def _quotient_graph(G, partition, edge_relation=None, node_data=None,
edge_data=None, relabel=False, create_using=None):
# Each node in the graph must be in exactly one block.
if any(sum(1 for b in partition if v in b) != 1 for v in G):
raise NetworkXException('each node must be in exactly one block')
if create_using is None:
H = G.__class__()
else:
H = nx.empty_graph(0, create_using)
# By default set some basic information about the subgraph that each block
# represents on the nodes in the quotient graph.
if node_data is None:
def node_data(b):
S = G.subgraph(b)
return dict(graph=S, nnodes=len(S), nedges=S.number_of_edges(),
density=density(S))
# Each block of the partition becomes a node in the quotient graph.
partition = [frozenset(b) for b in partition]
H.add_nodes_from((b, node_data(b)) for b in partition)
# By default, the edge relation is the relation defined as follows. B is
# adjacent to C if a node in B is adjacent to a node in C, according to the
# edge set of G.
#
# This is not a particularly efficient implementation of this relation:
# there are O(n^2) pairs to check and each check may require O(log n) time
# (to check set membership). This can certainly be parallelized.
if edge_relation is None:
def edge_relation(b, c):
return any(v in G[u] for u, v in product(b, c))
# By default, sum the weights of the edges joining pairs of nodes across
# blocks to get the weight of the edge joining those two blocks.
if edge_data is None:
def edge_data(b, c):
edgedata = (d for u, v, d in G.edges(b | c, data=True)
if (u in b and v in c) or (u in c and v in b))
return {'weight': sum(d.get('weight', 1) for d in edgedata)}
block_pairs = permutations(H, 2) if H.is_directed() else combinations(H, 2)
# In a multigraph, add one edge in the quotient graph for each edge
# in the original graph.
if H.is_multigraph():
edges = chaini(((b, c, G.get_edge_data(u, v, default={}))
for u, v in product(b, c) if v in G[u])
for b, c in block_pairs if edge_relation(b, c))
# In a simple graph, apply the edge data function to each pair of
# blocks to determine the edge data attributes to apply to each edge
# in the quotient graph.
else:
edges = ((b, c, edge_data(b, c)) for (b, c) in block_pairs
if edge_relation(b, c))
H.add_edges_from(edges)
# If requested by the user, relabel the nodes to be integers,
# numbered in increasing order from zero in the same order as the
# iteration order of `partition`.
if relabel:
# Can't use nx.convert_node_labels_to_integers() here since we
# want the order of iteration to be the same for backward
# compatibility with the nx.blockmodel() function.
labels = {b: i for i, b in enumerate(partition)}
H = nx.relabel_nodes(H, labels)
return H
def quotient_graph(G,
partition,
edge_relation=None,
node_data=None,
edge_data=None,
relabel=False,
create_using=None):
"""Returns the quotient graph of `G` under the specified equivalence
relation on nodes.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
The graph for which to return the quotient graph with the
specified node relation.
partition : function or list of sets
If a function, this function must represent an equivalence
relation on the nodes of `G`. It must take two arguments *u*
and *v* and return True exactly when *u* and *v* are in the
same equivalence class. The equivalence classes form the nodes
in the returned graph.
If a list of sets, the list must form a valid partition of
the nodes of the graph. That is, each node must be in exactly
one block of the partition.
edge_relation : Boolean function with two arguments
This function must represent an edge relation on the *blocks* of
`G` in the partition induced by `node_relation`. It must
take two arguments, *B* and *C*, each one a set of nodes, and
return True exactly when there should be an edge joining
block *B* to block *C* in the returned graph.
If `edge_relation` is not specified, it is assumed to be the
following relation. Block *B* is related to block *C* if and
only if some node in *B* is adjacent to some node in *C*,
according to the edge set of `G`.
edge_data : function
This function takes two arguments, *B* and *C*, each one a set
of nodes, and must return a dictionary representing the edge
data attributes to set on the edge joining *B* and *C*, should
there be an edge joining *B* and *C* in the quotient graph (if
no such edge occurs in the quotient graph as determined by
`edge_relation`, then the output of this function is ignored).
If the quotient graph would be a multigraph, this function is
not applied, since the edge data from each edge in the graph
`G` appears in the edges of the quotient graph.
node_data : function
This function takes one argument, *B*, a set of nodes in `G`,
and must return a dictionary representing the node data
attributes to set on the node representing *B* in the quotient graph.
If None, the following node attributes will be set:
* 'graph', the subgraph of the graph `G` that this block
represents,
* 'nnodes', the number of nodes in this block,
* 'nedges', the number of edges within this block,
* 'density', the density of the subgraph of `G` that this
block represents.
relabel : bool
If True, relabel the nodes of the quotient graph to be
nonnegative integers. Otherwise, the nodes are identified with
:class:`frozenset` instances representing the blocks given in
`partition`.
create_using : NetworkX graph
If specified, this must be an instance of a NetworkX graph
class. The nodes and edges of the quotient graph will be added
to this graph and returned. If not specified, the returned graph
will have the same type as the input graph.
Returns
-------
NetworkX graph
The quotient graph of `G` under the equivalence relation
specified by `partition`. If the partition were given as a
list of :class:`set` instances and `relabel` is False,
each node will be a :class:`frozenset` corresponding to the same
:class:`set`.
Raises
------
NetworkXException
If the given partition is not a valid partition of the nodes of
`G`.
Examples
--------
The quotient graph of the complete bipartite graph under the "same
neighbors" equivalence relation is `K_2`. Under this relation, two nodes
are equivalent if they are not adjacent but have the same neighbor set::
>>> import networkx as nx
>>> G = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(2, 3)
>>> same_neighbors = lambda u, v: (u not in G[v] and v not in G[u]
... and G[u] == G[v])
>>> Q = nx.quotient_graph(G, same_neighbors)
>>> K2 = nx.complete_graph(2)
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(Q, K2)
True
The quotient graph of a directed graph under the "same strongly connected
component" equivalence relation is the condensation of the graph (see
:func:`condensation`). This example comes from the Wikipedia article
*`Strongly connected component`_*::
>>> import networkx as nx
>>> G = nx.DiGraph()
>>> edges = ['ab', 'be', 'bf', 'bc', 'cg', 'cd', 'dc', 'dh', 'ea',
... 'ef', 'fg', 'gf', 'hd', 'hf']
>>> G.add_edges_from(tuple(x) for x in edges)
>>> components = list(nx.strongly_connected_components(G))
>>> sorted(sorted(component) for component in components)
[['a', 'b', 'e'], ['c', 'd', 'h'], ['f', 'g']]
>>>
>>> C = nx.condensation(G, components)
>>> component_of = C.graph['mapping']
>>> same_component = lambda u, v: component_of[u] == component_of[v]
>>> Q = nx.quotient_graph(G, same_component)
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(C, Q)
True
Node identification can be represented as the quotient of a graph under the
equivalence relation that places the two nodes in one block and each other
node in its own singleton block::
>>> import networkx as nx
>>> K24 = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(2, 4)
>>> K34 = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(3, 4)
>>> C = nx.contracted_nodes(K34, 1, 2)
>>> nodes = {1, 2}
>>> is_contracted = lambda u, v: u in nodes and v in nodes
>>> Q = nx.quotient_graph(K34, is_contracted)
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(Q, C)
True
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(Q, K24)
True
The blockmodeling technique described in [1]_ can be implemented as a
quotient graph::
>>> G = nx.path_graph(6)
>>> partition = [{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}]
>>> M = nx.quotient_graph(G, partition, relabel=True)
>>> list(M.edges())
[(0, 1), (1, 2)]
.. _Strongly connected component: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component
References
----------
.. [1] Patrick Doreian, Vladimir Batagelj, and Anuska Ferligoj.
*Generalized Blockmodeling*.
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
"""
# If the user provided an equivalence relation as a function compute
# the blocks of the partition on the nodes of G induced by the
# equivalence relation.
if callable(partition):
partition = equivalence_classes(G, partition)
# Each node in the graph must be in exactly one block.
if any(sum(1 for b in partition if v in b) != 1 for v in G):
raise NetworkXException('each node must be in exactly one block')
H = type(create_using)() if create_using is not None else type(G)()
# By default set some basic information about the subgraph that each block
# represents on the nodes in the quotient graph.
if node_data is None:
def node_data(b):
S = G.subgraph(b)
return dict(graph=S,
nnodes=len(S),
nedges=S.number_of_edges(),
density=density(S))
# Each block of the partition becomes a node in the quotient graph.
partition = [frozenset(b) for b in partition]
H.add_nodes_from((b, node_data(b)) for b in partition)
# By default, the edge relation is the relation defined as follows. B is
# adjacent to C if a node in B is adjacent to a node in C, according to the
# edge set of G.
#
# This is not a particularly efficient implementation of this relation:
# there are O(n^2) pairs to check and each check may require O(log n) time
# (to check set membership). This can certainly be parallelized.
if edge_relation is None:
def edge_relation(b, c):
return any(v in G[u] for u, v in product(b, c))
# By default, sum the weights of the edges joining pairs of nodes across
# blocks to get the weight of the edge joining those two blocks.
if edge_data is None:
def edge_data(b, c):
edgedata = (d for u, v, d in G.edges(b | c, data=True)
if (u in b and v in c) or (u in c and v in b))
return {'weight': sum(d.get('weight', 1) for d in edgedata)}
block_pairs = permutations(H, 2) if H.is_directed() else combinations(H, 2)
# In a multigraph, add one edge in the quotient graph for each edge
# in the original graph.
if H.is_multigraph():
edges = chaini(((b, c, G.get_edge_data(u, v, default={}))
for u, v in product(b, c) if v in G[u])
for b, c in block_pairs if edge_relation(b, c))
# In a simple graph, apply the edge data function to each pair of
# blocks to determine the edge data attributes to apply to each edge
# in the quotient graph.
else:
edges = ((b, c, edge_data(b, c)) for (b, c) in block_pairs
if edge_relation(b, c))
H.add_edges_from(edges)
# If requested by the user, relabel the nodes to be integers,
# numbered in increasing order from zero in the same order as the
# iteration order of `partition`.
if relabel:
# Can't use nx.convert_node_labels_to_integers() here since we
# want the order of iteration to be the same for backward
# compatibility with the nx.blockmodel() function.
labels = {b: i for i, b in enumerate(partition)}
H = nx.relabel_nodes(H, labels)
return H
def quotient_graph(
G,
partition,
edge_relation=None,
node_data=None,
edge_data=None,
relabel=False,
create_using=None,
):
"""Returns the quotient graph of `G` under the specified equivalence
relation on nodes.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
The graph for which to return the quotient graph with the
specified node relation.
partition : function, or dict or list of lists, tuples or sets
If a function, this function must represent an equivalence
relation on the nodes of `G`. It must take two arguments *u*
and *v* and return True exactly when *u* and *v* are in the
same equivalence class. The equivalence classes form the nodes
in the returned graph.
If a dict of lists/tuples/sets, the keys can be any meaningful
block labels, but the values must be the block lists/tuples/sets
(one list/tuple/set per block), and the blocks must form a valid
partition of the nodes of the graph. That is, each node must be
in exactly one block of the partition.
If a list of sets, the list must form a valid partition of
the nodes of the graph. That is, each node must be in exactly
one block of the partition.
edge_relation : Boolean function with two arguments
This function must represent an edge relation on the *blocks* of
the `partition` of `G`. It must take two arguments, *B* and *C*,
each one a set of nodes, and return True exactly when there should be
an edge joining block *B* to block *C* in the returned graph.
If `edge_relation` is not specified, it is assumed to be the
following relation. Block *B* is related to block *C* if and
only if some node in *B* is adjacent to some node in *C*,
according to the edge set of `G`.
edge_data : function
This function takes two arguments, *B* and *C*, each one a set
of nodes, and must return a dictionary representing the edge
data attributes to set on the edge joining *B* and *C*, should
there be an edge joining *B* and *C* in the quotient graph (if
no such edge occurs in the quotient graph as determined by
`edge_relation`, then the output of this function is ignored).
If the quotient graph would be a multigraph, this function is
not applied, since the edge data from each edge in the graph
`G` appears in the edges of the quotient graph.
node_data : function
This function takes one argument, *B*, a set of nodes in `G`,
and must return a dictionary representing the node data
attributes to set on the node representing *B* in the quotient graph.
If None, the following node attributes will be set:
* 'graph', the subgraph of the graph `G` that this block
represents,
* 'nnodes', the number of nodes in this block,
* 'nedges', the number of edges within this block,
* 'density', the density of the subgraph of `G` that this
block represents.
relabel : bool
If True, relabel the nodes of the quotient graph to be
nonnegative integers. Otherwise, the nodes are identified with
:class:`frozenset` instances representing the blocks given in
`partition`.
create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph)
Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.
Returns
-------
NetworkX graph
The quotient graph of `G` under the equivalence relation
specified by `partition`. If the partition were given as a
list of :class:`set` instances and `relabel` is False,
each node will be a :class:`frozenset` corresponding to the same
:class:`set`.
Raises
------
NetworkXException
If the given partition is not a valid partition of the nodes of
`G`.
Examples
--------
The quotient graph of the complete bipartite graph under the "same
neighbors" equivalence relation is `K_2`. Under this relation, two nodes
are equivalent if they are not adjacent but have the same neighbor set.
>>> G = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(2, 3)
>>> same_neighbors = lambda u, v: (
... u not in G[v] and v not in G[u] and G[u] == G[v]
... )
>>> Q = nx.quotient_graph(G, same_neighbors)
>>> K2 = nx.complete_graph(2)
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(Q, K2)
True
The quotient graph of a directed graph under the "same strongly connected
component" equivalence relation is the condensation of the graph (see
:func:`condensation`). This example comes from the Wikipedia article
*`Strongly connected component`_*.
>>> G = nx.DiGraph()
>>> edges = [
... "ab",
... "be",
... "bf",
... "bc",
... "cg",
... "cd",
... "dc",
... "dh",
... "ea",
... "ef",
... "fg",
... "gf",
... "hd",
... "hf",
... ]
>>> G.add_edges_from(tuple(x) for x in edges)
>>> components = list(nx.strongly_connected_components(G))
>>> sorted(sorted(component) for component in components)
[['a', 'b', 'e'], ['c', 'd', 'h'], ['f', 'g']]
>>>
>>> C = nx.condensation(G, components)
>>> component_of = C.graph["mapping"]
>>> same_component = lambda u, v: component_of[u] == component_of[v]
>>> Q = nx.quotient_graph(G, same_component)
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(C, Q)
True
Node identification can be represented as the quotient of a graph under the
equivalence relation that places the two nodes in one block and each other
node in its own singleton block.
>>> K24 = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(2, 4)
>>> K34 = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(3, 4)
>>> C = nx.contracted_nodes(K34, 1, 2)
>>> nodes = {1, 2}
>>> is_contracted = lambda u, v: u in nodes and v in nodes
>>> Q = nx.quotient_graph(K34, is_contracted)
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(Q, C)
True
>>> nx.is_isomorphic(Q, K24)
True
The blockmodeling technique described in [1]_ can be implemented as a
quotient graph.
>>> G = nx.path_graph(6)
>>> partition = [{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}]
>>> M = nx.quotient_graph(G, partition, relabel=True)
>>> list(M.edges())
[(0, 1), (1, 2)]
Here is the sample example but using partition as a dict of block sets.
>>> G = nx.path_graph(6)
>>> partition = {0: {0, 1}, 2: {2, 3}, 4: {4, 5}}
>>> M = nx.quotient_graph(G, partition, relabel=True)
>>> list(M.edges())
[(0, 1), (1, 2)]
Partitions can be represented in various ways:
::
(0) a list/tuple/set of block lists/tuples/sets
(1) a dict with block labels as keys and blocks lists/tuples/sets as values
(2) a dict with block lists/tuples/sets as keys and block labels as values
(3) a function from nodes in the original iterable to block labels
(4) an equivalence relation function on the target iterable
As `quotient_graph` is designed to accept partitions represented as (0), (1) or
(4) only, the `equivalence_classes` function can be used to get the partitions
in the right form, in order to call `quotient_graph`.
.. _Strongly connected component: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component
References
----------
.. [1] Patrick Doreian, Vladimir Batagelj, and Anuska Ferligoj.
*Generalized Blockmodeling*.
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
"""
# If the user provided an equivalence relation as a function to compute
# the blocks of the partition on the nodes of G induced by the
# equivalence relation.
if callable(partition):
# equivalence_classes always return partition of whole G.
partition = equivalence_classes(G, partition)
if not nx.community.is_partition(G, partition):
raise nx.NetworkXException(
"Input `partition` is not an equivalence relation for nodes of G"
)
return _quotient_graph(
G, partition, edge_relation, node_data, edge_data, relabel, create_using
)
# If the partition is a dict, it is assumed to be one where the keys are
# user-defined block labels, and values are block lists, tuples or sets.
if isinstance(partition, dict):
partition = [block for block in partition.values()]
# If the user provided partition as a collection of sets. Then we
# need to check if partition covers all of G nodes. If the answer
# is 'No' then we need to prepare suitable subgraph view.
partition_nodes = set().union(*partition)
if len(partition_nodes) != len(G):
G = G.subgraph(partition_nodes)
# Each node in the graph/subgraph must be in exactly one block.
if not nx.community.is_partition(G, partition):
raise NetworkXException("each node must be in exactly one part of `partition`")
return _quotient_graph(
G, partition, edge_relation, node_data, edge_data, relabel, create_using
)