def create_system(primary,
secondary,
disk_lock_frequency,
*,
initial_eccentricity=0.0,
porb_initial=3.5,
disk_dissipation_age=4e-3,
initial_inclination=0.0,
secondary_formation_age=None):
"""Combine the given primary and secondar in a system ready to evolve."""
binary = Binary(primary=primary,
secondary=secondary,
initial_orbital_period=porb_initial,
initial_eccentricity=initial_eccentricity,
initial_inclination=initial_inclination,
disk_lock_frequency=disk_lock_frequency,
disk_dissipation_age=disk_dissipation_age,
secondary_formation_age=(secondary_formation_age
or disk_dissipation_age))
binary.configure(age=primary.core_formation_age(),
semimajor=float('nan'),
eccentricity=float('nan'),
spin_angmom=numpy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None,
evolution_mode='LOCKED_SURFACE_SPIN')
if isinstance(secondary, EvolvingStar):
initial_obliquity = numpy.array([0.0])
initial_periapsis = numpy.array([0.0])
else:
initial_obliquity = None
initial_periapsis = None
secondary.configure(age=disk_dissipation_age,
companion_mass=primary.mass,
semimajor=binary.semimajor(porb_initial),
eccentricity=initial_eccentricity,
spin_angmom=(numpy.array([0.01, 0.01]) if isinstance(
secondary, EvolvingStar) else numpy.array([0.0])),
inclination=initial_obliquity,
periapsis=initial_periapsis,
locked_surface=False,
zero_outer_inclination=True,
zero_outer_periapsis=True)
primary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
if isinstance(secondary, EvolvingStar):
secondary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
return binary
def create_binary_system(primary,
secondary,
*,
disk_lock_frequency,
initial_semimajor,
disk_dissipation_age,
secondary_angmom=None):
"""Create a binary system to evolve from the given objects."""
if isinstance(secondary, LockedPlanet):
secondary_config = dict(spin_angmom=numpy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None)
else:
secondary.select_interpolation_region(disk_dissipation_age)
secondary_config = dict(spin_angmom=secondary_angmom,
inclination=numpy.array([0.0]),
periapsis=numpy.array([0.0]))
secondary.configure(age=disk_dissipation_age,
companion_mass=primary.mass,
semimajor=initial_semimajor,
eccentricity=0.0,
locked_surface=False,
zero_outer_inclination=True,
zero_outer_periapsis=True,
**secondary_config)
if isinstance(secondary, EvolvingStar):
secondary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
primary.select_interpolation_region(primary.core_formation_age())
binary = Binary(primary=primary,
secondary=secondary,
initial_semimajor=initial_semimajor,
initial_eccentricity=0.0,
initial_inclination=0.0,
disk_lock_frequency=disk_lock_frequency,
disk_dissipation_age=disk_dissipation_age,
secondary_formation_age=disk_dissipation_age)
binary.configure(age=primary.core_formation_age(),
semimajor=float('nan'),
eccentricity=float('nan'),
spin_angmom=numpy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None,
evolution_mode='LOCKED_SURFACE_SPIN')
primary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
return binary
def get_secondary_initial_angmom(self, **evolve_kwargs):
"""Return the angular momentum of the secondary when binary forms."""
if not self.secondary_star:
return (0.0, 0.0)
secondary = self._create_secondary()
mock_companion = self._create_planet(1.0 * units.M_jup,
1.0 * units.R_jup)
binary = Binary(
primary=secondary,
secondary=mock_companion,
initial_orbital_period=1.0,
initial_eccentricity=0.0,
initial_inclination=0.0,
disk_lock_frequency=(
2.0 * numpy.pi
/
self.configuration['secondary_disk_period']
),
disk_dissipation_age=(
2.0
*
self.configuration['disk_dissipation_age']
)
)
binary.configure(age=secondary.core_formation_age(),
semimajor=float('nan'),
eccentricity=float('nan'),
spin_angmom=numpy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None,
evolution_mode='LOCKED_SURFACE_SPIN')
secondary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
binary.evolve(
final_age=self.configuration['disk_dissipation_age'],
max_time_step=self.configuration['max_timestep'],
**self._get_combined_evolve_args(evolve_kwargs)
)
final_state = binary.final_state()
secondary.delete()
mock_companion.delete()
binary.delete()
return final_state.envelope_angmom, final_state.core_angmom
def _create_system(self, primary, secondary, *, porb_initial,
initial_eccentricity, initial_obliquity):
"""
Create the system to evolve from the two bodies (primary & secondary).
Args:
primary: The primary in the system. Usually created by calling
create_star().
planet: The secondary in the system. Usually created by calling
create_star() or create_planet().
porb_initial: Initial orbital period in days.
initial_eccentricity: The initial eccentricity of the system.
initial_obliquity: The initial obliquity to assume for the
system in rad.
Returns:
Binary:
The binary system ready to evolve.
"""
#False positive
#pylint: disable=no-member
binary = Binary(
primary=primary,
secondary=secondary,
initial_orbital_period=porb_initial,
initial_eccentricity=initial_eccentricity,
initial_inclination=initial_obliquity,
disk_lock_frequency=(2.0 * scipy.pi / self.target_state.Pdisk),
disk_dissipation_age=self.configuration['disk_dissipation_age'],
secondary_formation_age=self.target_state.planet_formation_age)
#pylint: enable=no-member
binary.configure(age=primary.core_formation_age(),
semimajor=float('nan'),
eccentricity=float('nan'),
spin_angmom=scipy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None,
evolution_mode='LOCKED_SURFACE_SPIN')
if isinstance(secondary, EvolvingStar):
initial_obliquity = scipy.array([0.0])
initial_periapsis = scipy.array([0.0])
else:
initial_obliquity = None
initial_periapsis = None
secondary.configure(
#False positive
#pylint: disable=no-member
age=self.target_state.planet_formation_age,
#pylint: enable=no-member
companion_mass=primary.mass,
#False positive
#pylint: disable=no-member
semimajor=binary.semimajor(porb_initial),
#pylint: enable=no-member
eccentricity=initial_eccentricity,
spin_angmom=(scipy.array([0.01, 0.01]) if isinstance(
secondary, EvolvingStar) else scipy.array([0.0])),
inclination=initial_obliquity,
periapsis=initial_periapsis,
locked_surface=False,
zero_outer_inclination=True,
zero_outer_periapsis=True)
primary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
if isinstance(secondary, EvolvingStar):
secondary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
return binary
def _try_initial_conditions(self,
initial_orbital_period,
disk_period,
save=False):
"""
Get present orbital and stellar spin periods for initial conditions.
Args:
initial_orbital_period: The initial orbital period to calculate
the deviation for.
disk_period: The disk locking period to calculate the deviation
for.
Returns:
(float, float):
The present day orbital period of the system resulting when
the evolution is started with the input periods.
The present day surface spin of the star resulting when the
evolution is started with the input periods.
"""
if ((initial_orbital_period, disk_period)
in self._saved_initial_condition_trials):
return self._saved_initial_condition_trials[(
initial_orbital_period, disk_period)]
self._logger.debug('Trying P0 = %s, Pdisk = %s',
repr(initial_orbital_period), repr(disk_period))
if self.binary is not None:
self.binary.delete()
self.binary = Binary(
primary=self.primary,
secondary=self.secondary,
initial_orbital_period=initial_orbital_period,
initial_eccentricity=self.parameters['initial eccentricity'],
initial_inclination=self.parameters['initial inclination'],
disk_lock_frequency=2.0 * scipy.pi / disk_period,
disk_dissipation_age=self.target.disk_dissipation_age,
secondary_formation_age=self.target.planet_formation_age)
self.primary.select_interpolation_region(
self.primary.core_formation_age())
self.binary.configure(age=self.primary.core_formation_age(),
semimajor=float('nan'),
eccentricity=float('nan'),
spin_angmom=scipy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None,
evolution_mode='LOCKED_SURFACE_SPIN')
self.primary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
if isinstance(self.secondary, EvolvingStar):
secondary_inclination_periapsis = dict(
inclination=scipy.array([0.0]), periapsis=scipy.array([0.0]))
else:
secondary_inclination_periapsis = dict(inclination=None,
periapsis=None)
self.secondary.configure(
age=self.target.planet_formation_age,
companion_mass=self.binary.primary.mass,
semimajor=self.binary.semimajor(initial_orbital_period),
eccentricity=self.parameters['initial eccentricity'],
spin_angmom=self.parameters['initial_secondary_angmom'],
locked_surface=False,
zero_outer_inclination=True,
zero_outer_periapsis=True,
**secondary_inclination_periapsis)
if isinstance(self.secondary, EvolvingStar):
self.secondary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
self.binary.evolve(final_age=self.target.age,
max_time_step=self.configuration['max time step'],
precision=self.configuration['precision'],
timeout=self.configuration['timeout'],
required_ages=None,
print_progress=False)
final_state = self.binary.final_state()
#False positives
#pylint: disable=no-member
assert final_state.age == self.target.age
orbital_period = self.binary.orbital_period(final_state.semimajor)
stellar_spin_period = (
2.0 * scipy.pi *
self.binary.primary.envelope_inertia(final_state.age) /
(getattr(final_state, 'primary_envelope_angmom', None)
or getattr(final_state, 'envelope_angmom')))
#pylint: enable=no-member
self._logger.debug('Got Porb = %s, P* = %s', repr(orbital_period),
repr(stellar_spin_period))
if scipy.isnan(orbital_period):
orbital_period = 0.0
if save:
self._saved_initial_condition_trials[(
initial_orbital_period, disk_period)] = (orbital_period,
stellar_spin_period)
return orbital_period, stellar_spin_period
class InitialConditionSolver:
"""Find initial conditions which reproduce a given system now."""
def _try_initial_conditions(self,
initial_orbital_period,
disk_period,
save=False):
"""
Get present orbital and stellar spin periods for initial conditions.
Args:
initial_orbital_period: The initial orbital period to calculate
the deviation for.
disk_period: The disk locking period to calculate the deviation
for.
Returns:
(float, float):
The present day orbital period of the system resulting when
the evolution is started with the input periods.
The present day surface spin of the star resulting when the
evolution is started with the input periods.
"""
if ((initial_orbital_period, disk_period)
in self._saved_initial_condition_trials):
return self._saved_initial_condition_trials[(
initial_orbital_period, disk_period)]
self._logger.debug('Trying P0 = %s, Pdisk = %s',
repr(initial_orbital_period), repr(disk_period))
if self.binary is not None:
self.binary.delete()
self.binary = Binary(
primary=self.primary,
secondary=self.secondary,
initial_orbital_period=initial_orbital_period,
initial_eccentricity=self.parameters['initial eccentricity'],
initial_inclination=self.parameters['initial inclination'],
disk_lock_frequency=2.0 * scipy.pi / disk_period,
disk_dissipation_age=self.target.disk_dissipation_age,
secondary_formation_age=self.target.planet_formation_age)
self.primary.select_interpolation_region(
self.primary.core_formation_age())
self.binary.configure(age=self.primary.core_formation_age(),
semimajor=float('nan'),
eccentricity=float('nan'),
spin_angmom=scipy.array([0.0]),
inclination=None,
periapsis=None,
evolution_mode='LOCKED_SURFACE_SPIN')
self.primary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
if isinstance(self.secondary, EvolvingStar):
secondary_inclination_periapsis = dict(
inclination=scipy.array([0.0]), periapsis=scipy.array([0.0]))
else:
secondary_inclination_periapsis = dict(inclination=None,
periapsis=None)
self.secondary.configure(
age=self.target.planet_formation_age,
companion_mass=self.binary.primary.mass,
semimajor=self.binary.semimajor(initial_orbital_period),
eccentricity=self.parameters['initial eccentricity'],
spin_angmom=self.parameters['initial_secondary_angmom'],
locked_surface=False,
zero_outer_inclination=True,
zero_outer_periapsis=True,
**secondary_inclination_periapsis)
if isinstance(self.secondary, EvolvingStar):
self.secondary.detect_stellar_wind_saturation()
self.binary.evolve(final_age=self.target.age,
max_time_step=self.configuration['max time step'],
precision=self.configuration['precision'],
timeout=self.configuration['timeout'],
required_ages=None,
print_progress=False)
final_state = self.binary.final_state()
#False positives
#pylint: disable=no-member
assert final_state.age == self.target.age
orbital_period = self.binary.orbital_period(final_state.semimajor)
stellar_spin_period = (
2.0 * scipy.pi *
self.binary.primary.envelope_inertia(final_state.age) /
(getattr(final_state, 'primary_envelope_angmom', None)
or getattr(final_state, 'envelope_angmom')))
#pylint: enable=no-member
self._logger.debug('Got Porb = %s, P* = %s', repr(orbital_period),
repr(stellar_spin_period))
if scipy.isnan(orbital_period):
orbital_period = 0.0
if save:
self._saved_initial_condition_trials[(
initial_orbital_period, disk_period)] = (orbital_period,
stellar_spin_period)
return orbital_period, stellar_spin_period
def _find_porb_range(self, guess_porb_initial, disk_period):
"""
Find initial orbital period range where final porb error flips sign.
Args:
guess_porb_initial: An initial guess for where the sign change
occurs.
disk_period: The disk locking period to assume during the search.
Returns:
(float, float):
A pair of initial orbital periods for which the sign of the
final orbital period error changes.
"""
porb_min, porb_max = scipy.nan, scipy.nan
porb_initial = guess_porb_initial
porb = self._try_initial_conditions(porb_initial, disk_period, True)[0]
porb_error = porb - self.target.Porb
guess_porb_error = porb_error
step = (self.period_search_factor if guess_porb_error < 0 else 1.0 /
self.period_search_factor)
while (porb_error * guess_porb_error > 0
and porb_initial < self.max_porb_initial):
if porb_error < 0:
porb_min = porb_initial
else:
porb_max = porb_initial
porb_initial *= step
self._logger.debug(('Before evolution:'
'\n\tporb_error = %s'
'\n\tguess_porb_error = %s'
'\n\tporb_initial = %s'
'\n\tporb_min = %s'
'\n\tporb_max = %s'
'\n\tstep = %s'), repr(porb_error),
repr(guess_porb_error), repr(porb_initial),
porb_min, porb_max, step)
porb = self._try_initial_conditions(porb_initial, disk_period,
True)[0]
self._logger.debug('After evolution: porb = %s', repr(porb))
if not scipy.isnan(porb):
porb_error = porb - self.target.Porb
if scipy.isnan(porb_error):
return scipy.nan, scipy.nan
if porb_error < 0:
porb_min = porb_initial
else:
porb_max = porb_initial
if porb_error == 0:
porb_min = porb_initial
self._logger.info(
'For Pdisk = %s, orbital period range: %s < Porb < %s',
repr(disk_period), repr(porb_min), repr(porb_max))
return porb_min, porb_max
def __init__(self,
*,
planet_formation_age=None,
disk_dissipation_age=None,
evolution_max_time_step=1.0,
evolution_precision=1e-6,
evolution_timeout=0,
orbital_period_tolerance=1e-6,
spin_tolerance=1e-6,
initial_eccentricity=0.0,
initial_inclination=0.0,
period_search_factor=2.0,
scaled_period_guess=1.0,
max_porb_initial=100.0,
initial_secondary_angmom=(0.0, 0.0)):
"""
Initialize the object.
Args:
planet_formation_age: If not None, the planet is assumed to form
at the given age (in Gyr). Otherwise, the starting age must be
specified each time this object is called.
disk_dissipation_age: The age at which the disk dissipates in
Gyrs.
evolution_max_time_step: The maximum timestep the evolution is
allowed to make.
evolution_precision: The precision to require of the evolution.
orbital_period_tolerance: The required precision with which the
orbital period at the present age must be reproduced.
spin_tolerance: The required precision with which the
primary spin period at the present age must be reproduced.
initial_eccentricity: The initial eccentricity with which to
start the evolution.
period_search_factor: The factor by which to change the initial
period guess while searching for a range surrounding the known
present day orbital period.
scaled_period_guess: The search for initial period to bracked the
observed final period will start from this value multiplied by
the final orbital period.
max_porb_initial: The largest initial orbital period in days to
try before declaring a set of initial conditions unsolvable.
Returns:
None
"""
self._logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
self.binary = None
self._best_initial_conditions = None
self.parameters = {
'initial eccentricity': initial_eccentricity,
'initial inclination': initial_inclination,
'initial_secondary_angmom': scipy.array(initial_secondary_angmom)
}
if planet_formation_age:
self.parameters['planet formation age'] = planet_formation_age
if disk_dissipation_age is not None:
self.parameters['disk dissipation age'] = disk_dissipation_age
self.configuration = {
'max time step': evolution_max_time_step,
'precision': evolution_precision,
'orbital period tolerance': orbital_period_tolerance,
'spin tolerance': spin_tolerance,
'timeout': evolution_timeout
}
self.target = None
self.primary = None
self.secondary = None
self.period_search_factor = period_search_factor
self.scaled_period_guess = scaled_period_guess
self.max_porb_initial = max_porb_initial
self._saved_initial_condition_trials = dict()
def stellar_wsurf(self,
wdisk,
orbital_period_guess,
return_difference=False):
"""
The stellar spin frquency when reproducing current porb.
Args:
disk_frequency: The angular velocity of the star when it forms.
orbital_period_guess: A best guess value for the initial orbital
period.
return_difference: If True, instead of the actual stellar
angular velocity, the function returns the difference from the
observed value.
Returns:
float or (float, float, float):
* The angular velocity with which the star spins at the present
age for an evolution scenario which reproduces the current
orbital period. Or the difference between the spin frequency
and the target spin frequency if return_difference is True.
The following are returned only if return_difference is False:
* The initial orbital period which reproduces the specified
final orbital period as close as possible.
* The closest final orbital period found (starting with
porb_initial).
"""
disk_period = 2.0 * scipy.pi / wdisk
porb_min, porb_max = self._find_porb_range(orbital_period_guess,
disk_period)
if scipy.isnan(porb_min):
self._saved_initial_condition_trials = dict()
assert scipy.isnan(porb_max)
return (scipy.nan if return_difference else
(scipy.nan, scipy.nan, scipy.nan))
porb_initial = brentq(
lambda porb_initial: self._try_initial_conditions(
porb_initial,
disk_period,
)[0] - self.target.Porb,
porb_min,
porb_max,
xtol=self.configuration['orbital period tolerance'],
rtol=self.configuration['orbital period tolerance'])
porb_final, spin_period = self._try_initial_conditions(
porb_initial,
disk_period,
)
self._saved_initial_condition_trials = dict()
spin_frequency = 2.0 * scipy.pi / spin_period
if not return_difference:
return spin_frequency, porb_initial, porb_final
result = spin_frequency - 2.0 * scipy.pi / self.target.Psurf
if (abs(result) <
#False positive
#pylint: disable=no-member
abs(self._best_initial_conditions.spin_frequency -
2.0 * scipy.pi / self.target.Psurf)
#pylint: enable=no-member
):
self._best_initial_conditions.spin_frequency = spin_frequency
self._best_initial_conditions.orbital_period = porb_final
self._best_initial_conditions.initial_orbital_period = porb_initial
self._best_initial_conditions.disk_period = disk_period
return result
def __call__(self, target, star, planet):
"""
Find initial conditions which reproduce the given system now.
Args:
target: The target configuration to reproduce by tuning the the
initial conditions for. The following attributes must be
defined:
- age:
The age at which the system configuration is known.
- Porb:
The orbital period to reproduce.
- Psurf | Pdisk | Wdisk:
The stellar surface spin period to reproduce or the
disk locking period or the disk locking frequency.
The following optional attributes can be specified:
- planet_formation_age:
The age at which the planet forms in Gyrs. If not
specified the planet is assumed to form either
'-past_lifetime' Gyrs before '-age' or as soon as
the disk dissipates.
- past_lifetime:
An alternative way of specifying when the planet
forms. If the '-planet_formation-age' attribute is
not defined, the planet is assumed to form this many
Gyr before '-age'.
- disk_dissipation_age:
The age at which the disk dissipates in Gyrs. If not
specified, it must have been defined when this solver
was initialized.
star: The star to use in the evolution, should be instance of
evolve_interface.EvolvingStar and its dissipative properties
should be defined.
planet: The planet to use in the evolution. Should be an instance
of evolve_interface.LockedPlanet
Returns:
(float, float):
* Initial orbital period.
* Initial disk period if matching observed stellar spin or
stellar spin if initial disk period is specified.
Further, the solver object has an attribute named 'binary' (an
instance of (evolve_interface.Binary) which was evolved from
the initial conditions found to most closely reproduce the
specified target configuration.
"""
def reset_best_initial_conditions():
"""Reset the entries in self._best_initial_conditions."""
self._best_initial_conditions = Structure(
spin_frequency=scipy.inf,
orbital_period=scipy.nan,
initial_orbital_period=scipy.nan,
disk_period=scipy.nan)
def get_initial_grid(orbital_period_guess):
"""Tabulate stellar spin errors for a grid of disk periods."""
reset_best_initial_conditions()
wdisk_grid = [
-200.0 * scipy.pi, -20.0 * scipy.pi, -2.0 * scipy.pi,
-0.2 * scipy.pi, -0.02 * scipy.pi, -0.002 * scipy.pi,
0.002 * scipy.pi, 0.02 * scipy.pi, 0.2 * scipy.pi,
2.0 * scipy.pi, 20.0 * scipy.pi, 200.0 * scipy.pi
]
stellar_wsurf_residual_grid = [
self.stellar_wsurf(wdisk, orbital_period_guess, True)
for wdisk in wdisk_grid
]
self._logger.debug('## %25s %25s\n', 'disk_period',
'current_stellar_spin')
for wdisk, wsurf_residual in zip(wdisk_grid,
stellar_wsurf_residual_grid):
self._logger.debug(
'## %25.16e %25.16e\n', 2.0 * scipy.pi / wdisk,
wsurf_residual + 2.0 * scipy.pi / self.target.Psurf)
self._logger.debug('## Target current stellar spin: %s',
repr(2.0 * scipy.pi / self.target.Psurf))
return wdisk_grid, stellar_wsurf_residual_grid
self.target = target
self.primary = star
self.secondary = planet
orbital_period_guess = target.Porb * self.scaled_period_guess
if not hasattr(self.target, 'disk_dissipation_age'):
self.target.disk_dissipation_age = (
self.parameters['disk dissipation age'])
if not hasattr(self.target, 'planet_formation_age'):
if hasattr(self.target, 'past_lifetime'):
self.target.planet_formation_age = (self.target.age -
self.target.past_lifetime)
else:
self.target.planet_formation_age = (
self.parameters['planet formation age'])
if not hasattr(target, 'Psurf'):
wdisk = (target.Wdisk if hasattr(target, 'Wdisk') else 2.0 *
scipy.pi / target.Pdisk)
wstar, porb_initial = self.stellar_wsurf(wdisk,
orbital_period_guess)[:2]
return porb_initial, 2.0 * scipy.pi / wstar
wdisk_grid, stellar_wsurf_residual_grid = get_initial_grid(
orbital_period_guess)
nsolutions = 0
for i in range(len(wdisk_grid) - 1):
if (stellar_wsurf_residual_grid[i] *
stellar_wsurf_residual_grid[i + 1] < 0):
wdisk = brentq(f=self.stellar_wsurf,
a=wdisk_grid[i],
b=wdisk_grid[i + 1],
args=(orbital_period_guess, True),
xtol=self.configuration['spin tolerance'],
rtol=self.configuration['spin tolerance'])
nsolutions += 1
#False positive
#pylint: disable=no-member
return (self._best_initial_conditions.initial_orbital_period,
self._best_initial_conditions.disk_period)