Example #1
0
    def add_function(self, function):
        import peachpy.x86_64.function
        assert isinstance(function, peachpy.x86_64.function.ABIFunction), \
            "Function must be bindinded to an ABI before its assembly can be used"
        from peachpy.util import roundup
        from peachpy.formats.mscoff import Symbol, SymbolType, StorageClass, Relocation, RelocationType

        encoded_function = function.encode()

        code_offset = len(self.text_section.content)
        code_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.code_section.alignment_byte] *
                                 (roundup(code_offset, encoded_function.code_section.alignment) - code_offset))
        code_offset += len(code_padding)
        self.text_section.content += encoded_function.code_section.content
        self.text_section.alignment = \
            max(self.text_section.alignment, encoded_function.code_section.alignment)

        rdata_offset = self.rdata_section.content_size
        rdata_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.const_section.alignment_byte] *
                                  (roundup(rdata_offset, encoded_function.const_section.alignment) - rdata_offset))
        self.rdata_section.content += rdata_padding
        rdata_offset += len(rdata_padding)
        self.rdata_section.content += encoded_function.const_section.content
        self.rdata_section.alignment = \
            max(self.rdata_section.alignment, encoded_function.const_section.alignment)

        # Map from PeachPy symbol to Mach-O symbol
        symbol_map = dict()
        for symbol in encoded_function.const_section.symbols:
            mscoff_symbol = Symbol()
            mscoff_symbol.name = symbol.name
            mscoff_symbol.value = rdata_offset + symbol.offset
            mscoff_symbol.section = self.rdata_section
            mscoff_symbol.symbol_type = SymbolType.non_function
            mscoff_symbol.storage_class = StorageClass.static
            self.image.add_symbol(mscoff_symbol)
            symbol_map[symbol] = mscoff_symbol

        for relocation in encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
            relocation_type_map = {
                4: RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_offset32,
                5: RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_plus_1_offset32,
                6: RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_plus_2_offset32,
                7: RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_plus_3_offset32,
                8: RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_plus_4_offset32,
                9: RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_plus_5_offset32
            }
            relocation_type = relocation_type_map[relocation.program_counter - relocation.offset]
            mscoff_relocation = Relocation(relocation_type,
                                           code_offset + relocation.offset,
                                           symbol_map[relocation.symbol])
            self.text_section.relocations.append(mscoff_relocation)

        function_symbol = Symbol()
        function_symbol.name = function.name
        function_symbol.value = code_offset
        function_symbol.section = self.text_section
        function_symbol.symbol_type = SymbolType.function
        function_symbol.storage_class = StorageClass.external
        self.image.add_symbol(function_symbol)
Example #2
0
    def add_function(self, function):
        import peachpy.x86_64.function
        assert isinstance(function, peachpy.x86_64.function.ABIFunction), \
            "Function must be finalized with an ABI before its assembly can be used"

        from peachpy.formats.macho.symbol import Symbol, SymbolType, SymbolDescription, SymbolVisibility, \
            Relocation, RelocationType
        from peachpy.util import roundup

        encoded_function = function.encode()

        code_offset = len(self.image.text_section.content)
        code_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.code_section.alignment_byte] *
                                 (roundup(code_offset, encoded_function.code_section.alignment) - code_offset))
        self.image.text_section.content += code_padding
        code_offset += len(code_padding)
        self.image.text_section.content += encoded_function.code_section.content
        self.image.text_section.alignment = \
            max(self.image.text_section.alignment, encoded_function.code_section.alignment)

        const_offset = self.image.const_section.content_size
        const_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.const_section.alignment_byte] *
                                  (roundup(const_offset, encoded_function.const_section.alignment) - const_offset))
        self.image.const_section.content += const_padding
        const_offset += len(const_padding)
        self.image.const_section.content += encoded_function.const_section.content
        self.image.const_section.alignment = \
            max(self.image.const_section.alignment, encoded_function.const_section.alignment)

        # Map from PeachPy symbol to Mach-O symbol
        symbol_map = dict()
        for symbol in encoded_function.const_section.symbols:
            macho_symbol = Symbol("_" + function.mangled_name + "." + symbol.name,
                                  SymbolType.section_relative, self.image.const_section,
                                  const_offset + symbol.offset)
            macho_symbol.description = SymbolDescription.defined
            self.image.symbol_table.add_symbol(macho_symbol)
            symbol_map[symbol] = macho_symbol

        for relocation in encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
            macho_relocation = Relocation(RelocationType.x86_64_signed, code_offset + relocation.offset, 4,
                                          symbol_map[relocation.symbol], is_pc_relative=True)
            relocation_addend = relocation.offset + 4 - relocation.program_counter
            if relocation_addend != 0:
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset] = relocation_addend & 0xFF
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset + 1] = (relocation_addend >> 8) & 0xFF
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset + 2] = (relocation_addend >> 16) & 0xFF
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset + 3] = (relocation_addend >> 24) & 0xFF

            self.image.text_section.relocations.append(macho_relocation)

        function_symbol = Symbol("_" + function.mangled_name, SymbolType.section_relative, self.image.text_section,
                                 value=code_offset)
        function_symbol.description = SymbolDescription.defined
        function_symbol.visibility = SymbolVisibility.external
        self.image.symbol_table.add_symbol(function_symbol)
Example #3
0
    def add_function(self, function):
        import peachpy.x86_64.function
        assert isinstance(function, peachpy.x86_64.function.ABIFunction), \
            "Function must be bindinded to an ABI before its assembly can be used"

        from peachpy.formats.macho.symbol import Symbol, SymbolType, SymbolDescription, SymbolVisibility, \
            Relocation, RelocationType
        from peachpy.util import roundup

        encoded_function = function.encode()

        code_offset = len(self.image.text_section.content)
        code_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.code_section.alignment_byte] *
                                 (roundup(code_offset, encoded_function.code_section.alignment) - code_offset))
        self.image.text_section.content += code_padding
        code_offset += len(code_padding)
        self.image.text_section.content += encoded_function.code_section.content
        self.image.text_section.alignment = \
            max(self.image.text_section.alignment, encoded_function.code_section.alignment)

        const_offset = self.image.const_section.content_size
        const_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.const_section.alignment_byte] *
                                  (roundup(const_offset, encoded_function.const_section.alignment) - const_offset))
        self.image.const_section.content += const_padding
        const_offset += len(const_padding)
        self.image.const_section.content += encoded_function.const_section.content
        self.image.const_section.alignment = \
            max(self.image.const_section.alignment, encoded_function.const_section.alignment)

        # Map from PeachPy symbol to Mach-O symbol
        symbol_map = dict()
        for symbol in encoded_function.const_section.symbols:
            macho_symbol = Symbol("_" + function.name + "." + symbol.name,
                                  SymbolType.section_relative, self.image.const_section,
                                  const_offset + symbol.offset)
            macho_symbol.description = SymbolDescription.defined
            self.image.symbol_table.add_symbol(macho_symbol)
            symbol_map[symbol] = macho_symbol

        for relocation in encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
            macho_relocation = Relocation(RelocationType.x86_64_signed, code_offset + relocation.offset, 4,
                                          symbol_map[relocation.symbol], is_pc_relative=True)
            relocation_addend = relocation.offset + 4 - relocation.program_counter
            if relocation_addend != 0:
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset] = relocation_addend & 0xFF
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset + 1] = (relocation_addend >> 8) & 0xFF
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset + 2] = (relocation_addend >> 16) & 0xFF
                self.image.text_section.content[code_offset + relocation.offset + 3] = (relocation_addend >> 24) & 0xFF

            self.image.text_section.relocations.append(macho_relocation)

        function_symbol = Symbol("_" + function.name, SymbolType.section_relative, self.image.text_section,
                                 value=code_offset)
        function_symbol.description = SymbolDescription.defined
        function_symbol.visibility = SymbolVisibility.external
        self.image.symbol_table.add_symbol(function_symbol)
Example #4
0
    def as_bytearray(self):
        import six
        from peachpy.formats.elf.file import FileHeader
        from peachpy.formats.elf.section import Section, StringSection, SymbolSection
        from peachpy.util import roundup

        file_header = FileHeader(self.abi)
        file_header.section_header_table_offset = file_header.size
        file_header.section_header_entries_count = len(self.sections)
        file_header.section_name_string_table_index = 1
        data = file_header.as_bytearray

        # Collect strings from sections
        for section in self.sections:
            self.shstrtab.add(section.name)
            if isinstance(section, StringSection):
                pass
            elif isinstance(section, SymbolSection):
                for symbol in six.iterkeys(section.symbol_index_map):
                    self.strtab.add(symbol.name)

        # Layout sections
        data_offset = file_header.size + Section.get_header_size(
            self.abi) * len(self.sections)
        section_offsets = []
        for section in self.sections:
            if section.alignment != 0:
                data_offset = roundup(data_offset, section.alignment)
            section_offsets.append(data_offset)
            data_offset += section.get_content_size(self.abi)

        from peachpy.encoder import Encoder
        encoder = Encoder(self.abi.endianness, self.abi.elf_bitness)

        section_index_map = {
            section: index
            for index, section in enumerate(self.sections)
        }
        # Write section headers
        for section, offset in zip(self.sections, section_offsets):
            data += section.encode_header(encoder,
                                          self.shstrtab._string_index_map,
                                          section_index_map, offset)

        # Write section content
        for section in self.sections:
            padding = bytearray(
                roundup(len(data), section.alignment) - len(data))
            data += padding
            data += section.encode_content(encoder,
                                           self.strtab._string_index_map,
                                           section_index_map,
                                           self.symtab.symbol_index_map)

        return data
Example #5
0
    def add_function(self, function):
        import peachpy.x86_64.function
        assert isinstance(function, peachpy.x86_64.function.ABIFunction), \
            "Function must be bindinded to an ABI before its assembly can be used"
        from peachpy.util import roundup
        from peachpy.formats.mscoff import Symbol, SymbolType, StorageClass, Relocation, RelocationType

        encoded_function = function.encode()

        code_offset = len(self.text_section.content)
        code_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.code_section.alignment_byte] *
                                 (roundup(code_offset, encoded_function.code_section.alignment) - code_offset))
        code_offset += len(code_padding)
        self.text_section.content += encoded_function.code_section.content
        self.text_section.alignment = \
            max(self.text_section.alignment, encoded_function.code_section.alignment)

        rdata_offset = self.rdata_section.content_size
        rdata_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.const_section.alignment_byte] *
                                  (roundup(rdata_offset, encoded_function.const_section.alignment) - rdata_offset))
        self.rdata_section.content += rdata_padding
        rdata_offset += len(rdata_padding)
        self.rdata_section.content += encoded_function.const_section.content
        self.rdata_section.alignment = \
            max(self.rdata_section.alignment, encoded_function.const_section.alignment)

        # Map from PeachPy symbol to Mach-O symbol
        symbol_map = dict()
        for symbol in encoded_function.const_section.symbols:
            mscoff_symbol = Symbol()
            mscoff_symbol.name = symbol.name
            mscoff_symbol.value = rdata_offset + symbol.offset
            mscoff_symbol.section = self.rdata_section
            mscoff_symbol.symbol_type = SymbolType.non_function
            mscoff_symbol.storage_class = StorageClass.static
            self.image.add_symbol(mscoff_symbol)
            symbol_map[symbol] = mscoff_symbol

        for relocation in encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
            mscoff_relocation = Relocation(RelocationType.x86_64_relocation_offset32,
                                           code_offset + relocation.offset,
                                           symbol_map[relocation.symbol])
            self.text_section.relocations.append(mscoff_relocation)

        function_symbol = Symbol()
        function_symbol.name = function.name
        function_symbol.value = code_offset
        function_symbol.section = self.text_section
        function_symbol.symbol_type = SymbolType.function
        function_symbol.storage_class = StorageClass.external
        self.image.add_symbol(function_symbol)
Example #6
0
    def as_bytearray(self):
        import six
        from peachpy.formats.elf.file import FileHeader
        from peachpy.formats.elf.section import Section, StringSection, SymbolSection
        from peachpy.util import roundup

        file_header = FileHeader(self.abi)
        file_header.section_header_table_offset = file_header.size
        file_header.section_header_entries_count = len(self.sections)
        file_header.section_name_string_table_index = 1
        data = file_header.as_bytearray

        # Collect strings from sections
        for section in self.sections:
            self.shstrtab.add(section.name)
            if isinstance(section, StringSection):
                pass
            elif isinstance(section, SymbolSection):
                for symbol in six.iterkeys(section.symbol_index_map):
                    self.strtab.add(symbol.name)

        # Layout sections
        data_offset = file_header.size + Section.get_header_size(self.abi) * len(self.sections)
        section_offsets = []
        for section in self.sections:
            if section.alignment != 0:
                data_offset = roundup(data_offset, section.alignment)
            section_offsets.append(data_offset)
            data_offset += section.get_content_size(self.abi)

        from peachpy.encoder import Encoder

        encoder = Encoder(self.abi.endianness, self.abi.elf_bitness)

        section_index_map = {section: index for index, section in enumerate(self.sections)}
        # Write section headers
        for section, offset in zip(self.sections, section_offsets):
            data += section.encode_header(encoder, self.shstrtab._string_index_map, section_index_map, offset)

        # Write section content
        for section in self.sections:
            padding = bytearray(roundup(len(data), section.alignment) - len(data))
            data += padding
            data += section.encode_content(
                encoder, self.strtab._string_index_map, section_index_map, self.symtab.symbol_index_map
            )

        return data
Example #7
0
    def add_function(self, function):
        import peachpy.x86_64.function
        from peachpy.util import roundup
        assert isinstance(function, peachpy.x86_64.function.ABIFunction), \
            "Function must be finalized with an ABI before its assembly can be used"

        encoded_function = function.encode()

        code_offset = len(self.text_section.content)
        code_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.code_section.alignment_byte] *
                                 (roundup(code_offset, encoded_function.code_section.alignment) - code_offset))
        self.text_section.content += code_padding
        code_offset += len(code_padding)
        self.text_section.content += encoded_function.code_section.content
        self.text_section.alignment = max(self.text_section.alignment, encoded_function.code_section.alignment)

        const_offset = 0
        if encoded_function.const_section.content:
            if self.rodata_section is None:
                from peachpy.formats.elf.section import ReadOnlyDataSection
                self.rodata_section = ReadOnlyDataSection()
                self.image.add_section(self.rodata_section)
            const_offset = self.rodata_section.get_content_size(self.abi)
            const_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.const_section.alignment_byte] *
                                      (roundup(const_offset, encoded_function.const_section.alignment) - const_offset))
            self.rodata_section.content += const_padding
            const_offset += len(const_padding)
            self.rodata_section.content += encoded_function.const_section.content
            self.rodata_section.alignment = max(self.rodata_section.alignment, encoded_function.const_section.alignment)

        # Map from symbol name to symbol index
        from peachpy.formats.elf.symbol import Symbol, SymbolBinding, SymbolType
        symbol_map = dict()
        for symbol in encoded_function.const_section.symbols:
            const_symbol = Symbol()
            const_symbol.name = function.mangled_name + "." + symbol.name
            const_symbol.value = const_offset + symbol.offset
            const_symbol.size = symbol.size
            const_symbol.section = self.rodata_section
            const_symbol.binding = SymbolBinding.local
            const_symbol.type = SymbolType.data_object
            self.image.symtab.add(const_symbol)
            symbol_map[symbol] = const_symbol

        if encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
            if self.text_rela_section is None:
                from peachpy.formats.elf.section import RelocationsWithAddendSection
                self.text_rela_section = RelocationsWithAddendSection(self.text_section, self.image.symtab)
                self.image.add_section(self.text_rela_section)

            from peachpy.formats.elf.symbol import RelocationWithAddend, RelocationType
            for relocation in encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
                elf_relocation = RelocationWithAddend(RelocationType.x86_64_pc32,
                                                      code_offset + relocation.offset,
                                                      symbol_map[relocation.symbol],
                                                      relocation.offset - relocation.program_counter)
                self.text_rela_section.add(elf_relocation)

        function_symbol = Symbol()
        function_symbol.name = function.mangled_name
        function_symbol.value = code_offset
        function_symbol.content_size = len(encoded_function.code_section)
        function_symbol.section = self.text_section
        function_symbol.binding = SymbolBinding.global_
        function_symbol.type = SymbolType.function
        self.image.symtab.add(function_symbol)
Example #8
0
    def add_function(self, function):
        import peachpy.x86_64.function
        from peachpy.util import roundup
        assert isinstance(function, peachpy.x86_64.function.ABIFunction), \
            "Function must be bindinded to an ABI before its assembly can be used"

        encoded_function = function.encode()

        code_offset = len(self.text_section.content)
        code_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.code_section.alignment_byte] *
                                 (roundup(code_offset, encoded_function.code_section.alignment) - code_offset))
        self.text_section.content += code_padding
        code_offset += len(code_padding)
        self.text_section.content += encoded_function.code_section.content
        self.text_section.alignment = max(self.text_section.alignment, encoded_function.code_section.alignment)

        const_offset = 0
        if encoded_function.const_section.content:
            if self.rodata_section is None:
                from peachpy.formats.elf.section import ReadOnlyDataSection
                self.rodata_section = ReadOnlyDataSection()
                self.image.add_section(self.rodata_section)
            const_offset = self.rodata_section.get_content_size(self.abi)
            const_padding = bytearray([encoded_function.const_section.alignment_byte] *
                                      (roundup(const_offset, encoded_function.const_section.alignment) - const_offset))
            self.rodata_section.content += const_padding
            const_offset += len(const_padding)
            self.rodata_section.content += encoded_function.const_section.content
            self.rodata_section.alignment = max(self.rodata_section.alignment, encoded_function.const_section.alignment)

        # Map from symbol name to symbol index
        from peachpy.formats.elf.symbol import Symbol, SymbolBinding, SymbolType
        symbol_map = dict()
        for symbol in encoded_function.const_section.symbols:
            const_symbol = Symbol()
            const_symbol.name = symbol.name
            const_symbol.value = const_offset + symbol.offset
            const_symbol.size = symbol.size
            const_symbol.section = self.rodata_section
            const_symbol.binding = SymbolBinding.local
            const_symbol.type = SymbolType.data_object
            self.image.symtab.add(const_symbol)
            symbol_map[symbol] = const_symbol

        if encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
            if self.text_rela_section is None:
                from peachpy.formats.elf.section import RelocationsWithAddendSection
                self.text_rela_section = RelocationsWithAddendSection(self.text_section, self.image.symtab)
                self.image.add_section(self.text_rela_section)

            from peachpy.formats.elf.symbol import RelocationWithAddend, RelocationType
            for relocation in encoded_function.code_section.relocations:
                elf_relocation = RelocationWithAddend(RelocationType.x86_64_pc32,
                                                      relocation.offset,
                                                      symbol_map[relocation.symbol],
                                                      -4)
                self.text_rela_section.add(elf_relocation)

        function_symbol = Symbol()
        function_symbol.name = function.name
        function_symbol.value = code_offset
        function_symbol.content_size = len(encoded_function.code_section)
        function_symbol.section = self.text_section
        function_symbol.binding = SymbolBinding.global_
        function_symbol.type = SymbolType.function
        self.image.symtab.add(function_symbol)
Example #9
0
    def encode(self):
        from peachpy.formats.macho.file import MachHeader
        from peachpy.formats.macho.symbol import Relocation
        from peachpy.util import roundup
        from peachpy.encoder import Encoder

        bitness = {4: 32, 8: 64}[self.abi.pointer_size]
        encoder = Encoder(self.abi.endianness, bitness)

        mach_header = MachHeader(self.abi)
        mach_header.commands_size = self.symbol_table.command_size
        mach_header.commands_count = 1
        for segment in self.segments:
            mach_header.commands_size += segment.get_command_size(self.abi)
            mach_header.commands_count += 1

        symbol_offset_map = dict()
        section_offset_map = dict()
        section_address_map = dict()
        section_relocations_map = dict()

        # Layout the commands
        data_offset = mach_header.get_size(self.abi)
        for segment in self.segments:
            data_offset += segment.get_command_size(self.abi)
        data_offset += self.symbol_table.command_size

        # Layout section data
        data_address = 0
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                data_offset = roundup(data_offset, section.alignment)
                data_address = roundup(data_address, section.alignment)
                section_offset_map[section] = data_offset
                section_address_map[section] = data_address
                data_offset += section.content_size
                data_address += section.content_size
        data_offset = roundup(data_offset, self.abi.pointer_size)

        # Layout the relocations
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                if section.relocations:
                    section_relocations_map[section] = data_offset
                    data_offset += Relocation.size * len(section.relocations)

        # Layout the symbols
        for symbol in self.symbol_table.symbols:
            symbol_offset_map[symbol] = data_offset
            data_offset += symbol.get_entry_size(self.abi)

        # Layout the strings
        string_table_offset = data_offset

        # Create map: section->index
        section_index = 1
        section_index_map = dict()
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                section_index_map[section] = section_index
                section_index += 1

        # Create map: symbol->index
        symbol_index_map = {
            symbol: index
            for index, symbol in enumerate(self.symbol_table.symbols)
        }

        # Write Mach-O header
        data = mach_header.encode(encoder)

        # Write commands
        for segment in self.segments:
            data += segment.encode_command(encoder, section_offset_map,
                                           section_address_map,
                                           section_relocations_map)
        data += self.symbol_table.encode_command(encoder, symbol_offset_map,
                                                 string_table_offset)

        # Write section data
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                padding = bytearray(
                    roundup(len(data), section.alignment) - len(data))
                data += padding + section.content
        padding = bytearray(
            roundup(len(data), self.abi.pointer_size) - len(data))
        data += padding

        # Write relocations
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                for relocation in section.relocations:
                    data += relocation.encode(encoder, section_index_map,
                                              symbol_index_map)

        # Write symbols
        for symbol in self.symbol_table.symbols:
            data += symbol.encode(encoder, self.string_table.string_index_map,
                                  section_index_map, section_address_map)

        # Write string table
        data += self.string_table.encode()

        return data
Example #10
0
    def encode(self):
        from peachpy.formats.macho.file import MachHeader
        from peachpy.formats.macho.symbol import Relocation
        from peachpy.util import roundup
        from peachpy.encoder import Encoder

        bitness = {4: 32, 8: 64}[self.abi.pointer_size]
        encoder = Encoder(self.abi.endianness, bitness)

        mach_header = MachHeader(self.abi)
        mach_header.commands_size = self.symbol_table.command_size
        mach_header.commands_count = 1
        for segment in self.segments:
            mach_header.commands_size += segment.get_command_size(self.abi)
            mach_header.commands_count += 1

        symbol_offset_map = dict()
        section_offset_map = dict()
        section_address_map = dict()
        section_relocations_map = dict()

        # Layout the commands
        data_offset = mach_header.get_size(self.abi)
        for segment in self.segments:
            data_offset += segment.get_command_size(self.abi)
        data_offset += self.symbol_table.command_size

        # Layout section data
        data_address = 0
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                data_offset = roundup(data_offset, section.alignment)
                data_address = roundup(data_address, section.alignment)
                section_offset_map[section] = data_offset
                section_address_map[section] = data_address
                data_offset += section.content_size
                data_address += section.content_size
        data_offset = roundup(data_offset, self.abi.pointer_size)

        # Layout the relocations
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                if section.relocations:
                    section_relocations_map[section] = data_offset
                    data_offset += Relocation.size * len(section.relocations)

        # Layout the symbols
        for symbol in self.symbol_table.symbols:
            symbol_offset_map[symbol] = data_offset
            data_offset += symbol.get_entry_size(self.abi)

        # Layout the strings
        string_table_offset = data_offset

        # Create map: section->index
        section_index = 1
        section_index_map = dict()
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                section_index_map[section] = section_index
                section_index += 1

        # Create map: symbol->index
        symbol_index_map = {symbol: index for index, symbol in enumerate(self.symbol_table.symbols)}

        # Write Mach-O header
        data = mach_header.encode(encoder)

        # Write commands
        for segment in self.segments:
            data += segment.encode_command(encoder, section_offset_map, section_address_map, section_relocations_map)
        data += self.symbol_table.encode_command(encoder, symbol_offset_map, string_table_offset)

        # Write section data
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                padding = bytearray(roundup(len(data), section.alignment) - len(data))
                data += padding + section.content
        padding = bytearray(roundup(len(data), self.abi.pointer_size) - len(data))
        data += padding

        # Write relocations
        for segment in self.segments:
            for section in segment.sections:
                for relocation in section.relocations:
                    data += relocation.encode(encoder, section_index_map, symbol_index_map)

        # Write symbols
        for symbol in self.symbol_table.symbols:
            data += symbol.encode(encoder, self.string_table.string_index_map, section_index_map, section_address_map)

        # Write string table
        data += self.string_table.encode()

        return data