Example #1
0
def compute_category_similarity():
    ds = DataSet.open(dataset_dir)

    TrainSearchStream = ds.get_table("TrainSearchStream")
    AdsInfo = ds.get_table("AdsInfo")
    Category = ds.get_table("Category")
    SearchInfo = ds.get_table("SearchInfo")

    TrainSearchStream.add_join_column("AdCategoryID", [TrainSearchStream.get_column("AdID_ref"),
                                                          AdsInfo.get_column("CategoryID_ref")])
    TrainSearchStream.add_join_column("AdCategoryLevel", [TrainSearchStream.get_column("AdID_ref"),
                                                          AdsInfo.get_column("CategoryID_ref"),
                                                          Category.get_column("Level")])
    TrainSearchStream.add_join_column("AdCategoryParentID", [TrainSearchStream.get_column("AdID_ref"),
                                                          AdsInfo.get_column("CategoryID_ref"),
                                                          Category.get_column("ParentCategoryID")])

    TrainSearchStream.add_join_column("SearchCategoryID", [TrainSearchStream.get_column("SearchID_ref"),
                                                          SearchInfo.get_column("CategoryID_ref")])
    TrainSearchStream.add_join_column("SearchCategoryLevel", [TrainSearchStream.get_column("SearchID_ref"),
                                                          SearchInfo.get_column("CategoryID_ref"),
                                                          Category.get_column("Level")])
    TrainSearchStream.add_join_column("SearchCategoryParentID", [TrainSearchStream.get_column("SearchID_ref"),
                                                          SearchInfo.get_column("CategoryID_ref"),
                                                          Category.get_column("ParentCategoryID")])
    print(TrainSearchStream)
Example #2
0
def test_sum():
    import time
    ds = DataSet.open(dataset_dir)
    tss = ds.get_table("TrainSearchStream")
    p = tss.get_column("Position")

    t = time.time()
    print(p.sum())
    print(time.time() - t)
Example #3
0
def check_raw_dataset():
    # Category(CategoryID: int32, Level: int8, ParentCategoryID: int8): 68 row(s) - compressed: 0.06 MB - comp. ratio: 0.01
    # TrainSearchStream(SearchID: int32, AdID: int32, Position: int8, ObjectType: int8, HistCTR: float32, IsClick: float32): 190,157,735 row(s) - compressed: 1479.89 MB - comp. ratio: 2.21
    # AdsInfo(AdID: int32, LocationID: float32, CategoryID: float32, Price: float32, IsContext: float32): 36,893,298 row(s) - compressed: 280.61 MB - comp. ratio: 2.51
    # SearchInfo(SearchID: int32, IPID: int32, UserID: float32, IsUserLoggedOn: float32, LocationID: float32, CategoryID: float32): 91,019,228 row(s) - compressed: 1043.73 MB - comp. ratio: 2.00
    # userInfo(UserID: int32, UserAgentID: int32, UserAgentOSID: int32, UserDeviceID: int32, UserAgentFamilyID: int32): 4,284,823 row(s) - compressed: 20.32 MB - comp. ratio: 4.02
    # Location(LocationID: int32, RegionID: float32, CityID: float32): 4,080 row(s) - compressed: 0.38 MB - comp. ratio: 0.12
    # PhoneRequestsStream(UserID: int32, IPID: int32, AdID: int32, PhoneRequestDate: bytes168): 13,717,580 row(s) - compressed: 139.27 MB - comp. ratio: 3.10
    # VisitsStream(UserID: int32, IPID: int32, AdID: int32, ViewDate: bytes168): 286,821,375 row(s) - compressed: 2548.20 MB - comp. ratio: 3.54
    ds = DataSet.open(raw_dir)
    for table in ds.tables:
        print(table.short_descr())
Example #4
0
 def setUp(self):
     self.a = [6, 4, 7, 4, 6, 9]
     self.test_dir = os.path.join("/temp", "dazzle-test")
     self.ds = DataSet(self.test_dir, force_create=True)
     self.t = Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], force_create=True)
     self.u = Table("u", self.ds, [("a", np.array([1, 2], np.int)), ("b", np.array([1.1, 2.2], np.float))], force_create=True)
Example #5
0
class TestTable(unittest.TestCase):

    def assert_string_equal(self, s1, s2):
        return self.assertEqual(''.join(s1.split()), ''.join(s2.split()))

    def assert_table_content(self, table, to_check):
        for check, val in to_check.items():
            if check == 'data_dir':
                self.assertEqual(table.data_dir, val)
            elif check == 'len':
                self. assertEqual(len(table.ctable), val)
            elif check == 'type':
                self. assertEqual(type(table), val)
            elif check == 'columns':
                index = 0
                for col_name, attrs in val:
                    self.assert_column_content(table, col_name, index, attrs)
                    index += 1
            else:
                raise DazzleError("Invalid key: %s" % check)

    def assert_column_content(self, table, col_name, index, to_check):
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(table._columns[index], LiteralColumn))
        col = table._columns[index]
        self.assertTrue(col._table == table)
        self.assertTrue(col._name == col_name)
        self.assertTrue(table.ctable.names[index] == col_name)
        bz_col = table.ctable.cols._cols[col_name]
        self.assertEqual(col.carray, bz_col)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(bz_col, bcolz.carray))
        for check, val in to_check.items():
            if check == 'len':
                self.assertEqual(bz_col.len, val)
            elif check == 'content':
                assert_array_equal(bz_col[:], val)
            elif check == 'type':
                self.assertEqual(col.dtype, val)
            else:
                raise DazzleError("Invalid key: %s" % check)

    def setUp(self):
        self.a = [6, 4, 7, 4, 6, 9]
        self.test_dir = os.path.join("/temp", "dazzle-test")
        self.ds = DataSet(self.test_dir, force_create=True)
        self.t = Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], force_create=True)
        self.u = Table("u", self.ds, [("a", np.array([1, 2], np.int)), ("b", np.array([1.1, 2.2], np.float))], force_create=True)

    def test_init01(self):
        self.assert_table_content(self.t, {
            'data_dir': os.path.join(self.test_dir, self.t._name),
            'len': 0,
            'type': Table,
            'columns': [('a', {'type': np.int, 'content': []})]})

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_init02(self):
        Table("_", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], force_create=True)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_init03(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], mode='open', force_create=True)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_init04(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], force_create=True)

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_init05(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], mode='open')

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_init06(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [{"a": np.array([], np.int)}], force_create=True)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_init07(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [], force_create=True)

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_init08(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [("a", 3)], force_create=True)

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_init09(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [{"a": np.array([True, False], np.bool)}], force_create=True)

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_init10(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, ("a", np.array([], np.int)), force_create=True)

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_init11(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.int)), ("b", np.array([], np.float), 'oops')], force_create=True)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_init11(self):
        Table("t", self.ds, [("a", np.array([], np.bool)), ("b", np.array([], np.float))], force_create=True)

    def test_init12(self):
        v = Table("v", self.ds,  [("a", [3])])
        self.assert_table_content(v, {
            'data_dir': os.path.join(self.test_dir, "v"),
            'len': 1,
            'type': Table,
            'columns': [('a', {'type': np.int, 'content': [3]})]})

    def test_dataset01(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ds, self.t.dataset)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_data_dir01(self):
        """no table associated"""
        print(LiteralColumn("a", None).data_dir)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_copy01(self):
        Table.copy("t", self.ds, "/temp/dazzle-test")

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_copy02(self):
        Table.copy("t", self.ds, "/bim/bam")

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_copy03(self):
        test_dir = os.path.join("/temp/dazzle-test2")
        ds2 = DataSet(test_dir, force_create=True)
        Table.copy("_", ds2, "/temp/dazzle-test/t")

    def test_copy04(self):
        test_dir = os.path.join("/temp/dazzle-test2")
        ds2 = DataSet(test_dir, force_create=True)
        t = Table.copy("t", ds2, "/temp/dazzle-test/t")
        assert_equal_table(t, self.ds.get_table("t"))

    @raises(FileNotFoundError)
    def test_from_csv01(self):
        Table.from_csv("Category", self.ds, "/bim/bam/test.csv", usecols=['CategoryID', 'ParentCategoryID'], verbose=False)

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_from_csv02(self):
        Table.from_csv("Category", self.ds, "/temp/dazzle-test/dataset.json", usecols=['CategoryID', 'ParentCategoryID'], verbose=False)

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_from_csv03(self):
        cat = Table.from_csv("Category", self.ds, os.path.join(AVITO_DATA_DIR, "Category.tsv"), verbose=False)

    def test_from_csv04(self):
        cat = Table.from_csv("Category", self.ds, os.path.join(AVITO_DATA_DIR, "Category.tsv"), delimiter='\t',
                                   usecols=['CategoryID', 'ParentCategoryID'], verbose=False)
        self.assertEqual(len(cat.ctable), 68)
        self.assertEqual(len(cat.columns), 2)

    def test_from_dataframe01(self):
        df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1,2], 'b': [3., 4.]})
        v = Table.from_dataframe("v", self.ds, df)
        self.assertEqual(len(v.ctable), 2)

    def test_get_column01(self):
        self.assertTrue(self.t.get_column("x") is None)

    def test_get_column02(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.t.get_column("a").name, "a")

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_remove_column01(self):
        self.t.remove_column("x")

    def test_remove_column02(self):
        self.t.remove_column("a")
        self.assertTrue(self.t.get_column("a") is None)
        self.assertEqual(self.t.columns[0], self.t.get_column("b"))
        self.assertEqual(self.t.ctable.names[0], "b")

    def test_to_dataframe01(self):
        self.assertEqual(len(self.u.to_dataframe()), 2)

    def test_append01(self):
        self.t.append({'a': [1,2], 'b': [3., 4.]})
        self.assert_table_content(self.t, {
            'len': 2,
            'columns': [('a', {'content': [1,2]}), ('b', {'content': [3., 4.]})]})

    def test_append02(self):
        self.t.append({'b': [3., 4.], 'a': [1,2]})
        self.assert_table_content(self.t, {
            'len': 2,
            'columns': [('a', {'content': [1,2]}), ('b', {'content': [3., 4.]})]})

    def test_append03(self):
        self.t.append({'a': [5.4, 2], 'b': [3., 4.]})

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_append04(self):
        self.t.append({'a': ["bla", 2], 'b': [3., 4.]})

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_append05(self):
        self.t.append({'a': [], 'b': [3., 4.]})

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_append06(self):
        self.t.append({'a': []})

    @raises(ValueError)
    def test_append05(self):
        self.t.append([[], [3., 4.]])

    def test_get_item01(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['a'], 1)
        self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['b'], 1.1)

    def test_get_item02(self):
        assert_array_equal(self.u['a'], np.array([1,2]))

    @raises(IndexError)
    def test_get_item03(self):
        print(self.u[0,1])

    def test_get_item04(self):
        assert_array_equal(self.u[[0,1]]['a'], np.array([1, 2]))
        assert_array_equal(self.u[[0,1]]['b'], np.array([1.1, 2.2]))

    def test_get_item05(self):
        assert_array_equal(self.u['a'][[0,1]], np.array([1, 2]))
        assert_array_equal(self.u['b'][[0,1]], np.array([1.1, 2.2]))

    def test_set_item01(self):
        self.u[0] = (10, 20.2)
        self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['a'], 10)
        self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['b'], 20.2)

    def test_set_item02(self):
        self.u[[0, 1]] = [(10, 20.2), (190, 32.4)]
        self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['b'], 20.2)
        self.assertEqual(self.u[1]['a'], 190)

    # def test_set_item03(self):
    #     self.u[[0, 1]]['a'] = 40 # makes a copy; u is not modified
    #     self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['a'], 40)

    # def test_set_item04(self):
    #     self.u[0]['a'] = 14  # makes a copy; u is not modified
    #     self.assertEqual(self.u[0]['a'], 14)

    def test_str01(self):
        s = \
            "u(a: int32, b: float64)" \
            "2 row(s) - compressed: 2.00 MB - comp. ratio: 0.00" \
            "+---+-------+" \
            "| a |     b |" \
            "+---+-------+" \
            "| 1 | 1.100 |" \
            "| 2 | 2.200 |" \
            "+---+-------+"
        self.assert_string_equal(self.u.__str__(), s)

    def test_str02(self):
        s = \
            "u(a: int32, b: float64)" \
            "2 row(s) - compressed: 2.00 MB - comp. ratio: 0.00" \
            "+---+-------+" \
            "| a |     b |" \
            "+---+-------+" \
            "| 1 | 1.100 |" \
            "| 2 | 2.200 |" \
            "+---+-------+"
        self.assert_string_equal(self.u.__str__(head=20), s)

    def test_str03(self):
        s = \
            "u(a: int32, b: float64)" \
            "2 row(s) - compressed: 2.00 MB - comp. ratio: 0.00" \
            "+---+-----+" \
            "| a |   b |" \
            "+---+-----+" \
            "| 1 | 1.1 |" \
            "| 2 | 2.2 |" \
            "+---+-----+"
        self.u.get_column("b").format = "%.1f"
        self.assert_string_equal(self.u.__str__(head=20), s)

    def test_head01(self):
        s = \
            "u(a: int32, b: float64)" \
            "2 row(s) - compressed: 2.00 MB - comp. ratio: 0.00" \
            "+-----+-------+" \
            "| a   |     b |" \
            "+-----+-------+" \
            "|   1 | 1.100 |" \
            "| ... |   ... |" \
            "+-----+-------+"
        self.assert_string_equal(self.u.head(1), s)

    def test_tail01(self):
        s = \
            "u(a: int32, b: float64)" \
            "2 row(s) - compressed: 2.00 MB - comp. ratio: 0.00" \
            "+-----+-------+" \
            "| a   |     b |" \
            "+-----+-------+" \
            "| ... |   ... |" \
            "|   2 | 2.200 |" \
            "+-----+-------+"
        self.assert_string_equal(self.u.tail(1), s)

    def test_rebuild01(self):
        cat = Table.from_csv("Category", self.ds, os.path.join(AVITO_DATA_DIR, "Category.tsv"), delimiter='\t',
                                   usecols=['CategoryID', 'ParentCategoryID', 'Level'], verbose=False)


        cat.rebuild({"CategoryID": np.int8, "Level": np.int8, "ParentCategoryID": np.int8})
        self.assertEqual(len(cat[:]), 69)
        self.assertEqual(cat['CategoryID'].dtype, np.int8)
        self.assertEqual(cat[0]['CategoryID'], -128) # int8.min
        self.assertEqual(cat[0]['Level'], -128) # int8.min
        self.assertEqual(cat[0]['ParentCategoryID'], -128) # int8.min

    @raises(DazzleError)
    def test_rebuild02(self):
        cat = Table.from_csv("Category", self.ds, os.path.join(AVITO_DATA_DIR, "Category.tsv"), delimiter='\t',
                                   usecols=['CategoryID', 'ParentCategoryID', 'Level'], verbose=False)
        cat.rebuild({"CategoryID": np.uint8, "Level": np.uint8, "ParentCategoryID": np.uint8})

    def test_add_join_column(self):
        ds = DataSet("/temp/dazzle-test", force_create=True)
        t = Table("t", ds, [('a', np.array([10, 2, 3, 5, 4, 7, 1, 8, 6, 9])),
                            ('c', np.array([100, 20, 30, 50, 40, 70, 10, 80, 60, np.nan]))])

        a_ref = np.array([1, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 1, 1, 9, 7, 8, 4, 5, 5, 2, 2, 8, 5, 4, 20])
        u = Table("u", ds, [('a', a_ref), ("y", a_ref * 10)])

        u.get_column("a").ref_column = t.get_column("a")
        t.rebuild({'a': np.int8, 'c': np.int8})
        u.rebuild({'a': np.int8, 'y': np.int16})

        u.add_reference_column(u.get_column("a"), t.get_column("a"))
        # print(t.head(20))
        # print(u.head(30))

        u.add_join_column("result", [u.get_column("a_ref"), t.get_column("c")])
        #print(u.head(30))
        assert np.array_equal(u['result'],
                              [-128, 10, 50, 40, 50, 60, 40, 10, 10, -128, 70, 80, 40, 50, 50, 20, 20, 80, 50, 40, -128])
Example #6
0
def load_dataset():
    """'Raw'-dataset is the result of loading the CSV sources data into dazzle tables, only filtering out data
    that we don't want to further process.

    The method is programmed in a non-destructive way so as to be able to launch it several times
    before getting the job done.
    """
    import os
    from dazzle.core.dataset import DataSet



    if DataSet.exists(raw_dir):
        ds = DataSet.open(raw_dir)
    else:
        ds = DataSet(raw_dir, force_create=True)

    # Notes:
    # - many of the following attributes should be unsigned int instead of signed int, but numexpr works only on
    # signed data.
    # - Simlarly to pandas, we use the types required to contain the existing data, not the types we desire to use
    if ds.get_table("Category") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("Category", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "Category.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                           usecols=['CategoryID', 'ParentCategoryID', 'Level'],
                           dtype={'CategoryID': 'i4', 'ParentCategoryID': 'i1', 'Level': 'i1'})
        t = None

    # Notice the filter attribute that does not exist in pandas.read_csv(). It makes it possible to skip some rows
    # based on a numexpr expression. IsClick == IsClick is true iff IsClick is not na
    if ds.get_table("TrainSearchStream") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("TrainSearchStream", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "trainSearchStream.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                         usecols=['SearchID', 'AdID', 'Position', 'ObjectType', 'HistCTR', 'IsClick'],
                         dtype={'SearchID':'i4', 'AdID':'i4', 'Position':'i1', 'ObjectType':'i1', 'HistCTR':'f4', 'IsClick':'f1'},
                         filter='(ObjectType == 3) & (IsClick == IsClick)')
        t = None

    # We avoid to load the string fields. We will see this problem later with Don
    if ds.get_table("AdsInfo") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("AdsInfo", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "AdsInfo.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                           usecols=['AdID', 'LocationID', 'CategoryID', 'Price', 'IsContext'],
                           dtype={'AdID':'i4', 'LocationID':'f4', 'CategoryID':'f4', 'Price': 'f4', 'IsContext': 'f1'})
        t = None

    # We avoid to load the string fields. We will see this problem later with Don
    if ds.get_table("SearchInfo") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("SearchInfo", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "SearchInfo.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                           usecols=['SearchID', 'IPID', 'UserID', 'IsUserLoggedOn', 'LocationID', 'CategoryID'],
                           dtype={'SearchID':'i4', 'IPID':'i4', 'UserID':'f4', 'IsUserLoggedOn':'f1',
                                       'LocationID':'f4', 'CategoryID':'f4'})
        t = None

    if ds.get_table("userInfo") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("userInfo", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "userInfo.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                            usecols=['UserID', 'UserAgentID', 'UserAgentOSID','UserDeviceID', 'UserAgentFamilyID'],
                            dtype={'UserID':'i4', 'UserAgentID':'i4', 'UserAgentOSID':'i4',
                                   'UserDeviceID':'i4', 'UserAgentFamilyID':'i4'})
        t = None

    if ds.get_table("Location") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("Location", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "Location.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                           usecols=['LocationID', 'CityID', 'RegionID'],
                           dtype={'LocationID': 'i4', 'CityID':'f4', 'RegionID': 'f4'})
        t = None

    if ds.get_table("PhoneRequestsStream") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("PhoneRequestsStream", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "PhoneRequestsStream.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                           usecols=['UserID', 'IPID', 'AdID', 'PhoneRequestDate'],
                           dtype={'UserID':'i4', 'IPID':'i4', 'AdID':'i4', 'PhoneRequestDate': 'object'})
        t = None

    if ds.get_table("VisitsStream") is None:
        t = Table.from_csv("VisitsStream", ds, os.path.join(csv_dir, "VisitsStream.tsv"), delimiter='\t', chunksize=10**7,
                           usecols=['UserID', 'IPID', 'AdID', 'ViewDate'],
                           dtype={'UserID':'i4', 'IPID':'i4', 'AdID':'i4', 'ViewDate': 'object'})
        t = None

    return ds
Example #7
0
def preprocess_dataset():
    # This step takes around 3 mins (6 mins if dataset must be copied)
    #
    # Table.add_reference_column(), which uses pandas is partly responsible for this. In addition,
    # it consumes a lot of RAM.

    # 1. Make a copy of the raw dataset, if this has not already be done: we don't want to reload the whole CSV stuff
    # if something wrong happens

    if not DataSet.exists(dataset_dir):
        print("Copying dataset ...")
        raw_ds = DataSet.open(raw_dir)
        ds = raw_ds.copy(dataset_dir)     # almost 3 mins !
    else:
        ds = DataSet.open(dataset_dir)

    # 2. Rebuild each table. This means:
    #
    # 2.1 inserting a nan row at the head of each table. This is necessary because we use index=0 in each RefColumn
    #     for indicating a null reference
    #
    # 2.2 assigning the desired dtype of each column
    #
    # 2.3 Setting data in each column using the setting dtype
    #
    # 2.4 Replace Numpy NA values by those of the corresponding column class (Ref/Literal) and dtype
    #

    Category = ds.get_table("Category")
    Location = ds.get_table("Location")
    userInfo = ds.get_table("userInfo")
    AdsInfo = ds.get_table("AdsInfo")
    SearchInfo = ds.get_table("SearchInfo")
    TrainSearchStream = ds.get_table("TrainSearchStream")

    print("Re-building tables with given dtypes ...")

    Category.rebuild({"CategoryID": np.int32, "Level": np.int8, "ParentCategoryID": np.int32})
    Location.rebuild({"LocationID": np.int16, "RegionID": np.int8, "CityID": np.int16})
    userInfo.rebuild({"UserID": np.int32, "UserAgentID": np.int32, "UserAgentOSID": np.int8,
                        "UserDeviceID": np.int16, "UserAgentFamilyID": np.int8})
    AdsInfo.rebuild({"AdID": np.int32, "LocationID": np.int16, "CategoryID": np.int32, "Price": np.float32,
                     "IsContext": np.int8})
    SearchInfo.rebuild({"SearchID": np.int32, "IPID": np.int32, "UserID": np.int32, "IsUserLoggedOn": np.int8,
                          "LocationID": np.int16, "CategoryID": np.int32})
    TrainSearchStream.rebuild({"SearchID": np.int32, "AdID": np.int32, "Position": np.int8,
                                 "ObjectType": np.int8, "HistCTR": np.float32, "IsClick": np.int8})

    # 3. Add references between columns: foreign keys (like LocationID in AdsInfo) are kept
    # but an additional column (xxx_ref) is added with the index of the row containing the referenced value
    #

    print("Building references from AdsInfo ...")

    AdsInfo.add_reference_column(AdsInfo.get_column("LocationID"), Location.get_column("LocationID"))
    AdsInfo.add_reference_column(AdsInfo.get_column("CategoryID"), Category.get_column("CategoryID"))
    print(AdsInfo)

    print("Building references from SearchInfo ...")

    SearchInfo.add_reference_column(SearchInfo.get_column("UserID"), userInfo.get_column("UserID"))
    SearchInfo.add_reference_column(SearchInfo.get_column("LocationID"), Location.get_column("LocationID"))
    SearchInfo.add_reference_column(SearchInfo.get_column("CategoryID"), Category.get_column("CategoryID"))

    print("Building references from TrainSearchStream ...")

    TrainSearchStream.add_reference_column(TrainSearchStream.get_column("SearchID"), SearchInfo.get_column("SearchID"))
    TrainSearchStream.add_reference_column(TrainSearchStream.get_column("AdID"), AdsInfo.get_column("AdID"))

    print(TrainSearchStream)
    print("Done")