def test_outputs(self):
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
api.output_to_json(None, None)
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
api.output_to_python(None, None)
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
api.output_to_string(None, None)
def test_outputs(self):
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
api.output_to_json(None, None)
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
api.output_to_python(None, None)
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
api.output_to_string(None, None)
def watch(args):
"""
structname watch vaddr [refreshrate] [varname]
:param opt:
:return:
"""
memory_address = args.addr
refresh = args.refresh_rate
varname = args.varname
# we need an int
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = _get_memory_handler(args)
# check the validity of the address
heap = memory_handler.is_valid_address_value(memory_address)
if not heap:
log.error("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
raise ValueError("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.struct_name.rpartition('.')
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
struct_type = getattr(module, classname)
# verify target fieldcompliance
if varname is not None:
varname = varname.split('.')
if not check_varname_for_type(memory_handler, varname, struct_type):
return False
# load the record
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, struct_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
py_obj = output[0][0]
# print pyObj
# print as asked every n secs.
while True:
# clear terminal
print chr(27) + "[2J"
#
if varname is None:
print py_obj
else:
print get_varname_value(varname, py_obj)
if refresh == 0:
break
time.sleep(refresh)
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, struct_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
py_obj = output[0][0]
def watch(args):
"""Cast the bytes at this address into a record_type and refresh regularly. """
memory_address = args.addr
refresh = args.refresh_rate
varname = args.varname
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = get_memory_handler(args)
# check the validity of the address
heap = memory_handler.is_valid_address_value(memory_address)
if not heap:
log.error("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
raise ValueError("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.record_type_name.rpartition('.')
module = None
try:
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
except ImportError as e:
log.error('sys.path is %s', sys.path)
raise e
record_type = getattr(module, classname)
# verify target fieldcompliance
if varname is not None:
varname = varname.split('.')
if not check_varname_for_type(memory_handler, varname, record_type):
return False
# load the record
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, record_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
# _get_output(memory_handler, results, rtype):
# Conflicts with varname
py_obj = output[0][0]
# print pyObj
# print as asked every n secs.
while True:
# clear terminal
print(chr(27) + "[2J")
#
if varname is None:
print(py_obj)
else:
print(get_varname_value(varname, py_obj))
if refresh == 0:
break
time.sleep(refresh)
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, record_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
py_obj = output[0][0]
def watch(args):
"""Cast the bytes at this address into a record_type and refresh regularly. """
memory_address = args.addr
refresh = args.refresh_rate
varname = args.varname
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = get_memory_handler(args)
# check the validity of the address
heap = memory_handler.is_valid_address_value(memory_address)
if not heap:
log.error("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
raise ValueError("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.record_type_name.rpartition('.')
module = None
try:
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
except ImportError as e:
log.error('sys.path is %s', sys.path)
raise e
record_type = getattr(module, classname)
# verify target fieldcompliance
if varname is not None:
varname = varname.split('.')
if not check_varname_for_type(memory_handler, varname, record_type):
return False
# load the record
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, record_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
# _get_output(memory_handler, results, rtype):
# Conflicts with varname
py_obj = output[0][0]
# print pyObj
# print as asked every n secs.
while True:
# clear terminal
print chr(27) + "[2J"
#
if varname is None:
print py_obj
else:
print get_varname_value(varname, py_obj)
if refresh == 0:
break
time.sleep(refresh)
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, record_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
py_obj = output[0][0]
def watch(args):
"""
structname watch vaddr [refreshrate] [varname]
:param opt:
:return:
"""
memory_address = args.addr
refresh = args.refresh_rate
varname = args.varname
# we need an int
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = _get_memory_handler(args)
# check the validity of the address
heap = memory_handler.is_valid_address_value(memory_address)
if not heap:
log.error("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
raise ValueError("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.struct_name.rpartition('.')
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
struct_type = getattr(module, classname)
# verify target fieldcompliance
if varname is not None:
varname = varname.split('.')
if not check_varname_for_type(memory_handler, varname, struct_type):
return False
# load the record
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, struct_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
py_obj = output[0][0]
# print pyObj
# print as asked every n secs.
while True:
# clear terminal
print chr(27) + "[2J"
#
if varname is None:
print py_obj
else:
print get_varname_value(varname, py_obj)
if refresh == 0:
break
time.sleep(refresh)
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, struct_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
# output handling
output = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
py_obj = output[0][0]
def test_load(self):
# this is kinda stupid, given we are using a heapwalker to
# find the heap, and testing the heap.
finder = self.memory_handler.get_heap_finder()
walkers = finder.list_heap_walkers()
heaps = [walker.get_heap_mapping() for walker in walkers]
my_heap = [x for x in heaps if x.start == self.known_heaps[0][0]][0]
heap_mapping = self.memory_handler.get_mapping_for_address(
self.known_heaps[0][0])
# we want the 32 bits heap record type on 32 bits heap mappings
heapwalker = finder.get_heap_walker(heap_mapping)
## Thats a 64 bits heap heapwalker = finder.get_heap_walker(heaps[0])
my_loader = searcher.RecordLoader(self.memory_handler)
res = my_loader.load(heapwalker._heap_module.HEAP,
self.known_heaps[0][0])
res_p = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [res])
instance, validated = res_p[0]
# no constraints loaded, subsegmentcode pointer went to is_valid
self.assertFalse(validated)
# now lets just use the win7heap constraints
my_loader = searcher.RecordLoader(self.memory_handler,
heapwalker._heap_module_constraints)
res = my_loader.load(heapwalker._heap_module.HEAP,
self.known_heaps[0][0])
res_p = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [res])
instance, validated = res_p[0]
# no constraints loaded, subsegmentcode pointer went to is_valid
self.assertTrue(validated)
self.assertIsInstance(instance, object)
self.assertEqual(instance.Signature, 0xeeffeeff)
self.assertEqual(instance.VirtualMemoryThreshold, 0xfe00)
self.assertEqual(instance.FrontEndHeapType, 0)
# try a misalign read
res = my_loader.load(heapwalker._heap_module.HEAP,
self.known_heaps[0][0] + 1)
res_p = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [res])
instance, validated = res_p[0]
self.assertFalse(validated)
self.assertIsInstance(instance, object)
self.assertNotEquals(instance.Signature, 0xeeffeeff)
self.assertEqual(instance.Signature, 0xeeffee) # 1 byte off
self.assertNotEquals(instance.VirtualMemoryThreshold, 0xfe00)
self.assertEqual(instance.VirtualMemoryThreshold, 0xff0000fe)
return
def test_load(self):
# this is kinda stupid, given we are using a heapwalker to
# find the heap, and testing the heap.
finder = self.memory_handler.get_heap_finder()
walkers = finder.list_heap_walkers()
heaps = [walker.get_heap_mapping() for walker in walkers]
my_heap = [x for x in heaps if x.start == self.known_heaps[0][0]][0]
heap_mapping = self.memory_handler.get_mapping_for_address(self.known_heaps[0][0])
# we want the 32 bits heap record type on 32 bits heap mappings
heapwalker = finder.get_heap_walker(heap_mapping)
## Thats a 64 bits heap heapwalker = finder.get_heap_walker(heaps[0])
my_loader = searcher.RecordLoader(self.memory_handler)
res = my_loader.load(heapwalker._heap_module.HEAP, self.known_heaps[0][0])
res_p = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [res])
instance, validated = res_p[0]
# no constraints loaded, subsegmentcode pointer went to is_valid
self.assertFalse(validated)
# now lets just use the win7heap constraints
my_loader = searcher.RecordLoader(self.memory_handler, heapwalker._heap_module_constraints)
res = my_loader.load(heapwalker._heap_module.HEAP, self.known_heaps[0][0])
res_p = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [res])
instance, validated = res_p[0]
# no constraints loaded, subsegmentcode pointer went to is_valid
self.assertTrue(validated)
self.assertIsInstance(instance, object)
self.assertEqual(instance.Signature, 0xeeffeeff)
self.assertEqual(instance.VirtualMemoryThreshold, 0xfe00)
self.assertEqual(instance.FrontEndHeapType, 0)
# try a misalign read
res = my_loader.load(heapwalker._heap_module.HEAP, self.known_heaps[0][0] + 1)
res_p = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [res])
instance, validated = res_p[0]
self.assertFalse(validated)
self.assertIsInstance(instance, object)
self.assertNotEquals(instance.Signature, 0xeeffeeff)
self.assertEqual(instance.Signature, 0xeeffee) # 1 byte off
self.assertNotEquals(instance.VirtualMemoryThreshold, 0xfe00)
self.assertEqual(instance.VirtualMemoryThreshold, 0xff0000fe)
return
def refresh(args):
"""
Default function for the refresh command line option.
Try to map a Structure from a specific offset in memory.
Returns it in pickled or text format.
See the command line --help .
"""
# we need an int
memory_address = args.addr
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = _get_memory_handler(args)
# print output on stdout
rtype = _get_output_style(args)
# check the validity of the address
heap = memory_handler.is_valid_address_value(memory_address)
if not heap:
log.error("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
raise ValueError("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.struct_name.rpartition('.')
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
struct_type = getattr(module, classname)
# load the record
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, struct_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
if args.validate:
my_constraints = None
if args.constraints_file:
handler = constraints.ConstraintsConfigHandler()
my_constraints = handler.read(args.constraints_file.name)
validation = api.validate_record(memory_handler, result[0],
my_constraints)
if args.interactive:
import code
code.interact(local=locals())
# output handling
ret = None
if rtype == 'string':
ret = api.output_to_string(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'python':
ret = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'json':
ret = api.output_to_json(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'pickled':
ret = api.output_to_pickle(memory_handler, results)
else:
raise ValueError('unknown output format')
print ret
if args.validate:
print 'Validated', validation
return
def get_output(memory_handler, results, rtype):
if rtype == 'string':
ret = api.output_to_string(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'python':
# useful in interactive mode
ret = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'json':
ret = api.output_to_json(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'pickled':
ret = api.output_to_pickle(memory_handler, results)
else:
raise ValueError('unknown output format')
return ret
def get_output(memory_handler, results, rtype):
if rtype == 'string':
ret = api.output_to_string(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'python':
# useful in interactive mode
ret = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'json':
ret = api.output_to_json(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'pickled':
ret = api.output_to_pickle(memory_handler, results)
else:
raise ValueError('unknown output format')
return ret
def refresh(args):
"""
Default function for the refresh command line option.
Try to map a Structure from a specific offset in memory.
Returns it in pickled or text format.
See the command line --help .
"""
# we need an int
memory_address = args.addr
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = _get_memory_handler(args)
# print output on stdout
rtype = _get_output_style(args)
# check the validity of the address
heap = memory_handler.is_valid_address_value(memory_address)
if not heap:
log.error("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
raise ValueError("the address is not accessible in the memoryMap")
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.struct_name.rpartition('.')
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
struct_type = getattr(module, classname)
# load the record
result = api.load_record(memory_handler, struct_type, memory_address)
results = [result]
if args.validate:
my_constraints = None
if args.constraints_file:
handler = constraints.ConstraintsConfigHandler()
my_constraints = handler.read(args.constraints_file.name)
validation = api.validate_record(memory_handler, result[0], my_constraints)
if args.interactive:
import code
code.interact(local=locals())
# output handling
ret = None
if rtype == 'string':
ret = api.output_to_string(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'python':
ret = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'json':
ret = api.output_to_json(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'pickled':
ret = api.output_to_pickle(memory_handler, results)
else:
raise ValueError('unknown output format')
print ret
if args.validate:
print 'Validated', validation
return
def test_weird_py3_bug(self):
# RESULT: PY3 pickling works if model includes all pythoned module hierachy
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.usual, self.address1)
# check the string output
retstr = api.output_to_string(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
self.assertTrue(isinstance(retstr, str))
ret = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
# check subclass in model module
x = pickle.dumps(ret)
# Python 2
# self.assertIn(b'test.src.ctypes6_gen32.struct_usual_py', x)
# Python 3
self.assertIn(b'struct_usual_py', x)
# TODO TEST really, you should be able to load the pickled code as long as haystack.outputters.python is there
# and still be able to load the object graph.
obj = pickle.loads(x)
self.assertEqual(obj[0][0].root.blink, obj[0][0].root.flink)
self.assertEqual(obj[0][0].root.blink.flink, obj[0][0].root.flink.flink)
return
def search_cmdline(args):
""" Internal cmdline mojo. """
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = _get_memory_handler(args)
# print output on stdout
rtype = _get_output_style(args)
# try to load constraints
# mapper
if args.constraints_file:
handler = constraints.ConstraintsConfigHandler()
my_constraints = handler.read(args.constraints_file.name)
else:
my_constraints = None
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.struct_name.rpartition('.')
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
struct_type = getattr(module, classname)
# do the search
results = api.search_record(memory_handler,
struct_type,
my_constraints,
extended_search=args.extended_search)
if args.interactive:
import code
code.interact(local=locals())
# output handling
ret = None
if rtype == 'string':
ret = api.output_to_string(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'python':
ret = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'json':
ret = api.output_to_json(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'pickled':
ret = api.output_to_pickle(memory_handler, results)
else:
raise ValueError('unknown output format')
print ret
return
def test_weird_py3_bug(self):
# RESULT: PY3 pickling works if model includes all pythoned module hierachy
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.usual,
self.address1)
# check the string output
retstr = api.output_to_string(self.memory_handler,
[(results, validated)])
self.assertTrue(isinstance(retstr, str))
ret = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
# check subclass in model module
x = pickle.dumps(ret)
# Python 2
# self.assertIn(b'test.src.ctypes6_gen32.struct_usual_py', x)
# Python 3
self.assertIn(b'struct_usual_py', x)
# TODO TEST really, you should be able to load the pickled code as long as haystack.outputters.python is there
# and still be able to load the object graph.
obj = pickle.loads(x)
self.assertEqual(obj[0][0].root.blink, obj[0][0].root.flink)
self.assertEqual(obj[0][0].root.blink.flink,
obj[0][0].root.flink.flink)
return
def search_cmdline(args):
""" Internal cmdline mojo. """
# get the memory handler adequate for the type requested
memory_handler = _get_memory_handler(args)
# print output on stdout
rtype = _get_output_style(args)
# try to load constraints
# mapper
if args.constraints_file:
handler = constraints.ConstraintsConfigHandler()
my_constraints = handler.read(args.constraints_file.name)
else:
my_constraints = None
# get the structure name
modulename, sep, classname = args.struct_name.rpartition('.')
module = memory_handler.get_model().import_module(modulename)
struct_type = getattr(module, classname)
# do the search
results = api.search_record(memory_handler, struct_type, my_constraints, extended_search=args.extended_search)
if args.interactive:
import code
code.interact(local=locals())
# output handling
ret = None
if rtype == 'string':
ret = api.output_to_string(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'python':
ret = api.output_to_python(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'json':
ret = api.output_to_json(memory_handler, results)
elif rtype == 'pickled':
ret = api.output_to_pickle(memory_handler, results)
else:
raise ValueError('unknown output format')
print ret
return
def test_refresh(self):
#handler = constraints.ConstraintsConfigHandler()
#my_constraints = handler.read('test/src/ctypes6.constraints')
#results = api.search_record(self.memory_handler, self.usual_structname, my_constraints)
# search struct_usual with constraints
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.usual,
self.address1)
# check the string output
retstr = api.output_to_string(self.memory_handler,
[(results, validated)])
self.assertTrue(isinstance(retstr, str))
# string
#retstr = api.show_dumpname(self.usual_structname, self.memdumpname,
# self.address1, rtype='string')
self.assertIn(str(0x0aaaaaaa), retstr) # 0xaaaaaaa/178956970L
self.assertIn(str(0x0ffffff0), retstr)
self.assertIn('"val2b": 0', retstr)
self.assertIn('"val1b": 0', retstr)
# usual->root.{f,b}link = &node1->list; # offset list is (wordsize) bytes
## TU results based on __book
node1_list_addr = hex(self.address2 + self.my_target.get_word_size())
self.assertIn('"flink": { # <struct_entry at %s' % node1_list_addr,
retstr)
self.assertIn('"blink": { # <struct_entry at %s' % node1_list_addr,
retstr)
## TU results based on direct access
#node1_list_addr = self.address2 + self.my_target.get_word_size()
#self.assertIn('"flink": 0x%0.8x' % node1_list_addr, retstr)
#self.assertIn('"blink": 0x%0.8x' % node1_list_addr, retstr)
# python
usuals = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler,
[(results, validated)])
usual, validated = usuals[0]
self.assertEqual(validated, True)
self.assertEqual(usual.val1, 0x0aaaaaaa)
self.assertEqual(usual.val2, 0x0ffffff0)
self.assertEqual(usual.txt,
b'This a string with a test this is a test string')
# so now we got python objects
# that is node 1
self.assertIsNotNone(usual.root.flink)
self.assertEqual(usual.root.flink, usual.root.blink)
#print usual.root.flink
# that is node2
self.assertEqual(usual.root.blink.flink, usual.root.flink.flink)
# that is None (root.flink = root.blink)
self.assertIsNone(usual.root.blink.blink)
self.assertIsNone(usual.root.flink.blink)
# that is None per design UT
self.assertIsNone(usual.root.blink.flink.flink)
# python 2 struct Node
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.node,
self.address2)
node1s = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler,
[(results, validated)])
node1, validated = node1s[0]
self.assertEqual(validated, True)
self.assertEqual(node1.val1, 0xdeadbeef)
self.assertEqual(node1.val2, 0xffffffff)
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.node,
self.address3)
node2s = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler,
[(results, validated)])
node2, validated = node2s[0]
self.assertEqual(validated, True)
self.assertEqual(node2.val1, 0xdeadbabe)
self.assertEqual(node2.val2, 0xffffffff)
self.assertIsNotNone(usual.root.flink)
# FIXME this was assertNotEquals. Why would the python obj be equals now ?
# but we have different instances/references between calls to
# show_dumpname
self.assertEqual(usual.root.flink, node1.list)
self.assertEqual(usual.root.blink.flink, node2.list)
def test_refresh(self):
#handler = constraints.ConstraintsConfigHandler()
#my_constraints = handler.read('test/src/ctypes6.constraints')
#results = api.search_record(self.memory_handler, self.usual_structname, my_constraints)
# search struct_usual with constraints
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.usual, self.address1)
# check the string output
retstr = api.output_to_string(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
self.assertTrue(isinstance(retstr, str))
# string
#retstr = api.show_dumpname(self.usual_structname, self.memdumpname,
# self.address1, rtype='string')
self.assertIn(str(0x0aaaaaaa), retstr) # 0xaaaaaaa/178956970L
self.assertIn(str(0x0ffffff0), retstr)
self.assertIn('"val2b": 0', retstr)
self.assertIn('"val1b": 0', retstr)
# usual->root.{f,b}link = &node1->list; # offset list is (wordsize) bytes
## TU results based on __book
node1_list_addr = hex(self.address2 + self.my_target.get_word_size())
self.assertIn('"flink": { # <struct_entry at %s' % node1_list_addr, retstr)
self.assertIn('"blink": { # <struct_entry at %s' % node1_list_addr, retstr)
## TU results based on direct access
#node1_list_addr = self.address2 + self.my_target.get_word_size()
#self.assertIn('"flink": 0x%0.8x' % node1_list_addr, retstr)
#self.assertIn('"blink": 0x%0.8x' % node1_list_addr, retstr)
# python
usuals = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
usual, validated = usuals[0]
self.assertEqual(validated, True)
self.assertEqual(usual.val1, 0x0aaaaaaa)
self.assertEqual(usual.val2, 0x0ffffff0)
self.assertEqual(usual.txt, b'This a string with a test this is a test string')
# so now we got python objects
# that is node 1
self.assertIsNotNone(usual.root.flink)
self.assertEqual(usual.root.flink, usual.root.blink)
#print usual.root.flink
# that is node2
self.assertEqual(usual.root.blink.flink, usual.root.flink.flink)
# that is None (root.flink = root.blink)
self.assertIsNone(usual.root.blink.blink)
self.assertIsNone(usual.root.flink.blink)
# that is None per design UT
self.assertIsNone(usual.root.blink.flink.flink)
# python 2 struct Node
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.node, self.address2)
node1s = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
node1, validated = node1s[0]
self.assertEqual(validated, True)
self.assertEqual(node1.val1, 0xdeadbeef)
self.assertEqual(node1.val2, 0xffffffff)
results, validated = api.load_record(self.memory_handler, self.node, self.address3)
node2s = api.output_to_python(self.memory_handler, [(results, validated)])
node2, validated = node2s[0]
self.assertEqual(validated, True)
self.assertEqual(node2.val1, 0xdeadbabe)
self.assertEqual(node2.val2, 0xffffffff)
self.assertIsNotNone(usual.root.flink)
# FIXME this was assertNotEquals. Why would the python obj be equals now ?
# but we have different instances/references between calls to
# show_dumpname
self.assertEqual(usual.root.flink, node1.list)
self.assertEqual(usual.root.blink.flink, node2.list)
