
stdout.flush()
# Interpolates selected data to central data point in bin using spline.
# Only interpolates data in filled bins.
if interpolate in ['bins', 'full']:
sel = ~isnan(avg_y)
bin_x = (bins[1:] + bins[:-1]) * 0.5
if interpolate == 'bins':
bin_y[sel] = _interpolate(bin_x[sel], avg_x[sel], avg_y[sel], k=k,
s=s, outside=extrapolate)
elif interpolate == 'full':
bin_y = _interpolate(bin_x, avg_x[sel], avg_y[sel], k=k, s=s,
outside=extrapolate)
elif interpolate != False:
raise ValueError('Invalid interpolation mode `{}`.'.format(
interpolate))
# Masks invalid data.
if usemask:
bin_y = ma.masked_invalid(bin_y)
avg_x = ma.masked_invalid(avg_x)
avg_y = ma.masked_invalid(avg_y)
std_x = ma.masked_invalid(std_x)
std_y = ma.masked_invalid(std_y)
min_y = ma.masked_invalid(min_y)
max_y = ma.masked_invalid(max_y)
if interpolate:
return bin_x, bin_y, avg_x, avg_y, std_x, std_y, min_y, max_y
else:
return avg_x, avg_y, std_x, std_y, min_y, max_y
def load_dataset(path,
pattern='(.*)',
ftype='xy',
flist=None,
delimiter='\t',
var_from_name=False,
masked=False,
xlim=None,
ylim=None,
lon=None,
lat=None,
tm=None,
topomask=None,
verbose=False,
dummy=False):
"""Loads an entire dataset.
It uses the numpy.loadtxt function and therefore accepts regular
ASCII files or GZIP compressed ones.
PARAMETERS
path (string) :
The path in which the data files are located.
pattern (string, optional) :
Regular expression pattern correspondig to valid file names
to be loaded.
ftype (string, optional) :
Specifies the file type that is loaded. The accepted values
are 'xy', 'xt' and 'ty'.
For 'xy', or map, files, the first line contains the
longitude coordinates, the first column contains the
latitude coordinates and the rest contains the data in
matrix style. If var_from_name is set to True, it assumes
that the time is given at the upper left cell.
For 'xt', or zonal-temporal, files, the first line contains
the longitude coordinates, the first column contains the
time and the rest contains the data in matrix style. If
var_from_name is set to True, it assumes that the latitude
is given at the upper left cell.
For 'ty', or temporal-meridional, files, the first line
contains the time, the first column contains the longitude
and the rest contains the data in matrix style. If
var_from_name is set to True, it assumes that the latitude
is given at the upper left cell.
flist (array like, optional) :
Lists the files to be loaded in path. If set, it ignores the
pattern.
delimiter (string, optional) :
Specifies the data delimiter used while loading the data.
The default value is '\t' (tab)
var_from_name (boolean, optional) :
If set to true, it tries to infer eather the time, latitude
or longitude from the first match in pattern according to
the chosen file type. If set to true, the pattern has to be
set in such a way that the last matches contain the value
and the hemisphere ('N', 'S', 'E' or 'W') if appropriate.
masked (boolean, optional) :
Returnes masked array. Default is False.
xlim, ylim (array like, optional) :
List containing the upper and lower zonal and meridional
limits, respectivelly.
lon, lat, tm (array like, optional):
topomask (string, optional) :
Topography mask.
verbose (boolean, optional) :
If set to true, does not print anything on screen.
dummy (boolean, optional) :
If set to true, does not load data and returns blank
data array for test purposes.
RETURNS
lon (array like) :
Longitude.
lat (array like) :
Latitude.
t (array like) :
Time.
z (array like) :
Loaded variable.
"""
t0 = time()
if topomask != None:
masked = True
S = 'Preparing data'
s = '%s...' % (S)
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
# Generates list of files and tries to match them to the pattern
if flist == None:
flist = os.listdir(path)
flist, match = common.reglist(flist, pattern)
# Loads all the data from file list to create arrays
N = len(flist)
if N == 0:
raise Warning, 'No files to be loaded.'
# Initializes the set of array limits
Lon = set()
Lat = set()
Tm = set()
# Walks through the file loading process twice. At the first step loads
# all the files to get all the geographical and temporal boundaries. At the
# second step, reloads all files and fits them to the initialized data
# arrays
if dummy:
step_range = 1
else:
step_range = 2
for step in range(step_range):
t1 = time()
for n, fname in enumerate(flist):
t2 = time()
if (lon != None) and (lat != None) and (tm != None):
continue
x, y, t, z = load_map('%s/%s' % (path, fname),
ftype=ftype,
delimiter=delimiter,
lon=lon,
lat=lat,
tm=tm,
masked=masked,
topomask=None)
if var_from_name:
if (ftype == 'xt') | (ftype == 'ty'):
var = atof(match[n][-2]) # Gets coordinate out of ...
rav = match[n][-1].upper() # ... match and also its ...
if (rav == 'S' | rav == 'W'): # ... hemisphere.
var *= -1
if ftype == 'xt':
y = var
else:
x = var
elif ftype == 'xy':
t = atof(match[n][-1]) # Gets time out of last match.
if numpy.isnan(t).all():
t = 0
if type(x).__name__ in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'float64']:
x = [x]
if type(y).__name__ in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'float64']:
y = [y]
if type(t).__name__ in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'float64']:
t = [t]
###################################################################
# FIRST STEP
###################################################################
if step == 0:
Lon.update(x)
Lat.update(y)
Tm.update(t)
###################################################################
# SECOND STEP
###################################################################
elif step == 1:
selx = [pylab.find(Lon == i)[0] for i in x]
sely = [pylab.find(Lat == i)[0] for i in y]
selt = [pylab.find(Tm == i)[0] for i in t]
#print len(selx), len(sely), len(selt)
i, j, k = common.meshgrid2(selx, sely, selt)
if ftype == 'xt':
a, b, c = i.shape
z = z.reshape((a, 1, c))
# Makes sure only to overwrite values not previously assigned.
if masked:
Z[k, j, i] = numpy.ma.where(~Z[k, j, i].mask, Z[k, j, i],
z)
else:
Z[k, j, i] = numpy.where(~numpy.isnan(Z[k, j, i]), Z[k, j,
i], z)
###################################################################
# PROFILING
###################################################################
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = '%s (%s)... %s ' % (S, fname,
common.profiler(N, n + 1, t0, t1, t2))
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write(s)
os.sys.stdout.flush()
#
if not verbose:
os.sys.stdout.write('\n')
# Now creates data array based on input parameters xlim, ylim and
# the loaded coordinate sets.
if step == 0:
if lon == None:
Lon = numpy.asarray(list(Lon))
else:
Lon = lon
if lat == None:
Lat = numpy.asarray(list(Lat))
else:
Lat = lat
if tm == None:
Tm = numpy.asarray(list(Tm))
else:
Tm = tm
Lon.sort()
Lat.sort()
Tm.sort()
# Makes sure that all the coordinates are continuous, equally
# spaced and that they are inside the coordinate limits.
dx, dy, dt = numpy.diff(Lon), numpy.diff(Lat), numpy.diff(Tm)
if len(dx) == 0: dx = numpy.array([1.])
if len(dy) == 0: dy = numpy.array([1.])
if len(dt) == 0: dt = numpy.array([1.])
#if ((not (dx == dx[0]).all()) or (not (dy == dy[0]).all()) or
# (not (dt == dt[0]).all())):
# raise Warning, 'One or more coordinates are not evenly spaced.'
dx = dx[0]
dy = dy[0]
dt = dt[0]
if xlim == None:
xlim = [Lon.min(), Lon.max()]
if ylim == None:
ylim = [Lat.min(), Lat.max()]
selx = pylab.find((Lon >= min(xlim)) & (Lon <= max(xlim)))
Lon = Lon[selx]
sely = pylab.find((Lat >= min(ylim)) & (Lat <= max(ylim)))
Lat = Lat[sely]
# Pads edges with NaN's to avoid distortions when generating maps.
if lon == None:
Lon = numpy.concatenate([[Lon[0] - dx], Lon, [Lon[-1] + dx]])
if lat == None:
Lat = numpy.concatenate([[Lat[0] - dy], Lat, [Lat[-1] + dy]])
# Initializes data arrays
a, b, c = Lon.size, Lat.size, Tm.size
if masked:
Z = numpy.ma.empty([c, b, a], dtype=float) * numpy.nan
Z.mask = True
else:
Z = numpy.empty([c, b, a], dtype=float) * numpy.nan
lon, lat = numpy.array(Lon), numpy.array(Lat)
# Now everything might be ready for the second step in the loop,
# filling in the data array.
S, s = 'Loading data', ''
# Interpolates topography into data grid.
if topomask != None:
if not verbose:
print 'Masking topographic features...'
ezi, _, _ = interpolate.nearest([common.etopo.x, common.etopo.y],
common.etopo.z, [Lon, Lat])
if topomask == 'ocean':
tmask = (ezi > 0)
elif topomask == 'land':
tmask = (ezi < 0)
#
tmask = tmask.reshape([1, b, a])
tmask = tmask.repeat(c, axis=0)
#
Z.mask = Z.mask | tmask
if masked:
Z.mask = Z.mask | numpy.isnan(Z.data)
Z.data[Z.mask] = 0
return Lon, Lat, Tm, Z
def basics(z, dt=None, oldschool=False):
"""Performs basic statistics on given data variable z.
Calculates the mean, standard deviation and trend along time.
Assumes fist dimension of the array to be time and the others to be
the coordinates. Maximum number of dimensions is three. The trend
is calculated by least square fit of a one degree polynomial
function.
PARAMETERS
z (array like) :
Variable to be analysed.
dt (float) :
Temporal sampling scale to normalize the trend.
oldschool (boolean, optional):
If set to true, calculates the avarages and standard deviation
using old school techniques.
RETURNS
mean, std, trend, alpha (array like) :
Calculated mean, standard deviation, trends and lag-1 auto-
correlation.
"""
t1 = time()
# Transforms input arrays numpy masked arrays.
z = numpy.ma.masked_invalid(z)
if dt == None:
dt = 1.
dim = len(z.shape)
if dim == 1:
z = z.reshape(z.size, 1, 1)
print 'Hey! ', z.shape
elif dim == 2:
c, b = z.shape
z = z.reshape(c, b, 1)
elif dim > 3:
raise Warning, 'Higher dimensions than three are not implemented.'
c, b, a = z.shape
t = numpy.arange(c) * dt
mask = z.mask
t2 = time()
s = 'Calculating mean... '
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
if oldschool:
zmean = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
zstd = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
for i in range(a):
t2 = time()
for j in range(b):
if not mask[j, i]:
zmean[j, i] = z[:, j, i].mean()
zstd[j, i] = z[:, j, i].std()
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = ('Calculating mean and standard deviation... %s ' %
(common.profiler(a, i + 1, 0, t1, t2)))
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
s = '\n'
else:
zmean = z.mean(axis=0)
s = '%s\n' % (common.profiler(1, 1, 0, t1, t2))
zmean[mask] = numpy.nan
zmean.mask = mask
stdout.write(s)
if not oldschool:
t2 = time()
s = 'Calculating standard deviation... '
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
zstd = z.std(axis=0)
s = '%s\n' % (common.profiler(1, 1, 0, t1, t2))
stdout.write(s)
zstd[mask] = numpy.nan
zstd.mask = mask
s = 'Calculating trends and lag-1 autocorrelation... '
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
ztrend = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
zalpha = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
for i in range(a):
t2 = time()
for j in range(b):
if not mask[j, i]:
p = numpy.polyfit(t, z[:, j, i], 1)
ztrend[j, i] = p[0]
#
ac = acorr(z[:, j, i])
zalpha[j, i] = (ac[c] + ac[c + 1] ** 0.5) / 2
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = ('Calculating trends and lag-1 autocorrelation... %s ' %
(common.profiler(a, i + 1, 0, t1, t2)))
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
ztrend.mask = mask
zalpha.mask = mask | numpy.isnan(zalpha)
stdout.write('\n')
return zmean, zstd, ztrend, zalpha
def wavelet_analysis(z, tm, lon=None, lat=None, mother='Morlet', alpha=0.0,
siglvl=0.95, loc=None, onlyloc=False, periods=None,
sel_periods=[], show=False, save='', dsave='', prefix='',
labels=dict(), title=None, name=None, fpath='',
fpattern='', std=dict(), crange=None, levels=None,
cmap=cm.GMT_no_green, debug=False):
"""Continuous wavelet transform and significance analysis.
The analysis is made using the methodology and statistical approach
suggested by Torrence and Compo (1998).
Depending on the dimensions of the input array, three different
kinds of approaches are taken. If the input array is one-dimensional
then only a simple analysis is performed. If the array is
bi- or three-dimensional then spectral Hovmoller diagrams are drawn
for each Fourier period given within a range of +/-25%.
PARAMETERS
z (array like) :
Input data. The data array should have one of these forms,
z[tm], z[tm, lat] or z[tm, lat, lon].
tm (array like) :
Time axis. It should contain values in matplotlib date
format (i.e. number of days since 0001-01-01 UTC).
lon (array like, optional) :
Longitude.
lat (array like, optional) :
Latitude.
mother (string, optional) :
Gives the name of the mother wavelet to be used. Possible
values are 'Morlet' (default), 'Paul' or 'Mexican hat'.
alpha (float or dictionary, optional) :
Lag-1 autocorrelation for background noise. Default value
is 0.0 (white noise). If different autocorrelation
coefficients should be used for different locations, then
the input should contain a dictionary with 'lon', 'lat',
'map' keys as for the std parameter.
siglvl (float, optional) :
Significance level. Default value is 0.95.
loc (array like, optional) :
Special locations of interest. If the input array is of
higher dimenstions, the output of the simple wavelet
analysis of each of the locations is output. The list
should contain the pairs of (lon, lat) for each locations
of interest.
onlyloc (boolean, optional) :
If set to true then only the specified locations are
analysed. The default is false.
periods (array like, optional) :
Special Fourier periods of interest in case of analysis of
higher dimensions (in years).
sel_periods (array like, optional) :
Select which Fourier periods spectral power are averaged.
show (boolean, optional) :
If set to true the the resulting maps are shown on screen.
save (string, optional) :
The path in which the resulting plots are to be saved. If
not set, then no images will be saved.
dsave (string, optional) :
If set, saves the scale averaged power spectrum series to
this path. This is especially useful if memory is an issue.
prefix (string, optional) :
Prefix to retain naming conventions such as basin.
labels (dictionary, optional) :
Sets the labels for the plot axis.
title (string, array like, optional) :
Title of each of the selected periods.
name (string, array like, optional) :
Name of each of the selected periods. Used when saving the
results to files.
fpath (string, optional) :
Path for the source files to be loaded when memory issues
are a concern.
fpattern (string, optional) :
Regular expression pattern to match file names.
std (dictionary, optional) :
A dictionary containing a map of the standard deviation of
the analysed time series. To set the longitude and latitude
coordinates of the map, they should be included as
separate 'lon' and 'lat' key items. If they are omitted,
then the regular input parameters are assumed. Accepted
standard deviation error is set in key 'err' (default value
is 1e-2).
crange (array like, optional) :
Array of power levels to be used in average Hovmoler colour bar.
levels (array like, optional) :
Array of power levels to be used in spectrogram colour bar.
cmap (colormap, optional) :
Sets the colour map to be used in the plots. The default is
the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) no green.
debug (boolean, optional) :
If set to True then warnings are shown.
OUTPUT
If show or save are set, plots either on screen and or on file
according to the specified parameters.
If dsave parameter is set, also saves the scale averaged power
series to files.
RETURNS
wave (dictionary) :
Dictionary containing the resulting calculations from the
wavelet analysis according to the input parameters. The
output items might be:
scale --
Wavelet scales.
period --
Equivalent Fourier periods (in days).
power_spectrum --
Wavelet power spectrum (in units**2).
power_significance --
Relative significance of the power spectrum.
global_power --
Global wavelet power spectrum (in units**2).
scale_spectrum --
Scale averaged wavelet spectra (in units**2)
according to selected periods.
scale_significance --
Relative significance of the scale averaged wavelet
spectra.
fft --
Fourier spectrum.
fft_first --
Fourier spectrum of the first half of the
time-series.
fft_second --
Fourier spectrum of the second half of the
time-series.
fft_period --
Fourier periods (in days).
trend --
Signal trend (in units/yr).
wavelet_trend --
Wavelet spectrum trends (in units**2/yr).
"""
t1 = time()
result = {}
# Resseting unit labels for hovmoller plots
hlabels = dict(labels)
hlabels['units'] = ''
# Setting some titles and paths
if name == None:
name = title
# Working with the std parameter and setting its properties:
if 'val' in std.keys():
if 'lon' not in std.keys():
std['lon'] = lon
std['lon180'] = common.lon180(std['lon'])
if 'lat' not in std.keys():
std['lat'] = lat
if 'err' not in std.keys():
std['err'] = 1e-2
std['map'] = True
else:
std['map'] = False
# Lag-1 autocorrelation parameter
if type(alpha).__name__ == 'dict':
if 'lon' not in alpha.keys():
alpha['lon'] = lon
alpha['lon180'] = common.lon180(alpha['lon'])
if 'lat' not in alpha.keys():
alpha['lat'] = lat
alpha['mean'] = alpha['val'].mean()
alpha['map'] = True
alpha['calc'] = False
else:
if alpha == -1:
alpha = {'mean': -1, 'calc': True}
else:
alpha = {'val': alpha, 'mean': alpha, 'map': False, 'calc': False}
# Shows some of the options on screen.
print ('Average Lag-1 autocorrelation for background noise: %.2f' %
(alpha['mean']))
if save:
print 'Saving result figures in \'%s\'.' % (save)
if dsave:
print 'Saving result data in \'%s\'.' % (dsave)
if fpath:
# Gets the list of files to be loaded individually extracts all the
# latitudes and loads the first file to get the main parameters.
flist = os.listdir(fpath)
flist, match = common.reglist(flist, fpattern)
if len(flist) == 0:
raise Warning, 'No files matched search pattern.'
flist = numpy.asarray(flist)
lst_lat = []
for item in match:
y = string.atof(item[-2])
if item[-1].upper() == 'S': y *= -1
lst_lat.append(y)
# Detect file type from file name
ftype = fm.detect_ftype(flist[0])
x, y, tm, z = fm.load_map('%s/%s' % (fpath, flist[0]),
ftype=ftype, masked=True)
if lon == None:
lon = x
lat = numpy.unique(lst_lat)
dim = 2
else:
# Transforms input arrays in numpy arrays and numpy masked arrays.
tm = numpy.asarray(tm)
z = numpy.ma.asarray(z)
z.mask = numpy.isnan(z)
# Determines the number of dimensions of the variable to be plotted and
# the sizes of each dimension.
a = b = c = None
dim = len(z.shape)
if dim == 3:
c, b, a = z.shape
elif dim == 2:
c, a = z.shape
b = 1
z = z.reshape(c, b, a)
else:
c = z.shape[0]
a = b = 1
z = z.reshape(c, b, a)
if tm.size != c:
raise Warning, 'Time and data lengths do not match.'
# Transforms coordinate arrays into numpy arrays
s = type(lat).__name__
if s in ['int', 'float', 'float64']:
lat = numpy.asarray([lat])
elif s != 'NoneType':
lat = numpy.asarray(lat)
s = type(lon).__name__
if s in ['int', 'float', 'float64']:
lon = numpy.asarray([lon])
elif s != 'NoneType':
lon = numpy.asarray(lon)
# Starts the mother wavelet class instance and determines important
# analysis parameters
mother = mother.lower()
if mother == 'morlet':
mother = wavelet.Morlet()
elif mother == 'paul':
mother = wavelet.Paul()
elif mother in ['mexican hat', 'mexicanhat', 'mexican_hat']:
mother = wavelet.Mexican_hat()
else:
raise Warning, 'Mother wavelet unknown.'
t = tm / common.daysinyear # Time array in years
dt = tm[1] - tm[0] # Temporal sampling interval
try: # Zonal sampling interval
dx = lon[1] - lon[0]
except:
dx = 1
try: # Meridional sampling interval
dy = lat[1] - lat[0]
except:
dy = dx
if numpy.isnan(dt): dt = 1
if numpy.isnan(dx): dx = 1
if numpy.isnan(dy): dy = dx
dj = 0.25 # Four sub-octaves per octave
s0 = 2 * dt # Smallest scale
J = 7 / dj - 1 # Seven powers of two with dj sub-octaves
scales = period = None
if type(crange).__name__ == 'NoneType':
crange = numpy.arange(0, 1.1, 0.1)
if type(levels).__name__ == 'NoneType':
levels = 2. ** numpy.arange(-3, 6)
if fpath:
N = lat.size
# TODO: refactoring # lon = numpy.arange(-81. - dx / 2., 290. + dx / 2, dx)
# TODO: refactoring # lat = numpy.unique(numpy.asarray(lst_lat))
c, b, a = tm.size, lat.size, lon.size
else:
N = a * b
# Making sure that the longitudes range from -180 to 180 degrees and
# setting the squared search radius R2.
try:
lon180 = common.lon180(lon)
except:
lon180 = None
R2 = dx ** 2 + dy ** 2
if numpy.isnan(R2):
R2 = 65535.
if loc != None:
loc = numpy.asarray([[common.lon180(item[0]), item[1]] for item in
loc])
# Initializes important result variables such as the global wavelet power
# spectrum map, scale avaraged spectrum time-series and their significance,
# wavelet power trend map.
global_power = numpy.ma.empty([J + 1, b, a]) * numpy.nan
try:
C = len(periods) + 1
dT = numpy.diff(periods)
pmin = numpy.concatenate([[periods[0] - dT[0] / 2],
0.5 * (periods[:-1] + periods[1:])])
pmax = numpy.concatenate([0.5 * (periods[:-1] + periods[1:]),
[periods[-1] + dT[-1] / 2]])
except:
# Sets the lowest period to null and the highest to half the time
# series length.
C = 1
pmin = numpy.array([0])
pmax = numpy.array([(tm[-1] - tm[0]) / 2])
if type(sel_periods).__name__ in ['int', 'float']:
sel_periods = [sel_periods]
elif len(sel_periods) == 0:
sel_periods = [-1.]
try:
if fpath:
raise Warning, 'Process files individually'
avg_spectrum = numpy.ma.empty([C, c, b, a]) * numpy.nan
mem_error = False
except:
avg_spectrum = numpy.ma.empty([C, c, a]) * numpy.nan
mem_error = True
avg_spectrum_signif = numpy.ma.empty([C, b, a]) * numpy.nan
trend = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
wavelet_trend = numpy.ma.empty([C, b, a]) * numpy.nan
fft_trend = numpy.ma.empty([C, b, a]) * numpy.nan
std_map = numpy.ma.empty([b, a]) * numpy.nan
zero = numpy.ma.empty([c, a])
fft_spectrum = None
fft_spectrum1 = None
fft_spectrum2 = None
# Walks through each latitude and then through each longitude to perform
# the temporal wavelet analysis.
if N == 1:
plural = ''
else:
plural = 's'
s = 'Spectral analysis of %d location%s... ' % (N, plural)
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
for j in range(b):
t2 = time()
isloc = False # Ressets 'is special location' flag
hloc = [] # Cleans location list for Hovmoller plots
zero *= numpy.nan
if mem_error:
# Clears average spectrum for next step.
avg_spectrum *= numpy.nan
avg_spectrum.mask = False
if fpath:
findex = pylab.find(lst_lat == lat[j])
if len(findex) == 0:
continue
ftype = fm.detect_ftype(flist[findex[0]])
try:
x, y, tm, z = fm.load_dataset(fpath, flist=flist[findex],
ftype=ftype, masked=True, lon=lon, lat=lat[j:j+1],
verbose=True)
except:
continue
z = z[:, 0, :]
x180 = common.lon180(x)
# Determines the first and second halves of the time-series and some
# constants for the FFT
fft_ta = numpy.ceil(t.min())
fft_tb = numpy.floor(t.max())
fft_tc = numpy.round(fft_ta + fft_tb) / 2
fft_ia = pylab.find((t >= fft_ta) & (t <= fft_tc))
fft_ib = pylab.find((t >= fft_tc) & (t <= fft_tb))
fft_N = int(2 ** numpy.ceil(numpy.log2(max([len(fft_ia),
len(fft_ib)]))))
fft_N2 = fft_N / 2 - 1
fft_dt = t[fft_ib].mean() - t[fft_ia].mean()
for i in range(a):
# Some string output.
try:
Y, X = common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j], mode='each',
padding=False)
except:
Y = X = '?'
# Extracts individual time-series from the whole dataset and
# sets or calculates its standard deviation, squared standard
# deviation and finally the normalized time-series.
if fpath:
try:
ilon = pylab.find(x == lon[i])[0]
fz = z[:, ilon]
except:
continue
else:
fz = z[:, j, i]
if fz.mask.all():
continue
if std['map']:
try:
u = pylab.find(std['lon180'] == lon180[i])[0]
v = pylab.find(std['lat'] == lat[j])[0]
except:
if debug:
warnings.warn('Unable to locate standard deviation '
'for (%s, %s)' % (X, Y), Warning)
continue
fstd = std['val'][v, u]
estd = fstd - fz.std()
if (estd < 0) & (abs(estd) > std['err']):
if debug:
warnings.warn('Discrepant input standard deviation '
'(%f) location (%.3f, %.3f) will be '
'disregarded.' % (estd, lon180[i], lat[j]))
continue
else:
fstd = fz.std()
fstd2 = fstd ** 2
std_map[j, i] = fstd
zero[:, i] = fz
fz = (fz - fz.mean()) / fstd
# Calculates the distance of the current point to any special
# location set in the 'loc' parameter. If only special locations
# are to be analysed, then skips all other ones. If the input
# array is one dimensional, then do the analysis anyway.
if dim == 1:
dist = numpy.asarray([0.])
else:
try:
dist = numpy.asarray([((item[0] - (lon180[i])) **
2 + (item[1] - lat[j]) ** 2) for item in loc])
except:
dist = []
if (dist > R2).all() & (loc != 'all') & onlyloc:
continue
# Determines the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient to be used in
# the significance test from the input parameter
if alpha['calc']:
ac = acorr(fz)
alpha_ij = (ac[c + 1] + ac[c + 2] ** 0.5) / 2
elif alpha['map']:
try:
u = pylab.find(alpha['lon180'] == lon180[i])[0]
v = pylab.find(alpha['lat'] == lat[j])[0]
alpha_ij = alpha['val'][v, u]
except:
if debug:
warnings.warn('Unable to locate standard deviation '
'for (%s, %s) using mean value instead' %
(X, Y), Warning)
alpha_ij = alpha['mean']
else:
alpha_ij = alpha['mean']
# Calculates the continuous wavelet transform using the wavelet
# Python module. Calculates the wavelet and Fourier power spectrum
# and the periods in days. Also calculates the Fourier power
# spectrum for the first and second halves of the timeseries.
wave, scales, freqs, coi, fft, fftfreqs = wavelet.cwt(fz, dt, dj,
s0, J, mother)
power = abs(wave * wave.conj())
fft_power = abs(fft * fft.conj())
period = 1. / freqs
fftperiod = 1. / fftfreqs
psel = pylab.find(period <= pmax.max())
# Calculates the Fourier transform for the first and the second
# halves ot the time-series for later trend analysis.
fft_1 = numpy.fft.fft(fz[fft_ia], fft_N)[1:fft_N/2] / fft_N ** 0.5
fft_2 = numpy.fft.fft(fz[fft_ib], fft_N)[1:fft_N/2] / fft_N ** 0.5
fft_p1 = abs(fft_1 * fft_1.conj())
fft_p2 = abs(fft_2 * fft_2.conj())
# Creates FFT return array and stores the spectrum accordingly
try:
fft_spectrum[:, j, i] = fft_power * fstd2
fft_spectrum1[:, j, i] = fft_p1 * fstd2
fft_spectrum2[:, j, i] = fft_p2 * fstd2
except:
fft_spectrum = (numpy.ma.empty([len(fft_power), b, a]) *
numpy.nan)
fft_spectrum1 = (numpy.ma.empty([fft_N2, b, a]) *
numpy.nan)
fft_spectrum2 = (numpy.ma.empty([fft_N2, b, a]) *
numpy.nan)
#
fft_spectrum[:, j, i] = fft_power * fstd2
fft_spectrum1[:, j, i] = fft_p1 * fstd2
fft_spectrum2[:, j, i] = fft_p2 * fstd2
# Performs the significance test according to the article by
# Torrence and Compo (1998). The wavelet power is significant
# if the ratio power/sig95 is > 1.
signif, fft_theor = wavelet.significance(1., dt, scales, 0,
alpha_ij, significance_level=siglvl, wavelet=mother)
sig95 = (signif * numpy.ones((c, 1))).transpose()
sig95 = power / sig95
# Calculates the global wavelet power spectrum and its
# significance. The global wavelet spectrum is the average of the
# wavelet power spectrum over time. The degrees of freedom (dof)
# have to be corrected for padding at the edges.
glbl_power = power.mean(axis=1)
dof = c - scales
glbl_signif, tmp = wavelet.significance(1., dt, scales, 1,
alpha_ij, significance_level=siglvl, dof=dof, wavelet=mother)
global_power[:, j, i] = glbl_power * fstd2
# Calculates the average wavelet spectrum along the scales and its
# significance according to Torrence and Compo (1998) eq. 24. The
# scale_avg_full variable is used multiple times according to the
# selected periods range.
#
# Also calculates the average Fourier power spectrum.
Cdelta = mother.cdelta
scale_avg_full = (scales * numpy.ones((c, 1))).transpose()
scale_avg_full = power / scale_avg_full
for k in range(C):
if k == 0:
sel = pylab.find((period >= pmin[0]) &
(period <= pmax[-1]))
pminmax = [period[sel[0]], period[sel[-1]]]
les = pylab.find((fftperiod >= pmin[0]) &
(fftperiod <= pmax[-1]))
fminmax = [fftperiod[les[0]], fftperiod[les[-1]]]
else:
sel = pylab.find((period >= pmin[k - 1]) &
(period < pmax[k - 1]))
pminmax = [pmin[k-1], pmax[k-1]]
les = pylab.find((fftperiod >= pmin[k - 1]) &
(fftperiod <= pmax[k - 1]))
fminmax = [fftperiod[les[0]], fftperiod[les[-1]]]
scale_avg = numpy.ma.array((dj * dt / Cdelta *
scale_avg_full[sel, :].sum(axis=0)))
scale_avg_signif, tmp = wavelet.significance(1., dt, scales,
2, alpha_ij, significance_level=siglvl,
dof=[scales[sel[0]], scales[sel[-1]]], wavelet=mother)
scale_avg.mask = (scale_avg < scale_avg_signif)
if mem_error:
avg_spectrum[k, :, i] = scale_avg
else:
avg_spectrum[k, :, j, i] = scale_avg
avg_spectrum_signif[k, j, i] = scale_avg_signif
# Trend analysis using least square polynomial fit of one
# degree of the original input data and scale averaged
# wavelet power. The wavelet power trend is calculated only
# where the cone of influence spans the highest analyzed
# period. In the end, the returned value for the trend is in
# units**2.
#
# Also calculates the trends in the Fourier power spectrum.
# Note that the FFT power spectrum is already multiplied by
# the signal's standard deviation.
incoi = pylab.find(coi >= pmax[-1])
if len(incoi) == 0:
incoi = numpy.arange(c)
polyw = numpy.polyfit(t[incoi], scale_avg[incoi].data, 1)
wavelet_trend[k, j, i] = polyw[0] * fstd2
fft_trend[k, j, i] = (fft_spectrum2[les[les<fft_N2], j, i] -
fft_spectrum1[les[les<fft_N2], j, i]).mean() / fft_dt
if k == 0:
polyz = numpy.polyfit(t, fz * fstd, 1)
trend[j, i] = polyz[0]
# Plots the wavelet analysis results for the individual
# series. The plot is only generated if the dimension of the
# input variable z is one, if a special location is within a
# range of the search radius R and if the show or save
# parameters are set.
if (show | (save != '')) & ((k in sel_periods)):
if (dist < R2).any() | (loc == 'all') | (dim == 1):
# There is an interesting spot within the search
# radius of location (%s, %s).' % (Y, X)
isloc = True
if (dist < R2).any():
try:
hloc.append(loc[(dist < R2)][0, 0])
except:
pass
if save:
try:
sv = '%s/tz_%s_%s_%d' % (save, prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j]), k)
except:
sv = '%s' % (save)
else:
sv = ''
graphics.wavelet_plot(tm, period[psel], fz,
power[psel, :], coi, glbl_power[psel],
scale_avg.data, fft=fft, fft_period=fftperiod,
power_signif=sig95[psel, :],
glbl_signif=glbl_signif[psel],
scale_signif=scale_avg_signif, pminmax=pminmax,
labels=labels, normalized=True, std=fstd,
ztrend=polyz, wtrend=polyw, show=show, save=sv,
levels=levels, cmap=cmap)
# Saves and/or plots the intermediate results as zonal temporal
# diagrams.
if dsave:
for k in range(C):
if k == 0:
sv = '%s/%s/%s_%s.xt.gz' % (dsave, 'global', prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j], mode='each')[0])
else:
sv = '%s/%s/%s_%s.xt.gz' % (dsave, name[k - 1].lower(),
prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j], mode='each')[0])
if mem_error:
fm.save_map(lon, tm, avg_spectrum[k, :, :].data,
sv, lat[j])
else:
fm.save_map(lon, tm, avg_spectrum[k, :, j, :].data,
sv, lat[j])
if ((dim > 1) and (show or (save != '')) & (not onlyloc) and
len(hloc) > 0):
hloc = common.lon360(numpy.unique(hloc))
if save:
sv = '%s/xt_%s_%s' % (save, prefix,
common.num2latlon(lon[i], lat[j], mode='each')[0])
else:
sv = ''
if mem_error:
# To include overlapping original signal, use zz=zero
gis.hovmoller(lon, tm, avg_spectrum[1:, :, :],
zo=avg_spectrum_signif[1:, j, :], title=title,
crange=crange, show=show, save=sv, labels=hlabels,
loc=hloc, cmap=cmap, bottom='avg', right='avg',
std=std_map[j, :])
else:
gis.hovmoller(lon, tm, avg_spectrum[1:, :, j, :],
zo=avg_spectrum_signif[1:, j, :], title=title,
crange=crange, show=show, save=sv, labels=hlabels,
loc=hloc, cmap=cmap, bottom='avg', right='avg',
std=std_map[j, :])
# Flushing profiling text.
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Spectral analysis of %d location%s (%s)... %s ' % (N, plural, Y,
common.profiler(b, j + 1, 0, t1, t2))
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
stdout.write('\n')
result['scale'] = scales
result['period'] = period
if dim == 1:
result['power_spectrum'] = power * fstd2
result['power_significance'] = sig95
result['cwt'] = wave
result['fft'] = fft
result['global_power'] = global_power
result['scale_spectrum'] = avg_spectrum
if fpath:
result['lon'] = lon
result['lat'] = lat
result['scale_significance'] = avg_spectrum_signif
result['trend'] = trend
result['wavelet_trend'] = wavelet_trend
result['fft_power'] = fft_spectrum
result['fft_first'] = fft_spectrum1
result['fft_second'] = fft_spectrum2
result['fft_period'] = fftperiod
result['fft_trend'] = fft_trend
return result
def map(lon, lat, z, z2=None, tm=None, projection='cyl', save='', ftype='png',
crange=None, crange2=None, cmap=cm.GMT_no_green, show=False,
shiftgrd=0., orientation='landscape', title='', label='', units='',
subplot=None, adjustprops=None, loc=[], xlim=None, ylim=None,
xstep=None, ystep=None, etopo=False, profile=True, hook=None,
**kwargs):
"""Generates maps.
The maps can be either saved as image files or simply showed on
screen.
PARAMETERS
lon, lat (array like) :
Longitude and latitude arrays.
z (array like) :
Variable data array. For bi-dimensional MxN arrays, then a
single map is plotted where M and N should have the same
lengths as the latitude and the longitude respectively.
For tri-dimensional TxMxN arrays, eather a sequence of maps
is generated if T has the same length as tm or, in case tm
is not set, T maps are plotted on the save figure.
z2 (array like, optional) :
Second variable to be plotted using simple line contours.
t (array like, optional) :
Time array. It should contain values in matplotlib date
format (i.e. number of days since 0001-01-01 UTC).
projection (text, optional) :
Sets the map projection. Implemented projections are:
cyl -- Equidistant cylindrical
ortho -- Orthographic
robin -- Robinson
moll -- Mollweide
eqdc -- Equidistant conic
poly -- Polyconic
omerc -- Oblique mercator
Default is the equidistant cylindrical projection (cyl).
save (string, optional) :
The path in which the resulting plots are to be saved. If
not set, then no images will be saved.
ftype (string, optional) :
The image file type. Most backends support png, pdf, ps,
eps and svg.
crange (array like, optional) :
Sets the color range of the maps. If not given then the
range is calculated from the input data.
crange2 (array like, optional) :
Sets the contour line interval.
cmap (colormap, optional) :
Sets the colormap to be used in the plots. The default is
the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) no green.
show (boolean, optional) :
If set to true the the resulting maps are explicitly shown
on screen.
shiftgrd (float, optional) :
Shifts the longitude and variable data arrays east or west.
Its value determines the starting longitude for the shifted
grid.
TODO: update functionality
orientation (string, optional) :
Sets the orientation of the figure. Allowed options are
'landscape' (default), 'portrait', 'squared'.
title (string, array like, optional) :
Sets the map title. If array like, each element of the
array becomes the title for each map. If the title is set
to '%date%' then the ISO formated date is written.
label (string, array like, optional) :
Sets the label for each plot. If array like, each element
of the array becomes the label for each plot.
units (string, array like, optional) :
Determines the units for all the maps of for each map
sepparetely if a text array is given.
subplot (array like, optional) :
Two item list containing the number of rows and columns for
subplots.
adjustprops (dict, optional) :
Dictionary containing the subplot parameters.
loc (list, optional) :
Lists the longitude of locations to be marked in map.
xlim, ylim (array like, optional) :
List containing the upper and lower zonal and meridional
limits, respectivelly.
xstep, ystep (float, optional) :
Determines the parallel and meridian spacing.
etopo (boolean, optional) :
If true, overlays ETOPO contour lines on map.
profile (boolean, optional) :
Turns profiler on/off. If set to true (default) outputs the
ETA and other information on screen.
hook (function, optional) :
Executes a hook function after the plot. The map instance
is passed along as parameter.
OUTPUT
Map plots either on screen and or on file according to the
specified parameters.
RETURNS
Nothing.
"""
t1 = time()
__init__()
# Transforms input arrays in numpy arrays and numpy masked arrays.
lat = numpy.asarray(lat)
lon = numpy.asarray(lon)
if type(tm).__name__ != 'NoneType':
tm = numpy.asarray(tm)
if type(z).__name__ != 'MaskedArray':
z = numpy.ma.asarray(z)
z.mask = numpy.isnan(z)
# Determines the number of dimensions of the variable to be plotted and
# the sizes of each dimension.
dim = len(z.shape)
if dim == 3:
c, b, a = z.shape
elif dim == 2:
b, a = z.shape
c = 1
z = z.reshape(c, b, a)
else:
raise Warning, ('Map plots require either bi-dimensional or tri-'
'dimensional data.')
if lon.size != a:
raise Warning, 'Longitude and data lengths do not match.'
if lat.size != b:
raise Warning, 'Latitude and data lengths do not match.'
#if type(tm).__name__ != 'NoneType':
# if tm.size != c:
# raise Warning, 'Time and data lengths do not match.'
# Shifts the longitude and data grid if applicable and determines central
# latitude and longitude for the map.
lon180 = common.lon180(lon)
if xlim == None:
try:
mask = ~z.mask.all(axis=0).all(axis=0)
xlim = [lon180[mask].min(), lon180[mask].max()]
except:
xlim = [lon.min(), lon.max()]
if ylim == None:
try:
mask = ~z.mask.all(axis=0).all(axis=1)
ylim = [lat[mask].min(), lat[mask].max()]
except:
ylim = [lat.min(), lat.max()]
lon0 = numpy.mean(xlim)
lat0 = numpy.mean(ylim)
if (shiftgrd != 0): # | (projection in ['ortho', 'robin', 'moll']):
dx, dy = lon[1] - lon[0], lat[1] - lat[0]
lon = lon180
shift = pylab.find(pylab.diff(lon) < 0) + 1
try:
lon = numpy.roll(lon, -shift)
z = numpy.roll(z, -shift)
except:
pass
#z, lon = shiftgrid(shiftgrd, z, lon0)
# Pad borders with NaN's to avoid distorsions
#lon = numpy.concatenate([[lon[0] - dx], lon, [lon[-1] + dx]])
#lat = numpy.concatenate([[lat[0] - dy], lat, [lat[-1] + dy]])
#nan = numpy.ma.empty((c, 1, a)) * numpy.nan
#nan.mask = True
#z = numpy.ma.concatenate([nan, z, nan], axis=1)
#nan = numpy.ma.empty((c, b+2, 1)) * numpy.nan
#nan.mask = True
#z = numpy.ma.concatenate([nan, z, nan], axis=2)
# Loads topographic data, if appropriate.
if etopo:
ez = common.etopo.z
ex = common.etopo.x
ey = common.etopo.y
er = -numpy.arange(1000, 12000, 1000)
# Setting the color ranges
if crange == None:
cmajor, cminor, crange, cticks, extend = common.step(z,
returnrange=True)
else:
crange = numpy.asarray(crange)
cminor = numpy.diff(crange).mean()
if crange.size > 11:
cmajor = 2 * cminor
if len(crange) < 15 :
cticks = crange[::2]
else:
cticks = crange[::5]
xmin, xmax = z.min(), z.max()
rmin, rmax = crange.min(), crange.max()
if (xmin < rmin) & (xmax > rmax):
extend = 'both'
elif (xmin < rmin) & (xmax <= rmax):
extend = 'min'
elif (xmin >= rmin) & (xmax > rmax):
extend = 'max'
elif (xmin >= rmin) & (xmax <= rmax):
extend = 'neither'
else:
raise Warning, 'Unable to determine extend'
if type(z2).__name__ != 'NoneType' and crange2 == None:
cmajor2, cminor2, crange2, cticks2, extend2 = common.step(z2,
returnrange=True)
# Turning interactive mode on or off according to show parameter.
if show == False:
pylab.ioff()
elif show == True:
pylab.ion()
else:
raise Warning, 'Invalid show option.'
# Sets the figure properties according to the orientation parameter and to
# the data dimensions.
if adjustprops == None:
if projection in ['cyl', 'eqdc', 'poly', 'omerc', 'vandg', 'nsper']:
adjustprops = dict(left=0.1, bottom=0.15, right=0.95, top=0.9,
wspace=0.05, hspace=0.5)
else:
adjustprops = dict(left=0.05, bottom=0.15, right=0.95, top=0.9,
wspace=0.05, hspace=0.2)
# Sets the meridian and the parallel coordinates and necessary parameters
# depending on the chosen projection.
if xstep == None:
xstep = int(common.step(xlim, 5, kind='polar')[0])
if ystep == None:
ystep = int(common.step(ylim, 3, kind='polar')[0])
merid = numpy.arange(10 * int(min(xlim) / 10 - 2),
10 * int(max(xlim) / 10 + 3), xstep)
if (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) > 130 | (projection in ['ortho', 'robin',
'moll']):
#paral = numpy.array([-(66. + 33. / 60. + 38. / (60. * 60.)),
# -(23. + 26. / 60. + 22. / (60. * 60.)), 0.,
# (23. + 26. / 60. + 22. / (60. * 60.)),
# (66. + 33. / 60. + 38. / (60. * 60.))])
#paral = numpy.round(paral)
paral = numpy.array([-60, -30, 0, 30, 60])
else:
paral = numpy.arange(numpy.floor(min(ylim) / ystep) * ystep,
numpy.ceil(max(ylim) / ystep) * ystep + ystep,
ystep)
if projection == 'eqdc':
if not (('lat_0' in kwargs.keys()) and ('lat_1' in kwargs.keys())):
kwargs['lat_0'] = min(ylim) + (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 3.
kwargs['lat_1'] = min(ylim) + 2 * (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 3.
if not ('lon_0' in kwargs.keys()):
kwargs['lon_0'] = lon0
elif projection == 'poly':
if not ('lat_0' in kwargs.keys()):
kwargs['lat_0'] = (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 2.
if not ('lon_0' in kwargs.keys()):
kwargs['lon_0'] = lon0
elif projection == 'omerc':
if not (('lat_0' in kwargs.keys()) and ('lat_1' in kwargs.keys())):
kwargs['lat_1'] = min(ylim) + (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 4.
kwargs['lat_2'] = min(ylim) + 3 * (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 4.
if not (('lon_0' in kwargs.keys()) and ('lon_1' in kwargs.keys())):
kwargs['lon_1'] = min(xlim) + (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 4.
kwargs['lon_2'] = min(xlim) + 3 * (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 4.
kwargs['no_rot'] = False
elif projection == 'vandg':
kwargs['lon_0'] = lon0
elif projection == 'nsper':
kwargs['lon_0'] = lon0
kwargs['lat_0'] = lat0
elif projection in ['aea', 'lcc']:
kwargs['lon_0'] = lon0
kwargs['lat_0'] = (min(ylim) + max(ylim)) / 2.
kwargs['lat_1'] = max(ylim) - (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 4.
kwargs['lat_2'] = min(ylim) + (max(ylim) - min(ylim)) / 4.
# Setting the subplot parameters in case multiple maps per figure.
try:
plrows, plcols = subplot
except:
if type(tm).__name__ in ['NoneType', 'float']:
if orientation in ['landscape', 'worldmap']:
plcols = min(3, c)
plrows = numpy.ceil(float(c) / plcols)
elif orientation == 'portrait':
plrows = min(3, c)
plcols = numpy.ceil(float(c) / plrows)
elif orientation == 'squared':
plrows = plcols = numpy.ceil(float(c) ** 0.5)
else:
plcols = plrows = 1
bbox = dict(edgecolor='w', facecolor='w', alpha=0.9)
# Starts the plotting routines
if profile:
if c == 1:
plural = ''
else:
plural = 's'
s = 'Plotting %d map%s... ' % (c, plural)
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
fig = graphics.figure(fp=dict(), ap=adjustprops, orientation=orientation)
for n in range(c):
t2 = time()
if plcols * plrows > 1:
ax = pylab.subplot(plrows, plcols, n + 1)
else:
fig.clear()
ax = pylab.subplot(plcols, plrows, 1)
if (projection in ['ortho', 'robin', 'moll']):
m = Basemap(projection=projection, lat_0=lat0, lon_0=lon0, *kwargs)
xoffset = (m.urcrnrx - m.llcrnrx) / 50.
elif projection in ['aea', 'cyl', 'eqdc', 'poly', 'omerc', 'vandg',
'nsper', 'lcc']:
m = Basemap(projection=projection, llcrnrlat=min(ylim),
urcrnrlat=max(ylim), llcrnrlon=min(xlim),
urcrnrlon=max(xlim), **kwargs)
xoffset = None
else:
raise Warning, 'Projection \'%s\' not implemented.' % (projection)
x, y = m(*numpy.meshgrid(lon, lat))
dat = z[n, :, :]
# Set the merdians' and parallels' labels
if plcols * plrows > 1:
if (n % plcols) == 0:
plabels = [1, 0, 0, 0]
else:
plabels = [0, 0, 0, 0]
if (n >= c - plcols):
mlabels = [0, 0, 0, 1]
else:
mlabels = [0, 0, 0, 0]
else:
mlabels = [0, 0, 0, 1]
plabels = [1, 0, 0, 0]
if projection in ['ortho']:
plabels = [0, 0, 0, 0]
if projection in ['geos', 'ortho', 'aeqd', 'moll']:
mlabels = [0, 0, 0, 0]
# Plots locations
for item in loc:
m.scatter(item[0], item[1], s=24, c='w', marker='o', alpha=1,
zorder=99)
# Plot contour
im = m.contourf(x, y, dat, crange, cmap=cmap, extend=extend, hold='on')
if type(z2).__name__ != 'NoneType':
dat2 = z2[n, :, :]
im2 = m.contour(x, y, dat2, crange2, colors='k', hatch='x',
hold='on', linewidths=numpy.linspace(0.25, 2., len(crange2)),
alpha=0.6)
#pylab.clabel(im2, fmt='%.1f')
# Plot topography, if appropriate
if etopo:
xe, ye = m(*numpy.meshgrid(ex, ey))
cs = m.contour(xe, ye, ez, er, colors='k', linestyles='-',
alpha=0.3, hold='on')
# Run hook function, if appropriate
try:
hook(m)
except:
pass
m.drawcoastlines()
m.fillcontinents()
m.drawcountries()
if projection != 'nsper':
m.drawmapboundary(fill_color='white')
m.drawmeridians(merid, linewidth=0.5, labels=mlabels)
m.drawparallels(paral, linewidth=0.5, labels=plabels, xoffset=xoffset)
# Draws colorbar
if orientation == 'squared':
cx = pylab.axes([0.25, 0.07, 0.5, 0.03])
elif orientation in ['landscape', 'worldmap']:
cx = pylab.axes([0.2, 0.05, 0.6, 0.03])
elif orientation == 'portrait':
cx = pylab.axes([0.25, 0.05, 0.5, 0.02])
pylab.colorbar(im, cax=cx, orientation='horizontal', ticks=cticks,
extend=extend)
# Titles, units and other things
ttl = None
if title.__class__ == str:
ttl = title
else:
try:
ttl = title[n]
except:
pass
if ttl:
if ttl == '%date%':
try:
ttl = dates.num2date(tm[n]).isoformat()[:10]
except:
try:
ttl = dates.num2date(tm).isoformat()[:10]
except:
ttl = ''
pass
ax.text(0.5, 1.05, ttl, ha='center', va='baseline',
transform=ax.transAxes)
lbl = None
if label.__class__ == str:
lbl = label
else:
try:
lbl = label[n]
except:
pass
if lbl:
if lbl == '%date%':
try:
ttl = dates.num2date(tm[n]).isoformat()[:10]
except:
try:
ttl = dates.num2date(tm).isoformat()[:10]
except:
ttl = ''
pass
ax.text(0.04, 0.83, lbl, ha='left', va='bottom',
transform=ax.transAxes, bbox=bbox)
unt = None
if units.__class__ == str:
unt = units
else:
try:
unt = units[n]
except:
pass
if unt:
cx.text(1.05, 0.5, r'$\left[%s\right]$' % (unt), ha='left',
va='center', transform=cx.transAxes)
# Drawing and saving the figure if appropriate.
pylab.draw()
if save:
if (c == 1) | (plcols * plrows > 1):
pylab.savefig('%s.%s' % (save, ftype), dpi=150)
else:
pylab.savefig('%s%06d.%s' % (save, n+1, ftype), dpi=150)
if profile:
stdout.write(len(s) * '\b')
s = 'Plotting %d map%s... %s ' % (c, plural, common.profiler(c,
n + 1, 0, t1, t2),)
stdout.write(s)
stdout.flush()
#
if profile:
stdout.write('\n')
if show == False:
pylab.close(fig)
else:
return fig
def bin_average(x,
y,
dx=1.,
bins=None,
nstd=2.,
interpolate='bins',
k=3,
s=None,
extrapolate='repeat',
mode='mean',
profile=False,
usemask=True):
"""Calculates bin average from input data.
Inside each bin, calculates the average and standard deviation, and
selects only those values inside the confidence interval given in
`nstd`. Finally calculates the bin average using spline
interpolation at the middle points in each bin. Linearly
extrapolates values outside of the data boundaries.
Parameters
----------
x : array like
Input coordinate to be binned. It has to be 1-dimensional.
y : array like
The data input array.
dx: float, optional
bins : array like, optional
Array of bins. It has to be 1-dimensional and strictly
increasing.
nstd : float, optional
Confidence interval given as number of standard deviations.
interpolate : string or boolean, optional
Valid options are `bins` (default), `full` or `False` and
defines whether to interpolate data to central bin points only
in filled bins, over full time-series, or skip interpolation
respectively.
k : int, optional
Specifies the order of the interpolation spline. Default is 3,
`cubic`.
s : float, optional
Positive smoothing factor used to choose the number of knots.
extrapolate : string, bool, optional
Sets if averaging outside data boundaries should be
extrapolated. If `True` or `linear`, extrapolates data linearly,
if `repeat` (default) repeats values from nearest bin.
mode : string, optional
Sets averaging mode: `mean` (default), `median`.
Returns
-------
bin_x : array like
Coordinate at the center of the bins.
bin_y : array like
Interpolated array of bin averages.
avg_x : array like
Average coordinate in each bin.
avg_y : array like
Average values inside each bin.
std_x : array like
Coordinate standard deviation in each bin.
std_y : array like
Standard deviation in each bin.
min_y : array like
Minimum values in each bin.
max_y : array like
Maximum values in each bin.
"""
t0 = time()
# If no bins are given, calculate them from input data.
if bins is None:
x_min = floor(x.min() / dx) * dx
x_max = 0. # numpy.ceil(x.max() / dx) * dx
bins = arange(x_min - dx, x_max + dx, dx) + dx / 2
# Checks if bin array is strictly increasing.
if not all(x < y for x, y in zip(bins, bins[1:])):
raise ValueError('Bin array must be strictly increasing.')
# Ensures that input coordinate `x` is monotonically increasing.
_i = x.argsort()
x = x[_i]
y = y[_i]
# Data types
dtype_x = x.dtype
dtype_y = y.dtype
# Some variable initializations
nbins = len(bins) - 1
ndata = len(y)
Sel = zeros(ndata, dtype=bool)
# Initializes ouput arrays, masked or not.
if usemask:
bin_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
avg_x = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
avg_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
std_x = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
std_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
min_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
max_y = ma.empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
else:
bin_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
avg_x = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
avg_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
std_x = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_x) * nan
std_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
min_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
max_y = empty(nbins, dtype=dtype_y) * nan
# Determines indices of the bins to which each data points belongs.
bin_sel = digitize(x, bins) - 1
bin_sel_unique = unique(bin_sel)
_nbins = bin_sel_unique.size
#
t1 = time()
for i, bin_i in enumerate(bin_sel_unique):
if profile:
# Erase line ANSI terminal string when using return feed
# character.
# (source:http://www.termsys.demon.co.uk/vtansi.htm#cursor)
_s = '\x1b[2K\rBin-averaging... %s' % (common.profiler(
_nbins, i, 0, t0, t1))
stdout.write(_s)
stdout.flush()
# Ignores when data is not in valid range:
if (bin_i < 0) | (bin_i > nbins):
print 'Uhuuu (signal.py line 908)!!'
continue
# Calculate averages inside each bin in two steps: (i) calculate
# average and standard deviation; (ii) consider only those values
# within selected standard deviation range.
sel = flatnonzero(bin_sel == bin_i)
# Selects data within selected standard deviation or single
# data in current bin.
if sel.size > 1:
_avg_y = y[sel].mean()
_std_y = y[sel].std()
if _std_y > 1e-10:
_sel = ((y[sel] >= (_avg_y - nstd * _std_y)) &
(y[sel] <= (_avg_y + nstd * _std_y)))
#print bin_i, sel.size, _avg_y, _std_y
sel = sel[_sel]
#print sel.size
# Calculates final values
if mode == 'mean':
_avg_x = x[sel].mean()
_avg_y = y[sel].mean()
elif mode == 'median':
_avg_x = median(x[sel])
_avg_y = median(y[sel])
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid mode `{}`.'.format(mode))
_std_x = x[sel].std()
_std_y = y[sel].std()
_min_y = y[sel].min()
_max_y = y[sel].max()
else:
_avg_x, _avg_y = x[sel][0], y[sel][0]
_std_x, _std_y = 0, 0
_min_y, _max_y = nan, nan
#
#print i, sel_sum, _avg_x, _avg_y
#
avg_x[bin_i] = _avg_x
avg_y[bin_i] = _avg_y
std_x[bin_i] = _std_x
std_y[bin_i] = _std_y
min_y[bin_i] = _min_y
max_y[bin_i] = _max_y
#
if profile:
_s = '\rBin-averaging... %s' % (common.profiler(
_nbins, i + 1, 0, t0, t1))
stdout.write(_s)
stdout.flush()
# Interpolates selected data to central data point in bin using spline.
# Only interpolates data in filled bins.
if interpolate in ['bins', 'full']:
sel = ~isnan(avg_y)
bin_x = (bins[1:] + bins[:-1]) * 0.5
if interpolate == 'bins':
bin_y[sel] = _interpolate(bin_x[sel],
avg_x[sel],
avg_y[sel],
k=k,
s=s,
outside=extrapolate)
elif interpolate == 'full':
bin_y = _interpolate(bin_x,
avg_x[sel],
avg_y[sel],
k=k,
s=s,
outside=extrapolate)
elif interpolate != False:
raise ValueError(
'Invalid interpolation mode `{}`.'.format(interpolate))
# Masks invalid data.
if usemask:
bin_y = ma.masked_invalid(bin_y)
avg_x = ma.masked_invalid(avg_x)
avg_y = ma.masked_invalid(avg_y)
std_x = ma.masked_invalid(std_x)
std_y = ma.masked_invalid(std_y)
min_y = ma.masked_invalid(min_y)
max_y = ma.masked_invalid(max_y)
if interpolate:
return bin_x, bin_y, avg_x, avg_y, std_x, std_y, min_y, max_y
else:
return avg_x, avg_y, std_x, std_y, min_y, max_y