def circuit1(x):
qml.RX(x, wires=0)
qml.CRX(x, wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
with QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.WireCut(wires=(0, 1))
_, ax = tape_mpl(tape)
layer = 0
assert len(ax.lines) == 2
assert len(ax.collections) == 2
plt.close()
controlled_data = [
(qml.CY(wires=(0, 1)), "Y"),
(qml.CRX(1.2345, wires=(0, 1)), "RX"),
(qml.CRot(1.2, 2.2, 3.3, wires=(0, 1)), "Rot"),
]
class TestControlledGates:
"""Tests generic controlled gates"""
width = 0.75 - 2 * 0.2
@pytest.mark.parametrize("op, label", controlled_data)
def test_control_gates(self, op, label):
"""Test a variety of non-special gates. Checks control wires are drawn, and
that a box is drawn over the target wires."""
with QuantumTape() as tape:
class TestRepresentationResolver:
"""Test the RepresentationResolver class."""
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"list,element,index,list_after",
[
([1, 2, 3], 2, 1, [1, 2, 3]),
([1, 2, 2, 3], 2, 1, [1, 2, 2, 3]),
([1, 2, 3], 4, 3, [1, 2, 3, 4]),
],
)
def test_index_of_array_or_append(self, list, element, index, list_after):
"""Test the method index_of_array_or_append."""
assert RepresentationResolver.index_of_array_or_append(element,
list) == index
assert list == list_after
@pytest.mark.parametrize("par,expected", [
(3, "3"),
(5.236422, "5.236"),
])
def test_single_parameter_representation(self,
unicode_representation_resolver,
par, expected):
"""Test that single parameters are properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.single_parameter_representation(
par) == expected
def test_single_parameter_representation_variable(
self, unicode_representation_resolver, variable):
"""Test that variables are properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.single_parameter_representation(
variable) == "2"
def test_single_parameter_representation_kwarg_variable(
self, unicode_representation_resolver, kwarg_variable):
"""Test that kwarg variables are properly resolved."""
assert (unicode_representation_resolver.
single_parameter_representation(kwarg_variable) == "1")
@pytest.mark.parametrize("par,expected", [
(3, "3"),
(5.236422, "5.236"),
])
def test_single_parameter_representation_varnames(
self, unicode_representation_resolver_varnames, par, expected):
"""Test that single parameters are properly resolved when show_variable_names is True."""
assert (unicode_representation_resolver_varnames.
single_parameter_representation(par) == expected)
def test_single_parameter_representation_variable_varnames(
self, unicode_representation_resolver_varnames, variable):
"""Test that variables are properly resolved when show_variable_names is True."""
assert (unicode_representation_resolver_varnames.
single_parameter_representation(variable) == "test")
def test_single_parameter_representation_kwarg_variable_varnames(
self, unicode_representation_resolver_varnames, kwarg_variable):
"""Test that kwarg variables are properly resolved when show_variable_names is True."""
assert (
unicode_representation_resolver_varnames.
single_parameter_representation(kwarg_variable) == "kwarg_test")
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op,wire,target",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "C"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[1]), 1, "Y"),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Identity(wires=[1]), 1, "I"),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1]), 1, "H"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "XX", wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "YZ", wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4
]), 0, "RI(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4
]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4
]), 2, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4
]), 3, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4
]), 4, "RI(3.14)"),
(qml.MultiRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.MultiRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1
]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PhaseShift(3.14, wires=[0]), 0, "Rϕ(3.14)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Squeezing(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.Displacement(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "D(1, 2)"),
(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1]), 1, "n"),
(qml.Rotation(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "R(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ThermalState(3, wires=[1]), 1, "Thermal(3)"),
(
qml.GaussianState(
np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]]), wires=[1]),
1,
"Gaussian(M0,M1)",
),
(qml.QuadraticPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "P(3.14)"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.S(wires=[2]), 2, "S"),
(qml.T(wires=[2]), 2, "T"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.RY(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.RZ(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.U1(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U1(3.14)"),
(qml.U2(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U2(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|0⟩"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|1⟩"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|0⟩"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 1, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 2, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=[1]), 1, "U0"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "U0"),
(qml.Kerr(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Kerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 1, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 2, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CubicPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "V(3.14)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 1, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 3, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1,
wires=[1]), 1, "CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1)"),
(qml.CoherentState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "CoherentState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
1,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
2,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14, wires=[1]),
1,
"DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14)",
),
(qml.FockState(7, wires=[1]), 1, "|7⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 1, "|4⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 2, "|5⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 3, "|7⟩"),
(qml.SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "H0"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "H0"),
(qml.X(wires=[1]), 1, "x"),
(qml.P(wires=[1]), 1, "p"),
(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4,5,7╳4,5,7|"),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1]),
2,
"1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1]),
1,
"1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([
[1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 0, 0],
[-1.2, 1.2, -1.5, 0, 0],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3, 0, 0],
[0, 2.6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -4.7, -1.0],
]),
wires=[1],
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀+2.6x₀x₁-p₁²-4.7x₁p₁",
),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]).inv(), 1, "X⁻¹"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 1, "X⁻¹"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 1, "X⁻¹"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 2, "C"),
],
)
def test_operator_representation_unicode(self,
unicode_representation_resolver,
op, wire, target):
"""Test that an Operator instance is properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation(
op, Wires(wire)) == target
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op,wire,target",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "C"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[1]), 1, "Y"),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Identity(wires=[1]), 1, "I"),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1]), 1, "H"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1
]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PhaseShift(3.14, wires=[0]), 0, "Rϕ(3.14)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Squeezing(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.Displacement(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "D(1, 2)"),
(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1]), 1, "n"),
(qml.Rotation(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "R(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ThermalState(3, wires=[1]), 1, "Thermal(3)"),
(
qml.GaussianState(
np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]]), wires=[1]),
1,
"Gaussian(M0,M1)",
),
(qml.QuadraticPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "P(3.14)"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.S(wires=[2]), 2, "S"),
(qml.T(wires=[2]), 2, "T"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.RY(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.RZ(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.U1(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U1(3.14)"),
(qml.U2(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U2(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|0>"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|1>"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|0>"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 1, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]),
wires=[1, 2]), 2, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=[1]), 1, "U0"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "U0"),
(qml.Kerr(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Kerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 1, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 2, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CubicPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "V(3.14)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 1, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3
]), 3, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1,
wires=[1]), 1, "CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1)"),
(qml.CoherentState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "CoherentState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
1,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)),
wires=[1, 2]),
2,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14, wires=[1]),
1,
"DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14)",
),
(qml.FockState(7, wires=[1]), 1, "|7>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 1, "|4>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 2, "|5>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3
]), 3, "|7>"),
(qml.SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14,
wires=[1]), 1, "SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "H0"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "H0"),
(qml.X(wires=[1]), 1, "x"),
(qml.P(wires=[1]), 1, "p"),
(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4,5,7X4,5,7|"),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1]),
2,
"1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1]),
1,
"1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([
[1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 0, 0],
[-1.2, 1.2, -1.5, 0, 0],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3, 0, 0],
[0, 2.6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -4.7, 0],
]),
wires=[1],
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0+2.6x_0x_1-4.7x_1p_1",
),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]).inv(), 1, "X^-1"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 1, "X^-1"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 1, "X^-1"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 2, "C"),
],
)
def test_operator_representation_ascii(self, ascii_representation_resolver,
op, wire, target):
"""Test that an Operator instance is properly resolved."""
assert ascii_representation_resolver.operator_representation(
op, Wires(wire)) == target
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"obs,wire,target",
[
(qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨X⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨Y⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨Z⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨H⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "⟨H0⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "⟨H0⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨n⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨x⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨p⟩"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7|⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"⟨1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"⟨1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀⟩",
),
(qml.expval(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "⟨cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p⟩"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[X]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Y]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Z]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[H]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[n]"),
(qml.var(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[x]"),
(qml.var(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[p]"),
(
qml.var(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Var[|4,5,7╳4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.var(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Var[1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁]",
),
(
qml.var(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Var[1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀]",
),
(qml.var(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Var[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[X]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Y]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Z]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[H]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 1, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 2, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[n]"),
(qml.sample(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[x]"),
(qml.sample(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[p]"),
(
qml.sample(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Sample[|4,5,7╳4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.sample(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"Sample[1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Sample[1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀]",
),
(qml.sample(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PauliX(wires=[1]) @ qml.PauliY(wires=[2])
@ qml.PauliZ(wires=[3])),
1,
"⟨X ⊗ Y ⊗ Z⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
1,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
2,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
3,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
4,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 ⊗ H0]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
2 * np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 ⊗ H1]",
),
(qml.probs([0]), 0, "Probs"),
(state(), 0, "State"),
],
)
def test_output_representation_unicode(self,
unicode_representation_resolver,
obs, wire, target):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation(
obs, Wires(wire)) == target
def test_fallback_output_representation_unicode(
self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
obs = qml.PauliZ(0)
obs.return_type = "TestReturnType"
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation(
obs, Wires(0)) == "TestReturnType[Z]"
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"obs,wire,target",
[
(qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "<X>"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "<Y>"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "<Z>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "<H>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "<H0>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "<H0>"),
(qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "<n>"),
(qml.expval(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "<x>"),
(qml.expval(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "<p>"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7|>",
),
(
qml.expval(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"<1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"<1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0>",
),
(qml.expval(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "<cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p>"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[X]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Y]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Z]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[H]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[n]"),
(qml.var(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[x]"),
(qml.var(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[p]"),
(
qml.var(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Var[|4,5,7X4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.var(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Var[1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1]",
),
(
qml.var(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Var[1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0]",
),
(qml.var(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Var[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[X]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Y]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Z]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[H]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 1, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2
])), 2, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[n]"),
(qml.sample(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[x]"),
(qml.sample(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[p]"),
(
qml.sample(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Sample[|4,5,7X4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.sample(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1
])),
2,
"Sample[1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.PolyXP(np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]),
wires=[1])),
1,
"Sample[1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0]",
),
(qml.sample(qml.QuadOperator(
3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PauliX(wires=[1]) @ qml.PauliY(wires=[2])
@ qml.PauliZ(wires=[3])),
1,
"<X @ Y @ Z>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
1,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
2,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
3,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]),
wires=[1, 2, 3])
@ qml.X(wires=[4])),
4,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 @ H0]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(
2 * np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])),
0,
"Sample[H0 @ H1]",
),
(qml.probs([0]), 0, "Probs"),
(state(), 0, "State"),
],
)
def test_output_representation_ascii(self, ascii_representation_resolver,
obs, wire, target):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
assert ascii_representation_resolver.output_representation(
obs, Wires(wire)) == target
def test_element_representation_none(self,
unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation properly handles None."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(
None, Wires(0)) == ""
def test_element_representation_str(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation properly handles strings."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(
"Test", Wires(0)) == "Test"
def test_element_representation_calls_output(
self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation calls output_representation for returned observables."""
unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation = Mock()
obs = qml.sample(qml.PauliX(3))
wire = 3
unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(
obs, Wires(wire))
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation.call_args[
0] == (obs, Wires(wire))
def test_element_representation_calls_operator(
self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation calls operator_representation for all operators that are not returned."""
unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation = Mock()
op = qml.PauliX(3)
wire = 3
unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(op, Wires(wire))
assert unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation.call_args[
0] == (op, Wires(wire))
def ansatz(x):
"""Test ansatz"""
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.CRX(x, wires=[0, 1])
[
([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]),
(["a", "b", "c", "c", "a", "d"], ["a", "b", "c", "d"]),
([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4]),
],
)
def test_remove_duplicates(self, input, expected_output):
"""Test the function _remove_duplicates."""
assert _remove_duplicates(input) == expected_output
op_CNOT21 = qml.CNOT(wires=[2, 1])
op_SWAP03 = qml.SWAP(wires=[0, 3])
op_SWAP12 = qml.SWAP(wires=[1, 2])
op_X0 = qml.PauliX(0)
op_CRX20 = qml.CRX(2.3, wires=[2, 0])
op_Z3 = qml.PauliZ(3)
dummy_raw_operation_grid = [
[None, op_SWAP03, op_X0, op_CRX20],
[op_CNOT21, op_SWAP12, None, None],
[op_CNOT21, op_SWAP12, None, op_CRX20],
[op_Z3, op_SWAP03, None, None],
]
dummy_raw_observable_grid = [
[qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(2 * np.eye(2), wires=[0]))],
[None],
[qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[2]))],
[qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[3]))],
]
def shallow_circuit(weights, x, wires, n_layers=1, circuit_ID=1):
"""
Circuits are designed based on paper arXiv:1905.10876.
Example one layer, 4 wires, 2 inputs:
|0> - R_x(x1) - |^| -------- |_| - R_y(w5) -
|0> - R_x(x2) - |_|-|^| ---------- R_y(w6) -
|0> - ___H___ ------|_|-|^| ------ R_y(w7) -
|0> - ___H___ ----------|_| -|^| - R_y(w8) -
After the last layer, another block of R_x(x_i) rotations is applied.
:param weights: trainable weights of shape 2*n_layers*n_wires
:param 1d x: input, len(x) is <= len(wires)
:param wires: list of wires on which the feature map acts
:param n_layers: number of repetitions of the first layer
:param circuit_ID: the ID of the circuit based on
"""
n_wires = len(wires)
if n_wires == 1:
n_weights_needed = n_layers
elif n_wires == 2:
n_weights_needed = 3 * n_layers
else:
n_weights_needed = 2 * n_wires * n_layers
if len(x) > n_wires:
raise ValueError(
"Feat map can encode at most {} features (which is the "
"number of wires), got {}.".format(n_wires, len(x)))
if len(weights) != n_weights_needed:
raise ValueError("Feat map needs {} weights, got {}.".format(
n_weights_needed, len(weights)))
for l in range(n_layers):
# inputs
for i in range(n_wires):
# Either feed in feature
if i < len(x):
if circuit_ID == 18 or circuit_ID == 19:
qml.RX(x[i], wires=wires[i])
elif circuit_ID == 11 or circuit_ID == 12:
qml.RY(x[i], wires=wires[i])
else:
raise ValueError(
"Wrong circuit_ID: It should be between 1-19, got {}.".
format(circuit_ID))
else:
qml.Hadamard(wires=wires[i])
# 1-d nearest neighbour coupling
if n_wires == 1:
if circuit_ID == 18 or circuit_ID == 19:
qml.RZ(weights[l], wires=wires[0])
elif n_wires == 2:
# local fields
for i in range(n_wires):
if circuit_ID == 18 or circuit_ID == 19:
qml.RZ(weights[l * 3 + i], wires=wires[i])
else:
raise ValueError(
"Wrong circuit_ID: It should be between 1-19, got {}.".
format(circuit_ID))
if circuit_ID == 18:
qml.CRZ(weights[l * 3 + 2], wires=[wires[1], wires[0]])
elif circuit_ID == 19:
qml.CRX(weights[l * 3 + 2], wires=[wires[1], wires[0]])
else:
# local fields
for i in range(n_wires):
if circuit_ID == 18 or circuit_ID == 19:
qml.RZ(weights[l * 2 * n_wires + i], wires=wires[i])
for i in range(n_wires):
if i == 0:
if circuit_ID == 18:
qml.CRZ(weights[l * 2 * n_wires + n_wires + i],
wires=[wires[n_wires - 1], wires[0]])
elif circuit_ID == 19:
qml.CRX(weights[l * 2 * n_wires + n_wires + i],
wires=[wires[n_wires - 1], wires[0]])
elif i < n_wires - 1:
if circuit_ID == 18:
qml.CRZ(weights[l * 2 * n_wires + n_wires + i],
wires=[wires[i], wires[i + 1]])
elif circuit_ID == 19:
qml.CRX(weights[l * 2 * n_wires + n_wires + i],
wires=[wires[i], wires[i + 1]])
# repeat feature encoding once more at the end
for i in range(n_wires):
# Either feed in feature
if i < len(x):
if circuit_ID == 18 or circuit_ID == 19:
qml.RX(x[i], wires=wires[i])
# or a Hadamard
else:
qml.Hadamard(wires=wires[i])
def qfunc(x):
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.CRX(x, wires=[0, 1])
class TestAdjointJacobian:
"""Tests for the adjoint_jacobian method"""
@pytest.fixture(params=[np.complex64, np.complex128])
def dev(self, request):
return qml.device("lightning.qubit", wires=3, c_dtype=request.param)
def test_not_expval(self, dev):
"""Test if a QuantumFunctionError is raised for a tape with measurements that are not
expectation values"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.1, wires=0)
qml.var(qml.PauliZ(0))
with pytest.raises(qml.QuantumFunctionError,
match="Adjoint differentiation method does not"):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
def test_finite_shots_warns(self):
"""Tests warning raised when finite shots specified"""
dev = qml.device("lightning.qubit", wires=1, shots=1)
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
with pytest.warns(
UserWarning,
match=
"Requested adjoint differentiation to be computed with finite shots."
):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
def test_empty_measurements(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests if an empty array is returned when the measurements of the tape is empty."""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
jac = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
assert len(jac) == 0
@pytest.mark.skipif(not lq._CPP_BINARY_AVAILABLE,
reason="Lightning binary required")
def test_unsupported_op(self, dev):
"""Test if a QuantumFunctionError is raised for an unsupported operation, i.e.,
multi-parameter operations that are not qml.Rot"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.CRot(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, wires=[0, 1])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
with pytest.raises(
qml.QuantumFunctionError,
match="The CRot operation is not supported using the"):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
@pytest.mark.skipif(not lq._CPP_BINARY_AVAILABLE,
reason="Lightning binary required")
def test_proj_unsupported(self, dev):
"""Test if a QuantumFunctionError is raised for a Projector observable"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.CRX(0.1, wires=[0, 1])
qml.expval(qml.Projector([0, 1], wires=[0, 1]))
with pytest.raises(
qml.QuantumFunctionError,
match="differentiation method does not support the Projector"):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.CRX(0.1, wires=[0, 1])
qml.expval(qml.Projector([0], wires=[0]) @ qml.PauliZ(0))
with pytest.raises(
qml.QuantumFunctionError,
match="differentiation method does not support the Projector"):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("theta", np.linspace(-2 * np.pi, 2 * np.pi, 7))
@pytest.mark.parametrize("G", [qml.RX, qml.RY, qml.RZ])
def test_pauli_rotation_gradient(self, G, theta, dev):
"""Tests that the automatic gradients of Pauli rotations are correct."""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([1.0, -1.0]) / np.sqrt(2), wires=0)
G(theta, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
tape.trainable_params = {1}
calculated_val = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
h = 2e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
# compare to finite differences
tapes, fn = qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h)
numeric_val = fn(qml.execute(tapes, dev, None))
assert np.allclose(calculated_val, numeric_val[0][2], atol=tol, rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("theta", np.linspace(-2 * np.pi, 2 * np.pi, 7))
def test_Rot_gradient(self, theta, dev):
"""Tests that the device gradient of an arbitrary Euler-angle-parameterized gate is
correct."""
params = np.array([theta, theta**3, np.sqrt(2) * theta])
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([1.0, -1.0]) / np.sqrt(2), wires=0)
qml.Rot(*params, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
calculated_val = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
h = 2e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
# compare to finite differences
tapes, fn = qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h)
numeric_val = fn(qml.execute(tapes, dev, None))
assert np.allclose(calculated_val,
numeric_val[0][2:],
atol=tol,
rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("par", [1, -2, 1.623, -0.051, 0]
) # integers, floats, zero
def test_ry_gradient(self, par, tol, dev):
"""Test that the gradient of the RY gate matches the exact analytic formula."""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RY(par, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0))
tape.trainable_params = {0}
# gradients
exact = np.cos(par)
grad_A = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
# different methods must agree
assert np.allclose(grad_A, exact, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_rx_gradient(self, tol, dev):
"""Test that the gradient of the RX gate matches the known formula."""
a = 0.7418
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(a, wires=0)
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
# circuit jacobians
dev_jacobian = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
expected_jacobian = -np.sin(a)
assert np.allclose(dev_jacobian, expected_jacobian, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_multiple_rx_gradient_pauliz(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests that the gradient of multiple RX gates in a circuit yields the correct result."""
params = np.array([np.pi, np.pi / 2, np.pi / 3])
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(params[0], wires=0)
qml.RX(params[1], wires=1)
qml.RX(params[2], wires=2)
for idx in range(3):
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(idx))
# circuit jacobians
dev_jacobian = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
expected_jacobian = -np.diag(np.sin(params))
assert np.allclose(dev_jacobian, expected_jacobian, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_multiple_rx_gradient_hermitian(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests that the gradient of multiple RX gates in a circuit yields the correct result
with Hermitian observable
"""
params = np.array([np.pi, np.pi / 2, np.pi / 3])
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(params[0], wires=0)
qml.RX(params[1], wires=1)
qml.RX(params[2], wires=2)
for idx in range(3):
qml.expval(qml.Hermitian([[1, 0], [0, -1]], wires=[idx]))
tape.trainable_params = {0, 1, 2}
# circuit jacobians
dev_jacobian = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
expected_jacobian = -np.diag(np.sin(params))
assert np.allclose(dev_jacobian, expected_jacobian, atol=tol, rtol=0)
qubit_ops = [getattr(qml, name) for name in qml.ops._qubit__ops__]
ops = {
qml.RX, qml.RY, qml.RZ, qml.PhaseShift, qml.CRX, qml.CRY, qml.CRZ,
qml.Rot
}
def test_multiple_rx_gradient_expval_hermitian(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests that the gradient of multiple RX gates in a circuit yields the correct result
with Hermitian observable
"""
params = np.array([np.pi / 3, np.pi / 4, np.pi / 5])
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(params[0], wires=0)
qml.RX(params[1], wires=1)
qml.RX(params[2], wires=2)
qml.expval(
qml.Hermitian(
[[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0, 0], [0, 0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]],
wires=[0, 2]))
tape.trainable_params = {0, 1, 2}
dev_jacobian = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
expected_jacobian = np.array([
-np.sin(params[0]) * np.cos(params[2]), 0,
-np.cos(params[0]) * np.sin(params[2])
])
assert np.allclose(dev_jacobian, expected_jacobian, atol=tol, rtol=0)
qubit_ops = [getattr(qml, name) for name in qml.ops._qubit__ops__]
ops = {
qml.RX, qml.RY, qml.RZ, qml.PhaseShift, qml.CRX, qml.CRY, qml.CRZ,
qml.Rot
}
@pytest.mark.skipif(not lq._CPP_BINARY_AVAILABLE,
reason="Lightning binary required")
def test_multiple_rx_gradient_expval_hamiltonian(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests that the gradient of multiple RX gates in a circuit yields the correct result
with Hermitian observable
"""
params = np.array([np.pi / 3, np.pi / 4, np.pi / 5])
ham = qml.Hamiltonian(
[1.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.4],
[
qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.PauliX(1),
qml.PauliZ(0),
qml.PauliZ(1),
qml.Hermitian(
[[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0, 0], [0, 0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]],
wires=[0, 2]),
],
)
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(params[0], wires=0)
qml.RX(params[1], wires=1)
qml.RX(params[2], wires=2)
qml.expval(ham)
tape.trainable_params = {0, 1, 2}
dev_jacobian = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
expected_jacobian = (0.3 * np.array([-np.sin(params[0]), 0, 0]) +
0.3 * np.array([0, -np.sin(params[1]), 0]) +
0.4 * np.array([
-np.sin(params[0]) * np.cos(params[2]), 0,
-np.cos(params[0]) * np.sin(params[2])
]))
assert np.allclose(dev_jacobian, expected_jacobian, atol=tol, rtol=0)
qubit_ops = [getattr(qml, name) for name in qml.ops._qubit__ops__]
ops = {
qml.RX, qml.RY, qml.RZ, qml.PhaseShift, qml.CRX, qml.CRY, qml.CRZ,
qml.Rot
}
@pytest.mark.parametrize("obs", [qml.PauliX, qml.PauliY])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op",
[
qml.RX(0.4, wires=0),
qml.RY(0.6, wires=0),
qml.RZ(0.8, wires=0),
qml.CRX(1.0, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.CRY(2.0, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.CRZ(3.0, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.Rot(0.2, -0.1, 0.2, wires=0),
],
)
def test_gradients_pauliz(self, op, obs, dev):
"""Tests that the gradients of circuits match between the finite difference and device
methods."""
# op.num_wires and op.num_params must be initialized a priori
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.RX(0.543, wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
op
qml.Rot(1.3, -2.3, 0.5, wires=[0])
qml.RZ(-0.5, wires=0)
qml.RY(0.5, wires=1).inv()
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.expval(obs(wires=0))
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=1))
tape.trainable_params = set(range(1, 1 + op.num_params))
h = 2e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
grad_F = (lambda t, fn: fn(qml.execute(t, dev, None)))(
*qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h))
grad_D = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
assert np.allclose(grad_D, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op",
[
qml.RX(0.4, wires=0),
qml.RY(0.6, wires=0),
qml.RZ(0.8, wires=0),
qml.CRX(1.0, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.CRY(2.0, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.CRZ(3.0, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.Rot(0.2, -0.1, 0.2, wires=0),
],
)
def test_gradients_hermitian(self, op, dev):
"""Tests that the gradients of circuits match between the finite difference and device
methods."""
# op.num_wires and op.num_params must be initialized a priori
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.RX(0.543, wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
op.queue()
qml.Rot(1.3, -2.3, 0.5, wires=[0])
qml.RZ(-0.5, wires=0)
qml.RY(0.5, wires=1).inv()
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.expval(
qml.Hermitian(
[[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 1], [1, 2, 1, 0], [1, 1, 0, 0]],
wires=[0, 1]))
tape.trainable_params = set(range(1, 1 + op.num_params))
h = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
grad_F = (lambda t, fn: fn(qml.execute(t, dev, None)))(
*qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h))
grad_D = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
assert np.allclose(grad_D, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_gradient_gate_with_multiple_parameters_pauliz(self, dev):
"""Tests that gates with multiple free parameters yield correct gradients."""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
h = 2e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
grad_D = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
tapes, fn = qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h)
grad_F = fn(qml.execute(tapes, dev, None))
# gradient has the correct shape and every element is nonzero
assert grad_D.shape == (1, 3)
assert np.count_nonzero(grad_D) == 3
# the different methods agree
assert np.allclose(grad_D, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_gradient_gate_with_multiple_parameters_hermitian(self, dev):
"""Tests that gates with multiple free parameters yield correct gradients."""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.Hermitian([[0, 1], [1, 1]], wires=0))
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
h = 2e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
grad_D = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
tapes, fn = qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h)
grad_F = fn(qml.execute(tapes, dev, None))
# gradient has the correct shape and every element is nonzero
assert grad_D.shape == (1, 3)
assert np.count_nonzero(grad_D) == 3
# the different methods agree
assert np.allclose(grad_D, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.skipif(not lq._CPP_BINARY_AVAILABLE,
reason="Lightning binary required")
def test_gradient_gate_with_multiple_parameters_hamiltonian(self, dev):
"""Tests that gates with multiple free parameters yield correct gradients."""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
ham = qml.Hamiltonian(
[1.0, 0.3, 0.3],
[qml.PauliX(0) @ qml.PauliX(1),
qml.PauliZ(0),
qml.PauliZ(1)])
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
qml.expval(ham)
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
h = 2e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
tol = 1e-3 if dev.R_DTYPE == np.float32 else 1e-7
grad_D = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
tapes, fn = qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape, h=h)
grad_F = fn(qml.execute(tapes, dev, None))
# gradient has the correct shape and every element is nonzero
assert grad_D.shape == (1, 3)
assert np.count_nonzero(grad_D) == 3
# the different methods agree
assert np.allclose(grad_D, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_use_device_state(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests that when using the device state, the correct answer is still returned."""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
dM1 = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
qml.execute([tape], dev, None)
dM2 = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape, use_device_state=True)
assert np.allclose(dM1, dM2, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def test_provide_starting_state(self, tol, dev):
"""Tests provides correct answer when provided starting state."""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
dM1 = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
qml.execute([tape], dev, None)
dM2 = dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape, starting_state=dev._pre_rotated_state)
assert np.allclose(dM1, dM2, atol=tol, rtol=0)
@pytest.mark.skipif(not lq._CPP_BINARY_AVAILABLE,
reason="Lightning binary required")
def test_provide_wrong_starting_state(self, dev):
"""Tests raise an exception when provided starting state mismatches."""
x, y, z = [0.5, 0.3, -0.7]
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.Rot(x, y, z, wires=[0])
qml.RY(-0.2, wires=[0])
qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
tape.trainable_params = {1, 2, 3}
with pytest.raises(
qml.QuantumFunctionError,
match=
"The number of qubits of starting_state must be the same as",
):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape, starting_state=np.ones(7))
@pytest.mark.skipif(not lq._CPP_BINARY_AVAILABLE,
reason="Lightning binary required")
def test_state_return_type(self, dev):
"""Tests raise an exception when the return type is State"""
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0])
qml.state()
tape.trainable_params = {0}
with pytest.raises(
qml.QuantumFunctionError,
match="This method does not support statevector return type."):
dev.adjoint_jacobian(tape)
class TestOperations:
"""Tests that the CirqDevice correctly handles the requested operations."""
def test_reset_on_empty_circuit(self, cirq_device_1_wire):
"""Tests that reset resets the internal circuit when it is not initialized."""
assert cirq_device_1_wire.circuit is None
cirq_device_1_wire.reset()
# Check if circuit is an empty cirq.Circuit
assert cirq_device_1_wire.circuit == cirq.Circuit()
def test_reset_on_full_circuit(self, cirq_device_1_wire):
"""Tests that reset resets the internal circuit when it is filled."""
cirq_device_1_wire.reset()
cirq_device_1_wire.apply([qml.PauliX(0)])
# Assert that the queue is filled
assert list(cirq_device_1_wire.circuit.all_operations())
cirq_device_1_wire.reset()
# Assert that the queue is empty
assert not list(cirq_device_1_wire.circuit.all_operations())
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"gate,expected_cirq_gates",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[0]), [cirq.X]),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[0]), [cirq.Y]),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[0]), [cirq.Z]),
(qml.PauliX(wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.X ** -1]),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.Y ** -1]),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.Z ** -1]),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[0]), [cirq.H]),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.H ** -1]),
(qml.S(wires=[0]), [cirq.S]),
(qml.S(wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.S ** -1]),
(qml.PhaseShift(1.4, wires=[0]), [cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=1.4 / np.pi)]),
(qml.PhaseShift(-1.2, wires=[0]), [cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=-1.2 / np.pi)]),
(qml.PhaseShift(2, wires=[0]), [cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=2 / np.pi)]),
(
qml.PhaseShift(1.4, wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=-1.4 / np.pi)],
),
(
qml.PhaseShift(-1.2, wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=1.2 / np.pi)],
),
(qml.PhaseShift(2, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=-2 / np.pi)]),
(qml.RX(1.4, wires=[0]), [cirq.rx(1.4)]),
(qml.RX(-1.2, wires=[0]), [cirq.rx(-1.2)]),
(qml.RX(2, wires=[0]), [cirq.rx(2)]),
(qml.RX(1.4, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.rx(-1.4)]),
(qml.RX(-1.2, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.rx(1.2)]),
(qml.RX(2, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.rx(-2)]),
(qml.RY(1.4, wires=[0]), [cirq.ry(1.4)]),
(qml.RY(0, wires=[0]), [cirq.ry(0)]),
(qml.RY(-1.3, wires=[0]), [cirq.ry(-1.3)]),
(qml.RY(1.4, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.ry(-1.4)]),
(qml.RY(0, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.ry(0)]),
(qml.RY(-1.3, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.ry(+1.3)]),
(qml.RZ(1.4, wires=[0]), [cirq.rz(1.4)]),
(qml.RZ(-1.1, wires=[0]), [cirq.rz(-1.1)]),
(qml.RZ(1, wires=[0]), [cirq.rz(1)]),
(qml.RZ(1.4, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.rz(-1.4)]),
(qml.RZ(-1.1, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.rz(1.1)]),
(qml.RZ(1, wires=[0]).inv(), [cirq.rz(-1)]),
(
qml.Rot(1.4, 2.3, -1.2, wires=[0]),
[cirq.rz(1.4), cirq.ry(2.3), cirq.rz(-1.2)],
),
(qml.Rot(1, 2, -1, wires=[0]), [cirq.rz(1), cirq.ry(2), cirq.rz(-1)]),
(
qml.Rot(-1.1, 0.2, -1, wires=[0]),
[cirq.rz(-1.1), cirq.ry(0.2), cirq.rz(-1)],
),
(
qml.Rot(1.4, 2.3, -1.2, wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.rz(1.2), cirq.ry(-2.3), cirq.rz(-1.4)],
),
(
qml.Rot(1, 2, -1, wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.rz(1), cirq.ry(-2), cirq.rz(-1)],
),
(
qml.Rot(-1.1, 0.2, -1, wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.rz(1), cirq.ry(-0.2), cirq.rz(1.1)],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), wires=[0]),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]]))],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]]), wires=[0]),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]]))],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.array([[-1, 1], [1, 1]]) / math.sqrt(2), wires=[0]),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.array([[-1, 1], [1, 1]]) / math.sqrt(2))],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]])) ** -1],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]]), wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]])) ** -1],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.array([[-1, 1], [1, 1]]) / math.sqrt(2), wires=[0]).inv(),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.array([[-1, 1], [1, 1]]) / math.sqrt(2)) ** -1],
),
],
)
def test_apply_single_wire(self, cirq_device_1_wire, gate, expected_cirq_gates):
"""Tests that apply adds the correct gates to the circuit for single-qubit gates."""
cirq_device_1_wire.reset()
cirq_device_1_wire.apply([gate])
ops = list(cirq_device_1_wire.circuit.all_operations())
assert len(ops) == len(expected_cirq_gates)
for i in range(len(ops)):
assert ops[i]._gate == expected_cirq_gates[i]
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"gate,expected_cirq_gates",
[
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.CNOT]),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.CNOT ** -1]),
(qml.SWAP(wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.SWAP]),
(qml.SWAP(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.SWAP ** -1]),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.CZ]),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.CZ ** -1]),
(qml.CRX(1.4, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rx(1.4))]),
(qml.CRX(-1.2, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rx(-1.2))]),
(qml.CRX(2, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rx(2))]),
(qml.CRX(1.4, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rx(-1.4))]),
(qml.CRX(-1.2, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rx(1.2))]),
(qml.CRX(2, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rx(-2))]),
(qml.CRY(1.4, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(1.4))]),
(qml.CRY(0, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(0))]),
(qml.CRY(-1.3, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(-1.3))]),
(qml.CRY(1.4, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(-1.4))]),
(qml.CRY(0, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(0))]),
(qml.CRY(-1.3, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(1.3))]),
(qml.CRZ(1.4, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1.4))]),
(qml.CRZ(-1.1, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1.1))]),
(qml.CRZ(1, wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1))]),
(qml.CRZ(1.4, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1.4))]),
(qml.CRZ(-1.1, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1.1))]),
(qml.CRZ(1, wires=[0, 1]).inv(), [cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1))]),
(
qml.CRot(1.4, 2.3, -1.2, wires=[0, 1]),
[
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1.4)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(2.3)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1.2)),
],
),
(
qml.CRot(1, 2, -1, wires=[0, 1]),
[
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(2)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1)),
],
),
(
qml.CRot(-1.1, 0.2, -1, wires=[0, 1]),
[
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1.1)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(0.2)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1)),
],
),
(
qml.CRot(1.4, 2.3, -1.2, wires=[0, 1]).inv(),
[
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1.2)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(-2.3)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1.4)),
],
),
(
qml.CRot(1, 2, -1, wires=[0, 1]).inv(),
[
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(-2)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(-1)),
],
),
(
qml.CRot(-1.1, 0.2, -1, wires=[0, 1]).inv(),
[
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ry(-0.2)),
cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.rz(1.1)),
],
),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[0, 1]), [cirq.MatrixGate(np.eye(4))]),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(
np.array([[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]]),
wires=[0, 1],
),
[
cirq.MatrixGate(
np.array([[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]])
)
],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(
np.array([[1, -1, -1, 1], [-1, -1, 1, 1], [-1, 1, -1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]) / 2,
wires=[0, 1],
),
[
cirq.MatrixGate(
np.array(
[
[1, -1, -1, 1],
[-1, -1, 1, 1],
[-1, 1, -1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1],
]
)
/ 2
)
],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[0, 1]).inv(),
[cirq.MatrixGate(np.eye(4)) ** -1],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(
np.array([[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]]),
wires=[0, 1],
).inv(),
[
cirq.MatrixGate(
np.array([[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]])
)
** -1
],
),
(
qml.QubitUnitary(
np.array([[1, -1, -1, 1], [-1, -1, 1, 1], [-1, 1, -1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]) / 2,
wires=[0, 1],
).inv(),
[
cirq.MatrixGate(
np.array(
[
[1, -1, -1, 1],
[-1, -1, 1, 1],
[-1, 1, -1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1],
]
)
/ 2
)
** -1
],
),
],
)
def test_apply_two_wires(self, cirq_device_2_wires, gate, expected_cirq_gates):
"""Tests that apply adds the correct gates to the circuit for two-qubit gates."""
cirq_device_2_wires.reset()
cirq_device_2_wires.apply([gate])
ops = list(cirq_device_2_wires.circuit.all_operations())
assert len(ops) == len(expected_cirq_gates)
for i in range(len(ops)):
assert ops[i].gate == expected_cirq_gates[i]
class TestProgramConverter:
"""Test that PyQuil Program instances are properly converted."""
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"pyquil_operation,expected_pl_operation",
[
(g.I(0), qml.Identity(wires=[0])),
(g.H(0), qml.Hadamard(0)),
(g.H(0).dagger(), qml.Hadamard(0).inv()),
(g.H(0).dagger().dagger(), qml.Hadamard(0).inv().inv()),
(g.S(0), qml.S(wires=[0])),
(g.S(0).dagger(), qml.S(wires=[0]).inv()),
(g.S(0).dagger().dagger(), qml.S(wires=[0]).inv().inv()),
(g.T(0), qml.T(wires=[0])),
(g.T(0).dagger(), qml.T(wires=[0]).inv()),
(g.T(0).dagger().dagger(), qml.T(wires=[0]).inv().inv()),
(g.X(0), qml.PauliX(0)),
(g.X(0).dagger(), qml.PauliX(0).inv()),
(g.X(0).dagger().dagger(), qml.PauliX(0).inv().inv()),
(g.X(0).controlled(1), qml.CNOT(wires=[1, 0])),
(g.X(0).controlled(1).dagger(), qml.CNOT(wires=[1, 0]).inv()),
(g.X(0).controlled(1).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CNOT(wires=[1, 0]).inv().inv()),
(g.X(0).controlled(1).controlled(2),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 1, 0])),
(g.X(0).controlled(1).controlled(2).dagger(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 1, 0]).inv()),
(
g.X(0).controlled(1).controlled(2).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 1, 0]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.Y(0), qml.PauliY(0)),
(g.Y(0).dagger(), qml.PauliY(0).inv()),
(g.Y(0).dagger().dagger(), qml.PauliY(0).inv().inv()),
(g.Z(0), qml.PauliZ(0)),
(g.Z(0).dagger(), qml.PauliZ(0).inv()),
(g.Z(0).dagger().dagger(), qml.PauliZ(0).inv().inv()),
(g.Z(0).controlled(1), qml.CZ(wires=[1, 0])),
(g.Z(0).controlled(1).dagger(), qml.CZ(wires=[1, 0]).inv()),
(g.Z(0).controlled(1).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CZ(wires=[1, 0]).inv().inv()),
(g.CNOT(0, 1), qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])),
(g.CNOT(0, 1).dagger(), qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(g.CNOT(0,
1).dagger().dagger(), qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv()),
(g.CNOT(0, 1).controlled(2), plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1])),
(g.CNOT(0, 1).controlled(2).dagger(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1]).inv()),
(
g.CNOT(0, 1).controlled(2).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.SWAP(0, 1), qml.SWAP(wires=[0, 1])),
(g.SWAP(0, 1).dagger(), qml.SWAP(wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(g.SWAP(0,
1).dagger().dagger(), qml.SWAP(wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv()),
(g.SWAP(0, 1).controlled(2), qml.CSWAP(wires=[2, 0, 1])),
(g.SWAP(0, 1).controlled(2).dagger(),
qml.CSWAP(wires=[2, 0, 1]).inv()),
(g.SWAP(0, 1).controlled(2).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CSWAP(wires=[2, 0, 1]).inv().inv()),
(g.ISWAP(0, 1), plf.ops.ISWAP(wires=[0, 1])),
(g.ISWAP(0, 1).dagger(), plf.ops.ISWAP(wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(g.ISWAP(0, 1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.ISWAP(wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv()),
(g.PSWAP(0.3, 0, 1), plf.ops.PSWAP(0.3, wires=[0, 1])),
(g.PSWAP(0.3, 0, 1).dagger(), plf.ops.PSWAP(0.3, wires=[0, 1
]).inv()),
(g.PSWAP(0.3, 0, 1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.PSWAP(0.3, wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv()),
(g.CZ(0, 1), qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1])),
(g.CZ(0, 1).dagger(), qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(g.CZ(0, 1).dagger().dagger(), qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv()),
(g.PHASE(0.3, 0), qml.PhaseShift(0.3, wires=[0])),
(g.PHASE(0.3, 0).dagger(), qml.PhaseShift(0.3, wires=[0]).inv()),
(g.PHASE(0.3, 0).dagger().dagger(), qml.PhaseShift(
0.3, wires=[0]).inv().inv()),
(g.PHASE(0.3, 0).controlled(1), plf.ops.CPHASE(
0.3, 3, wires=[1, 0])),
(g.PHASE(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 3, wires=[1, 0]).inv()),
(
g.PHASE(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 3, wires=[1, 0]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.RX(0.3, 0), qml.RX(0.3, wires=[0])),
(g.RX(0.3, 0).dagger(), qml.RX(0.3, wires=[0]).inv()),
(g.RX(0.3, 0).dagger().dagger(), qml.RX(0.3,
wires=[0]).inv().inv()),
(g.RX(0.3, 0).controlled(1), qml.CRX(0.3, wires=[1, 0])),
(g.RX(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger(), qml.CRX(0.3,
wires=[1, 0]).inv()),
(g.RX(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CRX(0.3, wires=[1, 0]).inv().inv()),
(g.RY(0.3, 0), qml.RY(0.3, wires=[0])),
(g.RY(0.3, 0).dagger(), qml.RY(0.3, wires=[0]).inv()),
(g.RY(0.3, 0).dagger().dagger(), qml.RY(0.3,
wires=[0]).inv().inv()),
(g.RY(0.3, 0).controlled(1), qml.CRY(0.3, wires=[1, 0])),
(g.RY(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger(), qml.CRY(0.3,
wires=[1, 0]).inv()),
(g.RY(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CRY(0.3, wires=[1, 0]).inv().inv()),
(g.RZ(0.3, 0), qml.RZ(0.3, wires=[0])),
(g.RZ(0.3, 0).dagger(), qml.RZ(0.3, wires=[0]).inv()),
(g.RZ(0.3, 0).dagger().dagger(), qml.RZ(0.3,
wires=[0]).inv().inv()),
(g.RZ(0.3, 0).controlled(1), qml.CRZ(0.3, wires=[1, 0])),
(g.RZ(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger(), qml.CRZ(0.3,
wires=[1, 0]).inv()),
(g.RZ(0.3, 0).controlled(1).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CRZ(0.3, wires=[1, 0]).inv().inv()),
(g.CPHASE(0.3, 0, 1), plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 3, wires=[0, 1])),
(g.CPHASE(0.3, 0, 1).dagger(), plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 3,
wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(
g.CPHASE(0.3, 0, 1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 3, wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.CPHASE00(0.3, 0, 1), plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 0, wires=[0, 1])),
(g.CPHASE00(0.3, 0, 1).dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 0, wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(
g.CPHASE00(0.3, 0, 1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 0, wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.CPHASE01(0.3, 0, 1), plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 1, wires=[0, 1])),
(g.CPHASE01(0.3, 0, 1).dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 1, wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(
g.CPHASE01(0.3, 0, 1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 1, wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.CPHASE10(0.3, 0, 1), plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 2, wires=[0, 1])),
(g.CPHASE10(0.3, 0, 1).dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 2, wires=[0, 1]).inv()),
(
g.CPHASE10(0.3, 0, 1).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CPHASE(0.3, 2, wires=[0, 1]).inv().inv(),
),
(g.CSWAP(0, 1, 2), qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 1, 2])),
(g.CSWAP(0, 1, 2).dagger(), qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 1, 2]).inv()),
(g.CSWAP(0, 1, 2).dagger().dagger(),
qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 1, 2]).inv().inv()),
(g.CCNOT(0, 1, 2), plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[0, 1, 2])),
(g.CCNOT(0, 1, 2).dagger(), plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[0, 1, 2]).inv()),
(g.CCNOT(0, 1, 2).dagger().dagger(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[0, 1, 2]).inv().inv()),
],
)
def test_convert_operation(self, pyquil_operation, expected_pl_operation):
"""Test that single pyquil gates are properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += pyquil_operation
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
loader = load_program(program)
loader(wires=range(len(loader.defined_qubits)))
assert rec.queue[0].name == expected_pl_operation.name
assert rec.queue[0].wires == expected_pl_operation.wires
assert rec.queue[0].params == expected_pl_operation.params
def test_convert_simple_program(self):
"""Test that a simple program is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.H(0)
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1)
program += g.CNOT(0, 3)
program += g.H(2)
program += g.H(7)
program += g.X(7)
program += g.Y(1)
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(5))
# The wires should be assigned as
# 0 1 2 3 7
# 0 1 2 3 4
expected_queue = [
qml.Hadamard(0),
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[1]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 3]),
qml.Hadamard(2),
qml.Hadamard(4),
qml.PauliX(4),
qml.PauliY(1),
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[1]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_convert_simple_program_with_parameters(self):
"""Test that a simple program with parameters is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
alpha = program.declare("alpha", "REAL")
beta = program.declare("beta", "REAL")
gamma = program.declare("gamma", "REAL")
program += g.H(0)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.RX(alpha, 1)
program += g.RZ(beta, 1)
program += g.RX(gamma, 1)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.H(0)
a, b, c = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3
parameter_map = {"alpha": a, "beta": b, "gamma": c}
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(2), parameter_map=parameter_map)
expected_queue = [
qml.Hadamard(0),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.RX(0.1, wires=[1]),
qml.RZ(0.2, wires=[1]),
qml.RX(0.3, wires=[1]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.Hadamard(0),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_parameter_not_given_error(self):
"""Test that the correct error is raised if a parameter is not given."""
program = pyquil.Program()
alpha = program.declare("alpha", "REAL")
beta = program.declare("beta", "REAL")
program += g.H(0)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.RX(alpha, 1)
program += g.RZ(beta, 1)
a = 0.1
parameter_map = {"alpha": a}
with pytest.raises(
qml.DeviceError,
match=
"The PyQuil program defines a variable .* that is not present in the given variable map",
):
load_program(program)(wires=range(2), parameter_map=parameter_map)
def test_convert_simple_program_with_parameters_mixed_keys(self):
"""Test that a parametrized program is properly converted when
the variable map contains mixed key types."""
program = pyquil.Program()
alpha = program.declare("alpha", "REAL")
beta = program.declare("beta", "REAL")
gamma = program.declare("gamma", "REAL")
delta = program.declare("delta", "REAL")
program += g.H(0)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.RX(alpha, 1)
program += g.RZ(beta, 1)
program += g.RX(gamma, 1)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.RZ(delta, 0)
program += g.H(0)
a, b, c, d = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4
parameter_map = {"alpha": a, beta: b, gamma: c, "delta": d}
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(2), parameter_map=parameter_map)
expected_queue = [
qml.Hadamard(0),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.RX(0.1, wires=[1]),
qml.RZ(0.2, wires=[1]),
qml.RX(0.3, wires=[1]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.RZ(0.4, wires=[0]),
qml.Hadamard(0),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_convert_simple_program_wire_assignment(self):
"""Test that the assignment of qubits to wires works as expected."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.H(0)
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1)
program += g.CNOT(0, 3)
program += g.H(2)
program += g.H(7)
program += g.X(7)
program += g.Y(1)
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=[3, 6, 4, 9, 1])
# The wires should be assigned as
# 0 1 2 3 7
# 3 6 4 9 1
expected_queue = [
qml.Hadamard(3),
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[6]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[3, 9]),
qml.Hadamard(4),
qml.Hadamard(1),
qml.PauliX(1),
qml.PauliY(6),
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[6]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
@pytest.mark.parametrize("wires", [[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5]])
def test_convert_wire_error(self, wires):
"""Test that the conversion raises an error if the given number
of wires doesn't match the number of qubits in the Program."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.H(0)
program += g.H(1)
program += g.H(2)
with pytest.raises(
qml.DeviceError,
match=
"The number of given wires does not match the number of qubits in the PyQuil Program",
):
load_program(program)(wires=wires)
def test_convert_program_with_inverses(self):
"""Test that a program with inverses is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.H(0)
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1).dagger()
program += g.CNOT(0, 3).dagger()
program += g.H(2)
program += g.H(7).dagger().dagger()
program += g.X(7).dagger()
program += g.X(7)
program += g.Y(1)
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(5))
expected_queue = [
qml.Hadamard(0),
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[1]).inv(),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 3]).inv(),
qml.Hadamard(2),
qml.Hadamard(4),
qml.PauliX(4).inv(),
qml.PauliX(4),
qml.PauliY(1),
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[1]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_convert_program_with_controlled_operations(self):
"""Test that a program with controlled operations is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.RZ(0.34, 1)
program += g.RY(0.2, 3).controlled(2)
program += g.RX(0.4, 2).controlled(0)
program += g.CNOT(1, 4)
program += g.CNOT(1, 6).controlled(3)
program += g.X(3).controlled(4).controlled(1)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(6))
expected_queue = [
qml.RZ(0.34, wires=[1]),
qml.CRY(0.2, wires=[2, 3]),
qml.CRX(0.4, wires=[0, 2]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[1, 4]),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[3, 1, 5]),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[1, 4, 3]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_convert_program_with_controlled_operations_not_in_pl_core(
self, tol):
"""Test that a program with controlled operations out of scope of PL core/PLF
is properly converted, i.e. the operations are replaced with controlled operations."""
program = pyquil.Program()
CS_matrix = np.eye(4, dtype=complex)
CS_matrix[3, 3] = 1j
CCT_matrix = np.eye(8, dtype=complex)
CCT_matrix[7, 7] = np.exp(1j * np.pi / 4)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.S(0).controlled(1)
program += g.S(1).controlled(0)
program += g.T(0).controlled(1).controlled(2)
program += g.T(1).controlled(0).controlled(2)
program += g.T(2).controlled(1).controlled(0)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(3))
expected_queue = [
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(CS_matrix, wires=[1, 0]),
qml.QubitUnitary(CS_matrix, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(CCT_matrix, wires=[2, 1, 0]),
qml.QubitUnitary(CCT_matrix, wires=[2, 0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(CCT_matrix, wires=[0, 1, 2]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert np.allclose(converted.params,
expected.params,
atol=tol,
rtol=0)
def test_convert_program_with_controlled_dagger_operations(self):
"""Test that a program that combines controlled and daggered operations
is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.CNOT(0, 1).controlled(2)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1).dagger().controlled(2)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1).controlled(2).dagger()
program += g.CNOT(0, 1).dagger().controlled(2).dagger()
program += g.RX(0.3, 3).controlled(4)
program += g.RX(0.2, 3).controlled(4).dagger()
program += g.RX(0.3, 3).dagger().controlled(4)
program += g.RX(0.2, 3).dagger().controlled(4).dagger()
program += g.X(2).dagger().controlled(4).controlled(1).dagger()
program += g.X(0).dagger().controlled(4).controlled(1)
program += g.X(0).dagger().controlled(4).dagger().dagger().controlled(
1).dagger()
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(5))
expected_queue = [
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1]),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1]).inv(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1]).inv(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[2, 0, 1]),
qml.CRX(0.3, wires=[4, 3]),
qml.CRX(0.2, wires=[4, 3]).inv(),
qml.CRX(0.3, wires=[4, 3]).inv(),
qml.CRX(0.2, wires=[4, 3]),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[1, 4, 2]),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[1, 4, 0]).inv(),
plf.ops.CCNOT(wires=[1, 4, 0]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_convert_program_with_defgates(self):
"""Test that a program that defines its own gates is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
sqrt_x = np.array([[0.5 + 0.5j, 0.5 - 0.5j], [0.5 - 0.5j, 0.5 + 0.5j]])
sqrt_x_t2 = np.kron(sqrt_x, sqrt_x)
sqrt_x_t3 = np.kron(sqrt_x, sqrt_x_t2)
sqrt_x_definition = pyquil.quil.DefGate("SQRT-X", sqrt_x)
SQRT_X = sqrt_x_definition.get_constructor()
sqrt_x_t2_definition = pyquil.quil.DefGate("SQRT-X-T2", sqrt_x_t2)
SQRT_X_T2 = sqrt_x_t2_definition.get_constructor()
sqrt_x_t3_definition = pyquil.quil.DefGate("SQRT-X-T3", sqrt_x_t3)
SQRT_X_T3 = sqrt_x_t3_definition.get_constructor()
program += sqrt_x_definition
program += sqrt_x_t2_definition
program += sqrt_x_t3_definition
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += SQRT_X(0)
program += SQRT_X_T2(1, 2)
program += SQRT_X_T3(1, 0, 2)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.CNOT(1, 2)
program += g.CNOT(2, 0)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(3))
expected_queue = [
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(sqrt_x, wires=[0]),
qml.QubitUnitary(sqrt_x_t2, wires=[1, 2]),
qml.QubitUnitary(sqrt_x_t3, wires=[1, 0, 2]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[1, 2]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[2, 0]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert converted.params == expected.params
def test_convert_program_with_controlled_defgates(self, tol):
"""Test that a program with controlled defined gates is properly
converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
sqrt_x = np.array([[0.5 + 0.5j, 0.5 - 0.5j], [0.5 - 0.5j, 0.5 + 0.5j]])
sqrt_x_t2 = np.kron(sqrt_x, sqrt_x)
c_sqrt_x = np.eye(4, dtype=complex)
c_sqrt_x[2:, 2:] = sqrt_x
c_sqrt_x_t2 = np.eye(8, dtype=complex)
c_sqrt_x_t2[4:, 4:] = sqrt_x_t2
sqrt_x_definition = pyquil.quil.DefGate("SQRT-X", sqrt_x)
SQRT_X = sqrt_x_definition.get_constructor()
sqrt_x_t2_definition = pyquil.quil.DefGate("SQRT-X-T2", sqrt_x_t2)
SQRT_X_T2 = sqrt_x_t2_definition.get_constructor()
program += sqrt_x_definition
program += sqrt_x_t2_definition
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += SQRT_X(0).controlled(1)
program += SQRT_X_T2(1, 2).controlled(0)
program += g.X(0).controlled(1)
program += g.RX(0.4, 0)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(3))
expected_queue = [
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(c_sqrt_x, wires=[1, 0]),
qml.QubitUnitary(c_sqrt_x_t2, wires=[0, 1, 2]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[1, 0]),
qml.RX(0.4, wires=[0]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert np.allclose(converted.params,
expected.params,
atol=tol,
rtol=0)
def test_convert_program_with_defpermutationgates(self):
"""Test that a program with gates defined via DefPermutationGate is
properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
expected_matrix = np.eye(4)
expected_matrix = expected_matrix[:, [1, 0, 3, 2]]
x_plus_x_definition = pyquil.quil.DefPermutationGate(
"X+X", [1, 0, 3, 2])
X_plus_X = x_plus_x_definition.get_constructor()
program += x_plus_x_definition
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += X_plus_X(0, 1)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(2))
expected_queue = [
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(expected_matrix, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert np.array_equal(converted.params, expected.params)
def test_convert_program_with_controlled_defpermutationgates(self):
"""Test that a program that uses controlled permutation gates
is properly converted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
expected_matrix = np.eye(4)
expected_matrix = expected_matrix[:, [1, 0, 3, 2]]
expected_controlled_matrix = np.eye(8)
expected_controlled_matrix[4:, 4:] = expected_matrix
x_plus_x_definition = pyquil.quil.DefPermutationGate(
"X+X", [1, 0, 3, 2])
X_plus_X = x_plus_x_definition.get_constructor()
program += x_plus_x_definition
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += X_plus_X(0, 1).controlled(2)
program += X_plus_X(1, 2).controlled(0)
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
with OperationRecorder() as rec:
load_program(program)(wires=range(3))
expected_queue = [
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(expected_controlled_matrix, wires=[2, 0, 1]),
qml.QubitUnitary(expected_controlled_matrix, wires=[0, 1, 2]),
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
]
for converted, expected in zip(rec.queue, expected_queue):
assert converted.name == expected.name
assert converted.wires == expected.wires
assert np.array_equal(converted.params, expected.params)
def test_forked_gate_error(self):
"""Test that an error is raised if conversion of a
forked gate is attempted."""
program = pyquil.Program()
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
program += g.RX(0.3, 1).forked(2, [0.5])
program += g.CNOT(0, 1)
with pytest.raises(
qml.DeviceError,
match=
"Forked gates can not be imported into PennyLane, as this functionality is not supported",
):
load_program(program)(wires=range(3))
def layer(qubits, w):
rx_layer(w[:qubits])
rz_layer(w[qubits:-qubits + 1])
for i in range(qubits - 1):
qml.CRX(w[2 * qubits + i], wires=[i, i + 1])
def qfunc():
qml.CRX(0.2, wires=["w1", "w2"])
qml.CRX(0.3, wires=["w2", "w1"])
class TestMergeRotations:
"""Test that adjacent rotation gates of the same type will add the angles."""
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
("theta_1", "theta_2", "expected_ops"),
[
(0.3, -0.2, [qml.RZ(0.1, wires=0)]),
(0.15, -0.15, []),
],
)
def test_one_qubit_rotation_merge(self, theta_1, theta_2, expected_ops):
"""Test that a single-qubit circuit with adjacent rotation along the same
axis either merge, or cancel if the angles sum to 0."""
def qfunc():
qml.RZ(theta_1, wires=0)
qml.RZ(theta_2, wires=0)
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == len(expected_ops)
# Check that all operations and parameter values are as expected
for op_obtained, op_expected in zip(ops, expected_ops):
assert op_obtained.name == op_expected.name
assert np.allclose(op_obtained.parameters, op_expected.parameters)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
("theta_1", "theta_2", "expected_ops"),
[
(0.3, -0.2, [qml.RZ(0.3, wires=0),
qml.RZ(-0.2, wires=1)]),
(0.15, -0.15, [qml.RZ(0.15, wires=0),
qml.RZ(-0.15, wires=1)]),
],
)
def test_two_qubits_rotation_no_merge(self, theta_1, theta_2,
expected_ops):
"""Test that a two-qubit circuit with rotations on different qubits
do not get merged."""
def qfunc():
qml.RZ(theta_1, wires=0)
qml.RZ(theta_2, wires=1)
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == len(expected_ops)
for op_obtained, op_expected in zip(ops, expected_ops):
assert op_obtained.name == op_expected.name
assert np.allclose(op_obtained.parameters, op_expected.parameters)
def test_two_qubits_rotation_merge_tolerance(self):
"""Test whether tolerance argument is respected for merging."""
def qfunc():
qml.RZ(1e-7, wires=0)
qml.RZ(-2e-7, wires=0)
# Try with default tolerance; these ops should still be applied
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == 1
assert ops[0].name == "RZ"
assert ops[0].parameters[0] == -1e-7
# Now try with higher tolerance threshold; the ops should cancel
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations(atol=1e-5)(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == 0
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
("theta_11", "theta_12", "theta_21", "theta_22", "expected_ops"),
[
(0.3, -0.2, 0.5, -0.8,
[qml.RX(0.1, wires=0),
qml.RY(-0.3, wires=1)]),
(0.3, -0.3, 0.7, -0.1, [qml.RY(0.6, wires=1)]),
],
)
def test_two_qubits_rotation_no_merge(self, theta_11, theta_12, theta_21,
theta_22, expected_ops):
"""Test that a two-qubit circuit with rotations on different qubits get merged."""
def qfunc():
qml.RX(theta_11, wires=0)
qml.RY(theta_21, wires=1)
qml.RX(theta_12, wires=0)
qml.RY(theta_22, wires=1)
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == len(expected_ops)
for op_obtained, op_expected in zip(ops, expected_ops):
assert op_obtained.name == op_expected.name
assert np.allclose(op_obtained.parameters, op_expected.parameters)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
("theta_11", "theta_12", "theta_21", "theta_22", "expected_ops"),
[
(0.3, -0.2, 0.5, -0.8,
[qml.CRX(0.5, wires=[0, 1]),
qml.RY(-1.3, wires=1)]),
(0.3, 0.3, 0.7, -0.1, [qml.RY(-0.8, wires=1)]),
],
)
def test_two_qubits_merge_with_adjoint(self, theta_11, theta_12, theta_21,
theta_22, expected_ops):
"""Test that adjoint rotations on different qubits get merged."""
def qfunc():
qml.CRX(theta_11, wires=[0, 1])
qml.adjoint(qml.RY)(theta_21, wires=2)
qml.adjoint(qml.CRX)(theta_12, wires=[0, 1])
qml.RY(theta_22, wires=2)
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == len(expected_ops)
for op_obtained, op_expected in zip(ops, expected_ops):
assert op_obtained.name == op_expected.name
assert np.allclose(op_obtained.parameters, op_expected.parameters)
def test_two_qubits_merge_gate_subset(self):
"""Test that specifying a subset of operations to include merges correctly."""
def qfunc():
qml.CRX(0.1, wires=[0, 1])
qml.CRX(0.2, wires=[0, 1])
qml.RY(0.3, wires=["a"])
qml.RY(0.5, wires=["a"])
qml.RX(-0.5, wires=[2])
qml.RX(0.2, wires=[2])
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations(include_gates=["RX", "CRX"])(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
names_expected = ["CRX", "RY", "RY", "RX"]
wires_expected = [Wires([0, 1]), Wires("a"), Wires("a"), Wires(2)]
compare_operation_lists(ops, names_expected, wires_expected)
assert qml.math.isclose(ops[0].parameters[0], 0.3)
assert qml.math.isclose(ops[1].parameters[0], 0.3)
assert qml.math.isclose(ops[2].parameters[0], 0.5)
assert qml.math.isclose(ops[3].parameters[0], -0.3)
def test_one_qubit_rotation_blocked(self):
"""Test that rotations on one-qubit separated by a "blocking" operation don't merge."""
def qfunc():
qml.RX(0.5, wires=0)
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.RX(0.4, wires=0)
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
names_expected = ["RX", "Hadamard", "RX"]
wires_expected = [Wires(0)] * 3
compare_operation_lists(ops, names_expected, wires_expected)
assert ops[0].parameters[0] == 0.5
assert ops[2].parameters[0] == 0.4
def test_two_qubits_rotation_blocked(self):
"""Test that rotations on a two-qubit system separated by a "blocking" operation
don't merge."""
def qfunc():
qml.RX(-0.42, wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.RX(0.8, wires=0)
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
names_expected = ["RX", "CNOT", "RX"]
wires_expected = [Wires(0), Wires([0, 1]), Wires(0)]
compare_operation_lists(ops, names_expected, wires_expected)
assert ops[0].parameters[0] == -0.42
assert ops[2].parameters[0] == 0.8
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
("theta_1", "theta_2", "expected_ops"),
[
(0.3, -0.2, [qml.CRY(0.1, wires=["w1", "w2"])]),
(0.15, -0.15, []),
],
)
def test_controlled_rotation_merge(self, theta_1, theta_2, expected_ops):
"""Test that adjacent controlled rotations on the same wires in same order get merged."""
def qfunc():
qml.CRY(theta_1, wires=["w1", "w2"])
qml.CRY(theta_2, wires=["w1", "w2"])
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
assert len(ops) == len(expected_ops)
# Check that all operations and parameter values are as expected
for op_obtained, op_expected in zip(ops, expected_ops):
assert op_obtained.name == op_expected.name
assert np.allclose(op_obtained.parameters, op_expected.parameters)
def test_controlled_rotation_no_merge(self):
"""Test that adjacent controlled rotations on the same wires in different order don't merge."""
def qfunc():
qml.CRX(0.2, wires=["w1", "w2"])
qml.CRX(0.3, wires=["w2", "w1"])
transformed_qfunc = merge_rotations()(qfunc)
ops = qml.transforms.make_tape(transformed_qfunc)().operations
names_expected = ["CRX", "CRX"]
wires_expected = [Wires(["w1", "w2"]), Wires(["w2", "w1"])]
compare_operation_lists(ops, names_expected, wires_expected)
assert ops[0].parameters[0] == 0.2
assert ops[1].parameters[0] == 0.3
def qfunc():
qml.CRX(theta_11, wires=[0, 1])
qml.adjoint(qml.RY)(theta_21, wires=2)
qml.adjoint(qml.CRX)(theta_12, wires=[0, 1])
qml.RY(theta_22, wires=2)
pytestmark = pytest.mark.skip_unsupported
np.random.seed(42)
# ==========================================================
# Some useful global variables
# gates for which device support is tested
ops = {
"BasisState":
qml.BasisState(np.array([0]), wires=[0]),
"CNOT":
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]),
"CRX":
qml.CRX(0, wires=[0, 1]),
"CRY":
qml.CRY(0, wires=[0, 1]),
"CRZ":
qml.CRZ(0, wires=[0, 1]),
"CRot":
qml.CRot(0, 0, 0, wires=[0, 1]),
"CSWAP":
qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 1, 2]),
"CZ":
qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]),
"CY":
qml.CY(wires=[0, 1]),
"DiagonalQubitUnitary":
qml.DiagonalQubitUnitary(np.array([1, 1]), wires=[0]),
"Hadamard":
],
)
def test_join_spectra(spectrum1, spectrum2, expected):
"""Test that spectra are joined correctly."""
joined = join_spectra(spectrum1, spectrum2)
assert joined == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op, expected",
[
(qml.RX(0.1, wires=0), [0, 1]), # generator is a class
(qml.RY(0.1, wires=0), [0, 1]), # generator is a class
(qml.RZ(0.1, wires=0), [0, 1]), # generator is a class
(qml.PhaseShift(0.5, wires=0), [0, 1]), # generator is an array
(qml.CRX(0.2, wires=[0, 1]), [0, 0.5, 1]), # generator is an array
(qml.ControlledPhaseShift(
0.5, wires=[0, 1]), [0, 1]), # generator is an array
],
)
def test_get_spectrum(op, expected):
"""Test that the spectrum is correctly extracted from an operator."""
spec = get_spectrum(op, decimals=10)
assert np.allclose(sorted(spec), expected, atol=1e-6, rtol=0)
def test_get_spectrum_complains_no_generator():
"""Test that an error is raised if the operator has no generator defined."""
# Observables have no generator attribute
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Generator of operation"):
def circuit(a, b):
qml.RX(a, wires=0)
qml.CRX(b, wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0) @ qml.PauliZ(1))
def testcircuit():
qml.CRX(testangle, wires=[2, 0])
